EE42 100 Cch-Lecure10 071513-F

Slide 1 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof.
Chang-Hasnain
EE 42/43/100
Introduction to Digital
Electronics

Lecture 10
7/15/13

Instructors:
Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain
Dr. Wenbin Hsu

Slide 2 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof. Chang-Hasnain
Outline
Topics
Phasors as notation for Sinusoids
Arithmetic with Complex Numbers
Complex impedances
Circuit analysis using complex impedance
Derivative/Integration as multiplication/division
Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements
Reading
Chap 6.5, 7.1-7.4
Alternating Current (AC) Circuits
Electric circuits whose currents and
voltages vary sinusoidally with time
v(t) =V
m
coset

Types of Circuit Excitation
Linear Time-
Invariant
Circuit
Steady-State Excitation
Linear Time-
Invariant
Circuit
OR
Linear Time-
Invariant
Circuit
Digital
Pulse
Source
Transient Excitation
Linear Time-
Invariant
Circuit
Sinusoidal (Single-
Frequency) Excitation
AC Steady-State
DC Steady-State
Why is Single-Frequency Excitation Important?
Some circuits are driven by a single-frequency
sinusoidal source.
Some circuits are driven by sinusoidal sources
whose frequency changes slowly over time.
You can express any periodic electrical signal as
a sum of single-frequency sinusoids so you
can analyze the response of the (linear, time-
invariant) circuit to each individual frequency
component and then sum the responses to get
the total response.

This is known as Fourier Transform and is
tremendously important to all kinds of engineering
disciplines!

a
b
c d
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
Time (ms)
Frequency (Hz)
S
i
g
n
a
l

(
V
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
S
i
g
n
a
l

(
V
)
S
i
g
n
a
l

(
V
)

Representing a Square Wave as a Sum of Sinusoids
(a)Square wave with 1-second period. (b) Fundamental component
(dotted) with 1-second period, third-harmonic (solid black) with1/3-second
period, and their sum (blue). (c) Sum of first ten components. (d)
Spectrum with 20 terms.
AC Steady-State Analysis
General solution = transient + steady-state
Transient = response to sudden change
Steady-state = mimics time variation of the sources
Any steady state voltage or current in a linear circuit with
a sinusoidal source is a sinusoid with the same
frequency.
Particular solutions for sinusoidal forcing functions.
In order to find a steady state voltage or current, all we
need to know are its magnitude and its phase relative
to the source
We already know its frequency.
Usually, an AC steady state voltage or current is given
by the particular solution to a differential equation.

Alternating Current (AC) Circuits
v
2
(t) =V
m
cos (et+|)
V
m
=amplitude, e=angular frequency=2tf,
|=phase, f= frequency (unit=Hz=1/s)
f=1/T, where T=period

v
1
lags v
2
by (|
1
-|
2
)
v
1
lags v
2
by t/4
Quiz 1
v
1
leads v
2
by (|
2
-|
1
)
v
1
lags v
2
by (|
1
-|
2
)
Waveforms
1
and
2
() are given by:
1
= 4sin 6 10
4
+30 ,
2
= 2cos 6 10
4
30 .
How much does
2
lag
1
?
(A)60 (B)60 (C)30 (D)30
The answer is |
2
-|
1
= 30-(30+180
90)=150

Complex Numbers (1)
x is the real part
y is the imaginary part
z is the magnitude
u is the phase
( 1) j =
u
x
y
real
axis
imaginary
axis
Rectangular Coordinates
Z = x + jy
Polar Coordinates:
Z = z Z u
Exponential Form:

u cos z x =
u sin z y =
2 2
y x z + =
x
y
1
tan
= u
(cos sin ) z j u u = + Z
j j
e ze
u u
= = Z Z
0
2
1 1 1 0
1 1 90
j
j
e
j e
t
= = Z
= = Z
Complex Numbers (2)
2 2
cos
2
sin
2
cos sin
cos sin 1
j j
j j
j
j
e e
e e
j
e j
e
u u
u u
u
u
u
u
u u
u u
+
=
=
= +
= + =
j j
e ze z
u u
u = = = Z Z Z
Eulers Identities
Exponential Form of a complex number
Arithmetic With Complex Numbers
To compute phasor voltages and currents, we
need to be able to perform computation with
complex numbers.
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
And later use multiplication by je to replace
Diffrentiation
Integration
Addition
Addition is most easily performed in
rectangular coordinates:
A = x + jy
B = z + jw

A + B = (x + z) + j(y + w)

Addition
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
A B
A + B
Subtraction
Subtraction is most easily performed in
rectangular coordinates:
A = x + jy
B = z + jw

