~SEARCHE S in the properties of concrete and concrete materia.

ls at the Structural Materials Research Laboratory are being carried out through the cooperation of the Lewis Institute and the Portland Cement Association, Chicago. The research work has been under way since September 1, 1914. The control of the policies of the Laboratory is vested in an Advisory Committee, consisting of represen@tives of the Lewis Institute and the Portland Cement Association as follows: Lewi.Q Iwfiiutt :
GEO N. CARMAN, Director of Lewis Institute. DUFF A. ABRAMS, Professor in Charge of Laboratory.

Portland Cemmt ASSOCWW: F. W. KELLEY, Member Technical Prohlerm Committee, Albany,

N. Y. ERNEST ASHTON, Allentown, Pa. Member Technical Problems Committee,

The investigations are being carried out by a staff of engineers, chemists, and assistants who give their entire time to the work. The results of these researches are published in reports presented to engineering and trade organizations, in papers published in the ticbnical journals and in circulars and bulletins issued by the Laboratory.

.,

.,.

Bulletin

8 .Y

Structural Materials Research Lalmratory Lewis Institvte

Chicago t

Effect of Hydrated-Lime and .Other Powdered Admixtures in Concrete

BY

DUFF A. ABRAMS
Professor in Charge of Laboratory

(AuthorizedR.mint from the Gwvrighted Proseedin@ of the American Societyfor Teatins Materiels. Vol. 20,Part 2, 19201

With an Appendix Further Tests of ,Hydrated

on

Lime in Concrete

Published by the STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY SecondEdition, .Itme,1925

FOREWORD

The paper on the UEffect of Hyclrated Lime and Other Pmvdered Admixtures in Concrete was originally published in the Proceedings of the Anlerican Society for Testing Materials, Part 2, 1920. Acknowledgment is made, to the Society for permission / toreprint the report in Bulletin form. Most of the one, two and five-year tests in Tables 5, 8, 9, 14, 15 and 19 have been added since the original publication of this report by the A. S,T.M. Since the original report was put into type we have made a supplemental investigation covering certain features not studied in the earlier tests. Compression tests of concrete were madeon 17206 by 12-in, cylinders at the age of 28 days. The results of these tests were given in the Appendix, tinder the title, (Further Tests of Hydrated Lime in Concrete. In the second edition of this Bulletin no changes have been made in the text. Tables 9 and 19 have been revised to include data of the five-year tests; Fig. 1, 2 and 4 have been revised to include two and five-year values, and Fig. 8 to include one-year values. Later references have been added in the bibliography,

EFFECT

OF

HYDRATED ADMIXTURES BY DUFF A.

LIME

AND

OTHER

POWDERED

IN CONCRETE.l ABRAMS.

INTRODUCTION.

There is a keen interest in engineiking circles at the present time in the effect of powdered admixtures in portland cement concrete. Many types of inert admixtures have been used designedly or due to their presence in the aggregate. Tbe use of sands containing silt and crushed stone containing dust are usual examples of powdered admixtures. The so-ialled sand-cements are only another phase of the same subject. The use of hydrated lime in quantities up to 5 or 10 per cent of the weight of the cement has gained considerable vogue due to the feeling that it improved the workability of concrete, or increased the strength and water-tightness. Published tests may be found which appear to support theabove conclusioni. However, it will be seen below that more thorough tests show the error of these statements with reference to the strength and workability of mixtures usually used for structural purposes. Published data on this subject are generally inconclusive and conflicting due to,lack of scope in the tests, or to confining the investigations to briquet tests of sand mortars. Water-tightness was not studied in this investigation. Studies of the effect of admixtures on the strength and other pro~erties of concrete have been under way in this Laboratory for 4 years.. This report is confined to powdered admixtures which are essentially inert in the presence of water and cement, as contrasted with. liquids or soluble materials. While the major portion of tbe tests were made with hydrated lime, 170ther materials were also used, in order to determine the general effect of inert powdered admixtures. The concrete materials were of commercial quality. Most of our studies (were made on compression tests of 6 by 12-in.

