Respiration

1. Gaseous exchange in alveoli 2. Cellular respiration

Gaseous Exchange in the Alveolus

Film of moisture

Epithelium of alveolus

To pulmonary vein

Gaseous Exchange in the Lungs

Diffusion gradient with higher oxygen concentration in alveolar air and higher carbon dioxide concentration in blood maintained by:
Continuous

flow of blood through blood

capillaries Breathing air in and out of alveoli

Gaseous Exchange in the Alveolus

Oxygen dissolves in the film of moisture lining alveolar walls Dissolved oxygen diffuses into blood and binds with haemoglobin HbO8 (oxyhaemoglobin) Hb + 4 O2 Reaction shifts right in the lungs where oxygen concentration is high Reaction shifts left in oxygen-poor tissues

Gaseous Exchange in Alveolus

Movement of carbon dioxide Tissue cells
Blood plasma Lungs

Forms hydrogen carbonate ions HCO3- ions convert back to CO2, diffuse out of blood capillaries

Alveolar cavities

Did you know?

The total surface area of the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) is the size of a tennis court! At rest, a person breathes about 14 to 16 times per minute. After exercise it could increase to over 60 times per minute. New babies at rest breathe between 40 and 50 times per minute. By age five it decreases to around 25 times per minute. The lungs are the only organ in the body that can float on water.

What is respiration?
Definition Respiration is the metabolic process in living animals and plants in which organic substances are broken down to simpler products with the release of energy. This is incorporated into special energy carrying molecules called ATP and is subsequently used for other metabolic processes. Energy liberated is needed for the energy using process of the organism

Various forms of Respiration

2 forms of Respiration (in Man)
.

Aerobic Requires Oxygen Releases a large amount of energy Releases carbon dioxide and water as waste product

Anaerobic Does not require Oxygen Releases a small amount of energy Releases lactic acid as waste product

Aerobic respiration
is

The oxidation of food substances in the presence of oxygen with the release of a large amount of energy. And carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products Takes place in mitochondria

Overall equation of aerobic respiration

is

C6H12O6 +

6O2

6CO2

6H2O

large amount of energy

(38 ATP)

glucose

oxygen

carbon dioxide

water

C6H12O6

+ 6

O2

CO2

+ 6

H 2O +

ENERGY

Aerobic respiration
Takes place mainly in the mitochondria. (aerobic respiration)

Aerobic Respiration
Word Equation Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ENERGY Chemical Equation

What is energy needed for

Synthesis of proteins from AA Building up of protoplasm for growth Heartbeat Respiratory movements

Uses of energy

Muscular contractions Cell division

Active transport
Transmission of nervous impulses

Maintain body temperature.

Anaerobic respiration
can occur in

Muscle cells

Yeast

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D 502/D502f03/f03_labs/Lab5/s59100x.jpg

http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigan g/Images/12-03_buddingyeast_1.jpg

Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

occurs due to

Oxygen debt
occurs due to

Insufficient oxygen in the muscle cells to meet the demands of vigorous muscular contractions

Vigorous muscular contractions

leads to

Oxygen debt
leads to

Anaerobic respiration
produces

Extra small amount of energy

Lactic acid Fatigue

leads to

Muscular pains

Lactic acid
is removed in

Liver (during periods of rest)

converts

Lactic acid Glucose

(in presence of oxygen) Lactic acid is oxidized to produce energy

This energy converts remaining lactic acid to glucose

When lactic acid is used up, oxygen debt is repaid

Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

is

The breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with the release of a small amount of energy. And lactic acid is produced in the process. Takes place in the cytoplasm.

Overall equation of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

is

C6H12O6

2C3H6O3

small amount of energy

(2 ATP)

glucose

lactic acid

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

is also known as

Alcoholic fermentation
is

The partial breakdown of glucose. Ethanol is produced in the process.

Anaerobic respiration

Yeast & Bacteriaalcohol fermentation Glucose partially broken down into ethyl alcohol (ethanol) , CO2 & little energy.

Overall equation of anaerobic respiration in yeast

is

glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + small amount of energy

Used in bread-making Used in wine-making