A - B = (x - z) + j(y - w)

Subtraction
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
A B
A - B
Multiplication
Multiplication is most easily performed in
polar coordinates:
A = A
M
Z u
B = B
M
Z |

A B = (A
M
B
M
) Z (u + |)

Multiplication
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
A
B
A B
Division
Division is most easily performed in polar
coordinates:
A = A
M
Z u
B = B
M
Z |

A / B = (A
M
/ B
M
) Z (u |)

Division
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
A
B
A / B
Arithmetic Operations of Complex Numbers
Add and Subtract: it is easiest to do this in rectangular
format
Add/subtract the real and imaginary parts separately
Multiply and Divide: it is easiest to do this in
exponential/polar format
Multiply (divide) the magnitudes
Add (subtract) the phases
1
2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2
cos sin
cos sin
( cos cos ) ( sin sin )
( cos cos ) ( sin sin )
( ) ( ) ( )
/ ( / )
j
j
j
z e z z jz
z e z z jz
z z j z z
z z j z z
z z e z z
z z e
u
u
u u
u u u
u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u
+
= = Z = +
= = Z = +
+ = + + +
= +
= = Z +
=
1
1
1
1
1
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
1 2
( )
1 2 1 2
( / ) ( )
j
z z
u u
u u
= Z
Quiz2 Complex Algebra
Complex numbers
1
and
2
are given by

1
= 2 60,
2
= 545,
what is the polar form for
2
1
?
(A) 10 7.5
(B) 10127.5
(C) 1052.5
(D) 107.5
Answer: 10127.5 or 10 52.5

Phasors
Assuming a source voltage is a sinusoid time-
varying function v(t) = V cos (et + u)
We can write:

Similarly, if the function is v(t) = V sin (et + u)

( ) ( )
( ) cos( ) Re Re
j t j t
j
v t V t V e Ve
Define Phasor as Ve V
e u e u
u
e u
u
+ +
( (
= + = =

= Z
( )
( )
2
2
( ) sin( ) cos( ) Re
2
j t
v t V t V t Ve
Phasor V
t
e u
t
u
t
e u e u
+
(
= + = + =
(

= Z
Phasor Domain Representation
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
V
{ } ) (
t j jwt j
e e Ve t V t v
e |
| e V Re Re ) cos( ) ( = = + =
Rotates at uniform
angular velocity e
cos(et+|)
The head start angle is |.
Time-varying function can be represented simply by
phasor a complex vector.
Complex Exponentials
We represent a real-valued sinusoid as the real
part of a complex exponential after multiplying
by .
Complex exponentials
provide the link between time functions and phasors.
Allow dervatives and integrals to be replaced by
multiplying or dividing by je
make solving for AC steady state simple algebra with
complex numbers.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage
relationships for inductors and capacitors much
like we express the current-voltage relationship
for a resistor.
t j
e
e
Phasor Representation
Time Domain Phasor Domain
I-V Relationship for a Capacitor
Suppose that v(t) is a sinusoid:
v(t) = Re{V e
j(et+u)
}
Find i(t).

C
v(t)
+
-
i(t)
dt
t dv
C t i
) (
) ( =
Capacitor Impedance (1)
C
v(t
)
+
-
i(t)
dt
t dv
C t i
) (
) ( =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) cos( )
2
( )
( )
2 2
sin( ) cos( )
2 2
(
2
j t j t
j t j t j t j t
j t j t
c
V
v t V t e e
dv t CV d CV
i t C e e j e e
dt dt
CV
e e CV t CV t
j
V V
Z
CV
I
e u e u
e u e u e u e u
e u e u
e u
e
e t
e e u e e u
u
u u
t
e
u
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
( = + = +

( ( = = + =

( = = + = + +

Z
= = = Z
| |
Z +
|
\ .
V
I
1 1 1
) ( )
2 2
j
C C j C
t t
e e e
= Z = =
Capacitor Impedance (2)
C
v(t)
+
-
i(t)
dt
t dv
C t i
) (
) ( =
( )
( )
( )
( ) cos( ) Re
( )
( ) Re Re
1
( )
j t
j t
j t
c
v t V t Ve V
dv t de
i t C CV j CVe I
dt dt
V V
Z
I j CV j C
e u
e u
e u
e u u
e u
u
u u
u e e
+
+
+
( = + = = Z

(
( = = = = Z
(

Z
= = = Z =
Z
V
I
V
I
Phasor definition
Quiz 3 (1)
= 120 cos (377 +30), what is its

phasor form V?
(A)120
1
6
(B)120377
(C)12060 (D)120
1
3

Ans: A

Quiz 3(2)
= 120 cos (377 +30), and if C =

2F, what is the phasor form of current I?
(A) 159 120 kA
(B) 159 60 kA
(C) 90.5 120 mA
(D) 90.5 60 mA

