EE 42/43/100 Introduction to Digital Electronics

Instructors: Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain Dr. Wenbin Hsu

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 1

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Course Overview
Course content:
Fundamental circuit concepts and analysis techniques First and second order circuits, impulse and frequency response Op Amp circuits Diode and FET: Device and Circuits Amplification, Logic, Filter

Text Book
Ulaby & Maharbiz, Circuit, 2nd edition Supplementary Reader

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 2

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Important DATES
Stay with ONE Discussion and Lab session you registered. Discussion sessions will start today Lab Sessions will start on Wednesday There are 9 labs total Nominally 2 labs per week (actually mostly one per week, except W3 and W6) In-Class Quizzes and Exams: Frequent quizzes Midterm 7/22 Final 8/16
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 3 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Discussion Session and Lab GSIs

Session Time DS 101 DS 102 DS 103 M 5-7 PM W 8-10AM Th 2-4 PM Location 9 LEWIS 101 MOFFIT 102 WURSTER GSI Kun (Linda) Li
lindakli@eecs.berkeley.edu

Office Hour TBA TBA TBA

Kate Rakelly
krakelly@berkeley.edu

Keegan Mann
keeganmann@berkeley.edu

DS 104
LAB 011

F 12-2 PM
TuTh 11-2

9 LEWIS

Kun Wang
wangkun@eecs.berkeley.edu

TBA
TBA TBA TBA TBA

Shinwon Kang
shinwon@eecs.berkeley.edu

LAB 013 MW 11-2 140 CORY LAB 012 Tu 8-11 AM Th 4-7 PM LAB 014 W 6-9 AM F 5-8 PM
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Daniel Yeager
yeagerd@eecs.berkeley.edu

Seth Guan
seth_guan@berkeley.edu

Pingkan Cindy Wewenkang

pingkan@berkeley.edu

Slide 4

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Grading Policy
Weights:
EE 42 HW (6 sets) Labs (9 Labs) In-class pop quizzes Midterm Final Exam 20% 12% 23% 45% EE 43 100% EE 100 15% 15% 12% 20% 38%

No late HW or Lab reports accepted. No make-up exams unless Prof. Changs approval is obtained at least 24 hours before exam time; proofs of extraneous circumstances are required.
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 5 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Grading Policy (Contd)

Weekly HW:
Assignment on the web by 5 pm Mondays, starting today. Due 5 pm on the following Monday in HW box outside 140 Cory. On the top page, right top corner, write your name (in the form: Last Name, First Name) with discussion session number. Graded homework will be returned one week later in discussion sessions.

Labs
Complete the prelab section before going to the lab, or your points will be taken off. Lab reports are supposed to be turned in exactly one week after your lab is completed

It is your responsibility to check bSpace to make sure all grades are entered correctly.

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 6

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Classroom Rules
Please come to class on time. Bring iClicker There is no web-cast this semester. Turn off cell phones, pagers, radio, CD, DVD, etc. No food. Do not come in and out of classroom.

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 7

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Lecture 1
Outline
Electrical quantities
Charge, Current, Voltage, Power

The ideal basic circuit element Sign conventions Circuit element I-V characteristics Construction of a circuit model Kirchhoffs Current Law Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Reading Chapter 1 and 2
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Chapter 1: Circuit Terminology

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Moores Law

# transistors doubles every 18 months

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Tech Brief 1: Micro- and Nanotechnology

Circuits
When devices are interconnected to perform some useful function, we say that thing is a circuit Examples:
A light bulb/switch, spark generator in internal combustion engine, a radio, a cell phone, a computer

A typical circuit may contain millions of devices. How do we deal with this level of complexity?
Hierarchy: Divide and conquer A large circuit is broken up into my sub-blocks Sub-blocks are broken up into sub-blocks

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Cell Phone RF Front-End Architecture

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Cell-Phone Architecture

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Analog Circuits
Analog circuit represent the signal as an electrical current / voltage Typical analog circuits:
Amplify signals (weak signal picked up by microphone) Filter signals (remove unwanted components, interference, noise) Perform mathematical operations on waveform
Multiplication, differentiation, integration

Circuits very susceptible to noise and distortion Analog circuits are hand crafted by analog designers Attempts to automate analog design (Computer Aided Design or CAD) have largely failed