\ 2 STRUCTURAL MATSRIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY

concrete cylinders; some investigations included also tension and compression tests of mortar. An important feature was the wear tests of concrete made. in the Talhot-Jones rattler. Bond tests were made in one series. Studies of ewiporation and absorption were made on concrete containing hydrated lime and other admixtures. The concrete was mixed by hand, each specimen being made from a single batch. The quantity of admixture was generally based on the volume of the cement in the batch and was an addition to rather than a replacement of the cement. Test pieces were stored in damp sand until the day of test, unless otherwise noted. The average values given in the tables and diagrams are generally based on 5 tests made on different days; in many instances 10 or 15 tests were made. The tests covered concretes of a wide range of mixes, consistencies, size and grading of aggregates, etc. Tests were made at ages of 3 days to 1~Z years; specimens are on hand for test up to 5 years, This report covers six different investigations, and includes about 20,000 tests. The work was done as a part of the experimental researches in the properties of concrete and concrete materials being carried out through the cooperation of Lewis Institute and the Portland Cement Association.
OUTLINE OF TBSrS.

The six series of tests in which powdered admixtures were used, may be characterized as follows: Series 58 and 59, Tests of Sand and Slag Cements; Series 100, Effect of Consistency on the Strength of Cement Mortars; Series 104, Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Bond and Cgmpressi.m Strength of Concrete; Series 114, Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength and Wear of Concrete; Series 130, Effect of Powdered Admixtures on tbe Strength and Wear of Concrete. .$a-ies 58 (1916) .Tension and compression tests of mortar and compression tests of concrete were made at ages rangin~ from 7 dzys to 1 year, using cements with which sand or granulated blast furrow slag, in quantities up to 50 per cent by weight were mixed prior to final grinding, This series included abmt 2000 tests; see Fig. 11.

EFFECT

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRBTi

Series 59 (1916) .Compression tests were made on 1320 2 by 4-in, cylinders of,1 : 3 mix at ages of 7 and 28 days, using sands of 9 different gradings and the,same cements described under Series 58, See Fig. 12, It should be noted that these cements were different from those in the later irm:stigztioiis; in practically all the later tests the powders were added to the cement in the b~tch. In two of the minor series (100 and 104) the admixtures ye filacedoement at the time the concrete was mixed. .Swies 100 (1917) .A special study was made of tbe effect of the consistency of mortars sing different percentages of hydrated lime, kieselghr, kaolin, powdered Iimestoe and slag, In this series the admixtures replaced equal vahmw of cement. The consistency varied from dry to very vmt, Compression tests were made on 45502 by 4-in. cylinders at ages of 7 days, 28 days, 3 months, and 1 year; see Fig. 10. series 104 (1918) .Included parallel compression and bond tezts of 1 : 5 concrete at ages of 7 days to 1 yea. Hydrated lime ivas used as an admixture veplaci~g cement up to 50. per cent of the volwne of cement in the original mix This series comprised 45o tests. Series 114 (1918) .This was our first comprehensive imwtigation of the effect of hydrated lime on the strength, of coxwetg. The hydrated lime was added to the batch up to 50 per cent hy yolwne of cement. The ccmsistency was varied from what W. term relative consistency,> 0.90 to 2.00; the mix from 1 : 9 to 1 : 2 by volume; and the size of aggregate from 14-mesh sand to lx-in, aggregate. Compressim tests of 6 by 12-in. concrete cylinders were made at ages of 7 days, 28 days, 3 months, and 1, 2 and 5-years. In one ZVJWJthe curing condition of the concrete was varied in order to determine the effect of hydrated lime on the strength of concrete stored in damp sand for different periods followed by air storage, (See Table 9 and Fig. 9.) Wear and compression tests of concrete were carried out for O, 10 amd 33 per cent hydrated lime, using a 1 : 4 mix with 10 different aggregate gradings. (See Table 11,) This series imlud.ss 3420 6 by 12-i, cylinders and wear hlac!+, Se.iev 130 ( 1919-20).In this investigation many of the featwes of Series 114 were repezted. Most of the tests were made with high calcium hydrated lime; in one group high magnesium lime and 17 other powdered materizls were used. (See Tables 3, 13, 15,) The mix varied from 1 : 9 to 1 : 2; consistency from dry to very wet (relative consistency 0,90 to 2,00) ; size of p.zgregate f mm 2&mesh sand to 1~-inch graded aggregate. In gen$r.1 powdered admixtures were used in ,qw.ntities p to 50 per cent of the olume of the cement, Compression tests of 6 by 12-in, cylinders were made at ages of 3, 7 and 28 days, 3 nmntbs and 1 year. Wear tests were made on concrete blocks at age bf 3 months, with mixtures ranging from 1 : 4% to 1 : 2%, wing hydrated lime p to 33 per cent, In this series, a SWCM effort was nw.de to study the effezt of admixtures on the plasticity or workability of the concrete by means of the slump test. This series included about
7500 tests.