Ans: C

Quiz 3(3)
We got the phasor form of current
, now
what is
()?
(A) 90.5cos (377 +120) mA
(B) 90.5cos 377 +60 mA
(C) 377cos (90.5 +120) mA
(D) 90.5cos (90.5 +120) mA
Ans: D
Inductor Impedance
V = jeL I
L
v(t)
+
-
i(t)
dt
t di
L t v
) (
) ( =
Computing the Current
e j
dt
d
The differentiation and integration

operations become algebraic operations
e j
dt
1
}
Phasor Representation
Time Domain Phasor Domain
Quiz 4
= 1 cos (2 9.15 10
7
+30) and
= 1, what is
()?
(A) 183 cos 2 9.15 10
7
+60
(B) 183 cos 2 9.15 10
7
60
(C) 183 cos 2 9.15 10
7
120
(D) 183 cos 2 9.15 10
7
+120
Ans: D
V = jeL I
Phasor Diagrams
A phasor diagram is just a graph of
several phasors on the complex plane
(using real and imaginary axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the
relationships between currents and
voltages.
Capacitor: I leads V by 90
o
Inductor: V leads I by 90
o

-8
-6
-4
2
4
6
8
-2
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Phase
7sin( ) 7cos( ) 7
2 2
t t
t t
e e
| |
= = Z
|
\ .
7cos( ) 7 0 t e = Z
7sin( ) 7cos( ) 7
2 2
t t
t t
e e
| |
= + = Z +
|
\ .
capacitor current
inductor current
Voltage
Behind
t
lead
Impedance
AC steady-state analysis using phasors
allows us to express the relationship
between current and voltage using a
formula that looks likes Ohms law:
V = I Z
Z is called impedance.
Some Thoughts on Impedance
Impedance depends on the frequency e.
Impedance is (often) a complex number.
Impedance allows us to use the same
solution techniques for AC steady state as
we use for DC steady state.

Phase-Domain Circuit Analysis
Suitable for AC steady state.
KVL

Phasor Form KCL
Use complex impedances for inductors and capacitors and
follow same analysis as in Chap 2 and 3.

( ) ( ) ( )
3 1 2
3 1 2
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
cos cos cos 0
Re 0
0
0
j t j t j t
j j j
v t v t v t
V t V t V t
Ve V e V e
Ve V e V e
e u e u e u
u u u
e u e u e u
+ + +
+ + =
+ + + + + =
(
+ + =

+ + =
=
1 2 3
V + V + V
Phasor Form KVL
0 =
1 2 3
I +I +I
Phasor-Domain Circuit Analysis
Write down KCL or KVL

= +
1



= +
1

Remember to add et and unit
Midterm Exam
Percentage: 23% for EE42, 20% for EE100
Time: Monday 7/22 in class (2:10-4:00pm)
Coverage: Textbook Ch1-Ch6.6+ Ch 7.1-7.3
(incl 7/15 lecture)
One page double-sided cheat sheet allowed
(letter size paper)
No calculator allowed, numbers will be hand-
calculable, please write down procedures and
thoughts
Review session: Sunday 7/21 4-6pm in
Valley Life and Science Building (VLSB)
Room 2040. Past terms exam examples will
be posted in advance and discussed
Grading Policy
Class Performance (12% for EE42/100):
Only correct answer will get your points for a
quiz (no points given for just participation)

Exams (68% for EE42, 58% for EE100):
Midterm Exam (23% for EE42, 20% for
EE100): 7/22 Monday in class
Final Exam (45% for EE42, 38% for EE100):
8/16 Friday, Location TBD
No make-up exams unless Prof. Chang-
Hasnains approval is obtained at least 24
hours before exam time, proofs of extraneous
circumstances are required

Grading Policy
Homework (20% for EE42, 15% for EE100):
6 HWs in total, no late HW accepted

Labs (15% for EE100, 100% for EE43):
7 structured experiments and 1 two-week final project

Each lab is graded with 30% on Prelab and 70% on Report.
You must complete the prelab section before going to the lab.
The prelabs are checked by the GSIs at the beginning of each
section. If prelabs are completed during the lab sessions, it is
considered late and 50% will be deducted.
Lab reports are due exactly one week after your lab is
completed.

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Slide 1 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof.

= 120 cos (377 +30), what is its

= 120 cos (377 +30), and if C =

The differentiation and integration

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