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 15

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Analog vs. Digital Signals

Most (but not all) observables are analog think of analog vs. digital watches but the most convenient way to represent & transmit information electronically is to use digital signals think of Morse code

Analog-to-digital & digital-to-analog conversion is essential (and nothing new) think of a piano keyboard
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Analog Signals
may have direct relationship to information presented in simple cases, are waveforms of information vs. time in more complex cases, may have information modulated on a carrier, e.g. AM or FM radio
Amplitude Modulated Signal
1 0.8 0.6

Signal in microvolts

0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Time in microseconds

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Analog Signal Example: Microphone Voltage

Voltage with normal piano key stroke Voltage with soft pedal applied
25 microvolt 440 Hz signal
V in microvolts
60 40 20 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

50 microvolt 440 Hz signal

V in microvolts
60 40 20 0 -20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -40 -60

-20 0 1 2 -40 -60

t in milliseconds
50 microvolt 220 Hz signal
V in microvolts
60 40 20 0 -20 0 -40 -60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t in milliseconds

Analog signal representing piano key A, below middle C (220 Hz)

t in milliseconds
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Digital Circuits
Represent quantities by discrete voltages, 1 and 0 (e.g. 1V and 0V) bits Digital circuits perform logic operations on the signals (AND, OR, XOR) combinational logic Mathematical operations can be performed using logic operations (XOR is a 1-bit adder) Digital memory created using capacitors (dynamic memory) or through latches/flip-flops (regenerative circuits) Digital circuits are robust against noise (signal levels are regenerated to 0 and 1 after digital functions).

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

Slide 19

Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Digital Signal Representations

Binary numbers can be used to represent any quantity. We generally have to agree on some sort of code, and the dynamic range of the signal in order to know the form and the number of binary digits (bits) required. Example 1: Voltage signal with maximum value 2 Volts Binary two (10) could represent a 2 Volt signal. To encode the signal to an accuracy of 1 part in 64 (1.5% precision), 6 binary digits (bits) are needed Example 2: Sine wave signal of known frequency and maximum amplitude 50 mV; 1 mV resolution needed.
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Example 2 (continued) Possible digital representation for the sine wave signal: Analog representation: Digital representation:
Amplitude in mV 1 2 3 4 5 8 16 32 50 63 Binary number 000001 000010 000011 000100 000101 001000 010000 100000 110010 111111

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Why Digital?
(For example, why CDROM audio vs. vinyl recordings?)

Digital signals can be transmitted, received, amplified, and re-transmitted with no degradation.
Digital information is easily and inexpensively stored (in RAM, ROM, etc.), with arbitrary accuracy. Complex logical functions are easily expressed as binary functions (e.g. in control applications). Digital signals are easy to manipulate (as we shall see).

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Circuit and Representation

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Analysis vs. Synthesis

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Units, Multiples, Notation

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Science Press

Common Circuit Elements

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Science Press

Circuit Topology

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Science Press

Branch: single element, such as a resistor or source

Node: connection point between two or more branches Extraordinary Node: connection point between at least 3 branches Loop: closed path in a circuit
node

branch loop

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Science Press

Terminology

Charge
Electrical effects are due to
separation of charge electric force (voltage) charges in motion electric flow (current)

Macroscopically, most matter is electrically neutral most of the time.

Exceptions: clouds in a thunderstorm, people on carpets in dry weather, plates of a charged capacitor, etc.

Microscopically, matter is full of electric charges

Electric charge exists in discrete quantities: integral multiples of the electronic charge Unit of charge = coulomb;
EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 29 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Charge

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013

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Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Electric Current
Definition: rate of positive charge flow Symbol: i Units: Coulombs per second Amperes (A)
Note: Current has polarity.

i = dq/dt where q = charge (Coulombs) t = time (in seconds)

Andr-Marie Ampre's 1775-1836

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 31 Prof. Chang-Hasnain

Current

All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013 National Technology and Science Press

Electric Current Examples

1. 105 positively charged particles (each with charge 1.610-19 C) flow to the right (+x direction) every nanosecond

Q 10 1.6 10 I t 109
5

19

1.6 105 A

2.

105 electrons flow to the right (+x direction) every microsecond

Q 105 1.6 1019 5 I 1.6 10 A 9 t 10

EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Slide 33 Prof. Chang-Hasnain