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH

MATERIALS,

LABORATORY

The concrete materials used in these investig?tioris were of commercial quality. In general the cements were mixtures of equal parts of 4 or 5 brands of portlancl cement purchased in the Chicago market. In Series 58 and 59 sand and slag cements were prepared by grintlng a portland cement with 10 to 50 per cent of the admixture (by weight) in a laboratory tube mill. In proportioning, all cements were assumed to weigh 94 lb. per cu. ft. lhfortar strengths and miscellaneous tests of the cements are given in Table 1. The aggregates consisted of sand and gravel from the Elgin, Ill., pit of the Chicago Gravel Company. This is a well-graded material with a preponderance of limestone particles. In many of the tests the aggregates wire separated into a number of sizes by the screens mentioned below and recombined in order to secure predetermined sieve analyses. The sieve analyses of one group of aggregates graded in such a way as to give a constant fineness modulus are given in Table 11. Sieve analysis, unit weights and fineness modtdi of the aggregates are given in Table 2. The fineness modulus is used as a measure of the size and grading of the aggregate; it is the sum of the percentages in the sieve analysis, divided by 100, using the following sizes from the W. S. Tyler Companys standard screen scale: 100, 4S, 28, 14, 8, 4, )4 in., 3A in., and 1% in. The principal admixture used in this. investigation was high calcium hydrated lime. In Series 130 high magnesium lime and 17 other admixtures were used. The miscellaneous admixtures were, in general, of about the same fineness as commercial portIand cement. Many of them were ground in a laboratory tube mill. The fineness, unit weight .knd normal consistency of the admixtures are given in Table 3. In the case of hydrated lime, kieselguhr, mica and a few other admixtures, it was impossible to determine the fineness by the ordinary sieving methods, hence values are not reported. Normal consistency was determined hy the Vlcat needle hy the method used for portland cement. The water used was from Lake Michigan. . For further details cm..r. in. thefitiena nmdulua of agme..t%see D.sig. .f Bdletti 1, Structural Malerids Research laboratory, Lewis l.mitte, Chkaw.
CO.UXe@ Mixtures,,,

,,

EFFKT

OF POWDERED TEST

ADMIXTURES PIECBS.

IN

CONCRETE

The size and number of test pieces in each series are indicated under Outline of Tests. All test pieces were made in metal forms, The concrete mixes are expressed as one part cement to a given number of volumes of aggregate hixed as used. For example a 1 : 5 mix indicates that 1 cu. ft. of cement is combined with 5 CU.ft. of mixed aggregate; this mixture is about equivalent to the ordinary 1 :2 :4. Tbe actual quantities of materials for a batch were determined by weight. The quantity of concrete required for one specimen was proportioned and mixed separately. Mixing was done by hand with a bricklayers trowel in a galvanized iron pan. The consistency of the concrete is an important feature. The quality of w?ter required by a unit volume of concrete will depend on the following factors: 1. 2. 3, 4, 5. 6. 7. 8. The The Tbe The The The The The workability of the concrete. quantity of cement (the mix) ; normal consistency of the cement; size and grading of the aggregate; absorption of the aggregate; water contained in the aggregate; normal consistency of the admixtures; quantity of admixture.

In proportioning the quantity of water for a batch of concrete in experimental work where we are endeavoring to establish fundamental prin&iples, it is necessary to take all these factors into account. The quantity of the water to be used in a given batch was calculated by a formula which had been derived from earlier tests. For the tests in Series 130, the plastic condhion of the concrete was determined .hy the slump test. This test was made by placing the specimens in a 6 by 12-in. steel cylinder form* in the usual manner, by puddling in 3 layers with a fi:in. steel bar pointed at the lower end. Immediately after molding, the form was slipped off by a steady upward pull. The shortening of the cylinder measured in inches is the slump. A relative con~i~tency of 1.00 or normal consistency is such as will give a slump of about ~ to 1 in. other relative consistencies require a proThe rmsat st.nd.rd fqm f.. dump.test iS *. i,.=.=ted w.. haviw a @ iiamiw of 4 i.. and bottomdwn.~.r .f 8 L=. .ml Imwhtof 12 i.. SC. A.S.T.M. Standard Method of Testfor Consmte., of Fortland-Cment Cmmrete.,,

