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Outline
Importance of Body Composition General Principles
Basic principles
Anthropometric Methods
Body Mass Index (BMI) Circumferences / Waist to Hip Ratio Skinfold Measurements
Densitometry Methods
Hydrostatic (Underwater) Weighing Plethysmography (Air Displacement)
Other Methods
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Interpretation of Results
Introduction
Definition: Relative proportion of fat and fatfree tissue in the body. Clinical significance: Obesity is correlated to an increased risk of:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Hypertension (HTN) Certain cancers Hyperlipidemia (high blood cholesterol)
To assess the decrease in body fat weight that occurs in response to a weight management program. To help athletes determine the best body composition for performance. To monitor fat and fat-free weight in patients with disease. To track long-term changes that occur in body fat and fat-free mass with aging.
Basic Principles
Basic Principles
Terminology
Percent Body Fat (%BF)
The percentage of the bodyweight that is adipose tissue
Overweight
Deviation in body weight from some standard or ideal weight in relation to height
Overfat
Undesirable percent body fat (difference males vs. females)
Obesity
Surplus of adipose tissue resulting from excessive energy intake relative to energy expenditure
Purpose: To evaluate body weight and composition in the health and fitness field, often to establish an individuals target, desirable, or optimal weight
Limitations:
It is difficult for clients to interpret weight loss and gain There is no differentiation between fat weight and fatfree weight There is only a modest correlation with percent body fat determined by hydrostatic weight
Anthropometry - Circumferences
Uses:
Pre-post changes in body measurements
Useful for weight management programs/motivation for clients/patients
Waist circumference used along with BMI can be used as an estimate of disease risk (ACSM Manual, Table 4-3) Estimate % BF (limited accuracy) Calculate Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Advantages:
Easily learned Quickly administered Quantifies changes in muscle with specific training (muscle girth size) Easy to document changes in body size
WHR =
Waist circumference (cm) Hip circumference (cm) Waist circumference alone may be used as an indicator of health risk Truncal adiposity increases the risk of chronic disease
Hip Measurement
Diagonal fold; one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (men), or one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (women)
Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, mid-way between the proximal border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)
Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the body
Diagonal fold; in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest
Vertical fold; on the midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum.
Diagonal fold (at a 45 degree angle); 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula
Vertical fold; at the maximum circumference of the calf on the midline of its medial border
Technique:
Firmly grasp all subcutaneous fat (without muscle) Use two fingers (thumb and index) about 8 cm apart, perpendicular to long axis of site 1 cm above the site to be measured Release the scissor grip of the caliper but support its weight while measuring no longer than 1 to 2 seconds to the nearest 0.5 mm Measure each site at least two times, rotating through the sites (should be within 1 to 2 mm) Use the average of each skinfold site for use in the regression formula
Note: Make sure to carry body density out to three decimal places.
Note: Make sure to carry body density out to three decimal places.
Accuracy ( 3%)
More Muscle
Same Weight
More Fat
((
- (RV +100)
BWAIR = Bodyweight in air in grams BWUW = Bodyweight underwater in grams Tare = Chair weight (and any other apparatus) in grams H2O Density = Density of water at specific temperature RV = Residual volume in mL Residual Volume (males) = (0.027 * Ht) + (0.017 * age) - 3.45 Residual Volume (females) = (0.032 * Ht) + (0.009 * age) - 3.90 Residual Volume (both) = 0.24 x FVC
Z R 2 Xc 2
Z R Xc
2
Finally, since the approximate water content of adipose tissue and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, fluid, etc.) are known, the measurement of total body water can be converted to fat-free mass and then fat-mass and % body fat can be calculated.
BIA Procedures
Conditions:
No eating or drinking within 4 hours of the test No exercise within 12 hours of the test Urinate completely within 30 minutes of the test No alcohol consumption in the previous 48 hours No diuretics in the previous 7 days Limited use of diuretic agents before the test
BIA Procedures
Pre-Test Procedures:
Record age, gender, height, weight, activity level, frame size
Clean electrode sites with alcohol pad, allow to dry Attach electrodes and wires Allow values to stabilize (~30 seconds) Enter information into BIA software
BIA Procedures
BIA Procedures
Summary of Methods
Interpretation of Data
Based on BMI:
Interpretation of Data
Based on Circumferences:
Pre- to Post-Changes Waist Circumference Waist-to-Hip Ratio
WHR
Waist Circumference
Interpretation of Data
Based on Skinfolds, BIA, any technique that provides a calculation of %BF
Pre- to Post-Changes Population Norms Calculations of Fat-Weight, Fat-Free Weight, Ideal Body Weight
Interpretation of Data
Interpretation of Data
% BF Population Norms
See previous slide % BF considered satisfactory for health:
Men: 10 to 22% Women: 20 to 32%
Interpretation of Data
Fat Weight:
FW = BW x % BF % BF needs to be in decimal form (i.e. 25% = 0.25)
Fat-Free Weight:
FFW = BW x (1-%BF) OR FFW = BW - FW % BF needs to be in decimal form
Interpretation of Data
Ideal Body Weight (contd)
How do you pick a desired %BF?
Use population norm charts Based on attainable or incremental goals Based on %BF considered satisfactory for health
Laboratory Exercise
Procedures:
Each student will collect the following data on him or herself using the following procedures:
BMI, Skinfolds, Circumferences, BIA
Research Question
Is there a statistically significant difference in %BF, FW, FFW between the three methods:
UWW vs. Skinfolds UWW vs. BIA Skinfolds vs. BIA
What is the correlation between the three methods for these same variables?