STRUCTURAL MATEMALS RESEARCHLABORATORY

portional part of the quantity of water necessary for normal consistency. For example, a relative consistency of 1.10 requires 10 per cent more water than normal consistency. In discussing the effect of water in concrete, the quantity of water is expressed in terms of the volume of cement; this is the water-ratio. TIIe concrete was place,i in the .6 by 12-in, cylinder molds in layers of about 4 in. ; each layer was puddled by means of a ~-in. round steel bar. The cylinders were capped when molded by means of neat cement paste and a piece of plate glass. The cylinders were removed from the forms on the day following molding, except for the 1 : 9 mix, which in some instances remained in the forms 2 days. In each series of investigations, one round of specimens was completed before the second round was begun. In this way each ~alue is the a-rerage of 5 or more entirely independent tests, made an dKferent days. Wear tests were made on concrete blocks, 8 by 8 by 5 in. These blocks were molded in the same manner as indicated for the cylinders, ,The top surface was finished with a wood float and covered with building paper and damp sand until the forms were removed. The bond-test pieces were made by imbedding 24-in. lengths of l-in. plain round bars axially in 8 by 8-in. concrete cylinders, Alf specimens were stored in damp sand until time of test, unless otherwise noted. METHODSm TESTING. Mortar strength and miscellaneous tests of cement were made in accordance with the standard methods of the American Society for Testing Materials. Compression tests of mortar cylinders were made in a 40,000lb. Riehle testing machine. The 6 by 12-in. concrete cylinders were tested in a 200,000-lb. Olsen machitfe, A spherical bearing block was used on top of the cylinders. Wear tests were made in the Talbot-Jones rattler, using blocks 8 in. square and 5 in. thick. The blocks were placed as shown in Fig. 14. The outside diameter of the ten-sided polygon thus formed is 36 in. During the test the front of the chamber was closed by means of a steel plate. The abrasive charge con. sisted .of 200 lb. of cast-iron balk (10 of 3j%-in. and about 140 .

EFFECT

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

IN CONCRETE

of 1~+in. diameter). These balk conform to the requirements for the standard rattler test of paving bricks of the American Society for Testing Materials. The test consisted of exposing the inner ~aces of the concrete blocks to the wearing action of the charge for 1800 revolutions at the rate of ~30 r.p,m. The machine was run for 900 revolutions in one direction, then. reversed, The loss in weight during the test reduced to in equivalent depth was used as a measure of the wear. Tests of bond between concrete and steel consisted of pullout tests of l-in. plain round steel bars imbedded 8 in. in an 8-in. concrete cylinder. Slip-of -bar measurements were made during the test, The method of conducting the tests was similar to that used by. the writer at the Universtiy of Illinois. Evaporation and absorption tests were made by weighing the blocks used in the wear tests. TEST DATA. Practically all of the test data from the six investigations of powdered admixtures mentioned above are given in the attached tables and diagrams. Most consideration has been given to the results of tests in Series 114 and 130; in making these tests we had the benefit of the data and experience gained in earlier work. The principal results of tests in each of Series 58, 59 and 100, are presented by a single diagram; see Fig. 10, 11 and 12. The tests in Series 104 are given in Table 10. The values given in the tables and diagrams are in general the average of five or more tests. In the discussion all values are given equal weight whether based on 5, 10 or 15 tests. In many instances the results of tests of concrete containing powdered admixtures have been reduced to (a) percentages of the strength of similar concrete without admixtures; (b) per cent change in strength due to the presence of admixtures. These methods are helpful in showing the effect at a glance, DISCUSSIONOF TESTS. Due to tbe large number of tests covered by this report the discussion will necessarily be confined to the most important
Build<. , SeeTestsof Bondbetween Cmm,feandSteel,,, n.i, E.g; EXW Station.

71,.Uriv.r.ity of llli.

STRUCTURAL MATERIALSRESEARCHI!,ABOEA+OXY

topics. For many other features the reader must refer to the accompanying tables and diagrams. An excellent check on the uniformity of the tests is found in the concordance of. the data as shown by the regularity of the points on the curves, and from the fact that tests made in clifferent series at intervals of several months give essentially the same results. The word coficrate is here used in its general sense to, include what are usually referred to as mortar mixes. The general effect of admixtures is to reduce the strength of concrete in proportion to the quantity of admixture used, Some exceptions to this general conclusion are mentioned below.
EFFECT
OF

HYDRATED

LIME

AS AN

ADMIXTURE

IN CONCRETE.

The principal tests with hydrated lime are given in Tables 4 to 12; the change in strength is shown in Tables 17 to 19. It is impracticable in all cases to discuss separately the effects due to different causes, owing to the fact that in many instances two or more factors, such as mix, consistency, size of aggregate, age, etc., were varied simultaneously. Unless otherwise noted, the quantity of hydrated lime is expressed in terms of the volume of cement and was added to the cement. If it is desired to ~eil with weights, the necessary data will be found in Table 3. Coticwte of l%~avent Cmtsi~fenc&.-The effect of hydrated lime, using concrete of different consistencies is shown in Table 4, The consistencies ranged f mm relative consistency 0:90 (dry) to 2.00 (very wet), the mix from 1 : 9 to 1 : 2. Tests were mad+ at 28 days in Series 130. Similar tests for 1 :4 mix only were made in Series 114, at ages of 7 days to 1 year. See F]g. 1, The strength of the concrete, both with and without hydrated lime, was reduced by the addition of water. The maximum strength was found for relative consistency of 0.90. The strength of the concrete was reduced by hydrated lime for all consistencies and ages. The percentage reduction in strength for different consistencies is shown in Tables 18 and 19, These values were calculated from the slopes of the, curves in Fig. 1 and 3. It will be noted that in these figures the relation between the strength and volume of hydrated lime used is essentially a finear one. The wetter consistencies are more ail ected by the presence of hydrated lime than the drier ones. In Series 130, in the case of the 1 :4 mix, representing concrete of the quality used in road construc-

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRBiE

tion, the reduction k strength at 28 days for relative consistency 1.00, is. 0.4S per cent for each 1 per cent of hydrated lime; for relative consistency 2.00, this value is increased to 0.62 per cent. In Series 114 the corresponding values are 0.66 arid 0.74, Water Cowtafi.t.-Table 12 gives the results of a series of tests in which hydrated lime up to 50 per cent of the volume of the cement was used in mixes of 1 : 5, 1 :4 and 1 :3 proportion. The concrete was mixed with a quantity of water which gave a normal consistency with 50 per cent of hydrated lime; other batches were mixed with the same quantity of water. This gave a graduated series of consistencies, the mix without hydrated lime being considerably wetter than the others, These tests show that with the water constant, tbe strength of concrete is practically uniform. Water-Ratio-Stren,qtlc Relation.-The water-ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of water to volume of cement in the batch, considering 94 lb. of cement as 1 cu. ft. Many. previous investigations have shown that there is a fixed relation between the water-ratio and the strength of concrete, regardless of the reason for the use of a particular quantity of water, so long as, the concrete is plastic and the aggregate is not too coarse for the quantity of cement used. The water-ratio: strength relation is platted in Fig. 7 for certain 28-day tests tihhout hydrated lime and with 50 per cent hydrated lime. Similar curves may he drawn for other percentages. In computing the water-ratio, all water except that absorbed. by the aggregate, was accredhed to the cement; that is, the water absorbed by the hydrated lime was not deducted. These curves show that, the water-ratio-strength relation holds with and without hydrated lime, although the relation is not. the same. It was found impracticable to determine the absorption of hydrated lime, although it is probable that if correction could be made for this factor, the water-ratio-strength relation would be found to hold for concrete containing admixtures in the same manner as has been found for those without admixtures. The water-ratio of 1 : 4 mix, relative consistency 1.10, with aggregate of fineness modulus 5.75, ivhhout hydrated lime is 0,78; with 50 per cent hydrated lime it ii 1,X), The strength in the first instance is .3100 lb. per sq. in., while with the 50 per cent hydrated lime it is 2400 lb. per sq. in, These curves bring out tbe water-ratio-strength relation for given conditions

10

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

but do not show directly the effect of hydrated lime on the strength 0 f concrete. The water-ratio-strength relation for tests in Series 10C is shown in Fig. 10. Miz.The effect of hydrated lime on the strength of concr~te of different mixes is shown in Tables 4 to 7, 12 and 14, and Fig. 2 to 5.. The change in strength of concrete of different mixes, due to hydrated lime, is shown in Tables 18 and 19. In general the strength of concrete was reduced hy hydrated lime for all mixes. The leaner mixes are, however, reduced only to a slight extent and the 1 : 9 mix (about the same as the usual 1 : 3% :7 mix) gave a slight increase in strength with hydrated Krne. This slight increase in strength of the lean mixes W5.Sprobably due to the fact that the aggregate was graded too coarse for the quantity of cement; in other words, the admixture slightly improved the graditig hy supplying fine material; For the ordinary range of mixes and consistencies (1 : 5 to 1 :4, and relative consistency 1.00 to 1.25), the strength of the concrete was reduced 0.50 per cent for each 1 per cent of hydrated lime, in terms of volume of cement. In arriving at this value; richer and leaner mixtures and wetter and drier mixtures than those indicated were not considered. The following were also excluded on account of.not being in the category of usual concrete mixtures: (a) Concrete of aggregates smaller than ~-in. (b) Aggregates graded to l% in., but coarser or finer than iq good practice (fineness modulus lower than 5.50 or higher than 6,00 in Table 6). (c) Tests in Table 10 in which cement was replaced by hydrated lime. (d) Tests in Table 11 in which a constant quantity of mixing water was used. Si,w and Grading of Aggregate.A distinction is made between SLWand gwdiwg of aggregate. The size refers to char&es in the maximum size with a given type of sieve analysis; grading refers to the type of the sieve analysis curve for a given maximum size. The fineness modulus of the aggregate is used as a measure of the size and grading. Low values of fineness modulus correspond to finer aggregates; higher values to coarser, ~ The results of tests from Series 114 and 130 on 1 : 5 and

EFFECT 1 : !

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

11

mixes are given in Table 7. Tbe aggregate ranged in size from 28-inesh sand up to Ix-in. graded aggregate. The percentage change in strength, due to the presence of hydrated lime is given in Table. 17. The finer sands showed a slight increase in strength while the ag~egate graded above ~s in. in size showed a decrease in strength with the addition of hydrated lime. One group of tests was made with aggregates of different gradings in. mixes .1 :9 to 1 : 2; see Table 6 and Fig. 5. The different values of fineness modulus were secured by mixing wellgraded sand and pebbles (up to l% in.) in varying proportions. For the low values of fineness modulus a large percentage of sand was used; for high values the percentage was small. ?he sand had a fineriess modulus of 3.0 and the coarse aggregate a fineness modulus of 7.0; hence, by mixing these materials in clifferent proportions, any value between these limits can be secured. For the usual mixes with aggregates graded up to 1~. in. values of fineness modulus of 5.5 to 6.0 give best results. The change in strength, due to hydrated lime will be found in Table 18. For the usual grading and mixes, hydrated lime gave the same reduction in strength noted above from another group of tests; that is, 0.50 per cent for each 1 per cent of hydrated lime. In the finer gradings (low fineness modulus ) the strength showed less reduction and for leaner mixtures a slight increase in strength with hydrated lime. A similar relation was found for the very coarse aggregates (fineness modulus 6.50 and 6.75 ). These results should ,be compared with those found for fine sands and lean mixes discussed above. These tests bring out the fact that tests on sand mortars are not a safe guide as to what happens in concrete, since the compression tests of sand mixtures gave a slight increase in strength with the addition of hydratal lime, while the usual concrete mixes show a material reduction in strength. In Table 11, ten different gradings of aggregate were made up in such a manner as to give a uniform fineness modulus of 6.04, using a 1 : 4 mix at 28 days. Hydrated lime was used in percentages O, 10, and 33. The mean variation of the tests from the average is 4.2 per cent, indicating a practically uniform strength regardless of the widest variation in the grading of the aggregate. The tests with and without. hydrated lime showed the same relation so far as grading of aggregate is concerned. How-

12

STRUCTURAL MATERIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY

ever, the strength was reduced in all cases due to the presence of hydrated lime. The reduction in strength was 0.50 per cent for each 1 per cent hydrated lime, High Magnesium versus High Calcit~w Hydrated Linte. Most of the tests were made with high calcium lime; in Series 130 ,high magnesium hydrated lime was also used: Compression tests of 1 :4 concrete were made at ages of 3 days to 1 year. Both types Of hydrated lime gave the same results; the values in maiIY instances were almost identical; see Tables 14 and 19. Curing Co?tdition.-The effect of hydrated lime on the strength of concrete cured under different conditions is shown in Table 9 and Fig. 9. Tests were made on a 1 :4 mix, using O, 10 and 33 per cent hydrated lime. Specimens were stored in damp sand for periods ranging from 1 day to 1 year, after which they were stored in air until tested at ages ranging from 7 days to 18 months. The actual strengths were also reduced to percentages of the strength of the concrete stored in damp sand through the entire curing period. If the presence of hydrated lime had a beneficial influence on the strength of concrete stored in air subsequent to the period stored in damp sand, the curves in Fig. 9 should show an upward trend. In general these curves are practically horizontal or show only a slight upward trend, indicating that hydrated lime was of no material benefit in raising the relative strength; while the actual strength was in general reduced by hydrated lime. In this group of tests care must be taken to distinguish between the cw%g )ariod and the age at test. The discussion below on the evaporation and absorption also throws interesting light on this phase of the effect of hydrated lime in concrete. Euaflovatioti and Absorfition.-In order to determine the effect of hydrated lime and other admixtures on the evaporation and absorption of water, careful weights were made on the wear blocks in Series 130. The results of wear tests are given in Tables 20 and 21. The results of evaporation and absorption tests are given in Fig, 13. The evaporation was determined by weighing the blochs upon removal from damp sand at the age of 14 days and at intervals up to the time they were tested at the age of 3 months. The tests show that all the admixtures gave essentially the same results; that evaporation occurred more rapidly in tbe leaner mixes

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

13

than in the richer ones, and that, the evaporation was slightly more rapid with hydrated lime than without, although there was little difference for quantities of hydrated lime less than 10 per cent. The blocks gained slightly in weight during the storage in damp szlnd. After storage. for 10 weeks in air they showed a 10.ssin weight of about 2% per centequivalent to 25 to 30 per cent of the original mixing water. Bond Te.rts.-Tests of b6nd between ioncrete and steel were carried out in Series 104. The results of parallel bond and compression tests on a 1 : 5 mix, using hydrated lime up to 50 per cent, are given in Table 10. It should be noted that in thk series the hydrated lime re$laced an equal volume of cement; consequently the quantity of cement decreased as the percentage of hydrated lime increased: This arrangement, of course, gave a much greater reduction in strength due to ,hydrated lime than was found in the tests in which tbe hydrated lime was added to a constant volume of cement. The bond resistance was affected in the same manner by the addition of hydrated lime as the compressive strength. Den.?ity utid Yield.The density and yield of concrete were determined for all conditions. It is impracticable to give all of the results of these tests. However, the general trend of the values may be seen from Tables 22 and 23. The density was calculated from the dimensions of the specimens, the volumes of materials used in the hatch and the unit weight of the concrete. The density may be defined as the ratio of the total volume of solids in the mass to the volume of concrete. It will be noted that the maximum density was produced by the leaner mixes. As the proportion of cement increased the density was reduced. The density was also materially reduced by increasing the water content. Density was slightly reduced hy the. addition of hydrated lime; the addition of 50 per gent of hydrated l@e to a 1 : 4 mix, consistency 1.10, reduced the density about 4 per cent. The yield expresses the volume of finished concrete in terms of the volume of mixed aggregate as used. The yield of concrete increased with the addition of powdered materials. Tbe richer mixes were more affected than the leaner ones. For mixtures richer than 1 : 6, hydrated lime increased the

14

STRUCTURAL MAT~RIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY

volume of concrete 50 to 60 per cent of the volume of loose lime added. For other materials the increase in voIume (yield) appears to be proportional to the total volume of solid material in the admjxture, Plasticity of Coticrzte.-In Series 130 the plasticity of the concrete was measured hy means of the slump test described above. A high value of slump indicates a more plastic concrete than a low one. Table 16 gives the.results of one group of tests in which the mix and consistency were varied. The slump was only slightly affected by the presence of hydrated lime up to 50 per cent in the usual concrete mixtures. In the leaner mixes the slump was in general increased by the addition of hydrated lime. For the richer mixes the slump was decreased. Addition wrsus R@lacemettt.-Fig. 6 gives the relative strength of concrete for different mixtures and percentages of lime. T~s figure is based on tests in which hydrated lime was added to the cement. The curves in the upper right corner illustrate the method of calculating the effect of replacing cement by hydrated lime, In general the reduction in strength caused by replacing cement by hydrated lime was about, 1~ times that caused by adding hydrated lime to cement.
MISCELLANEOUS POWDERED ADMIXTURF,S IN CONCRETE

In addition to hydrated lime, compression tests of concrete were made on 17 different powdered admixtures; see Table 3. Tbe results of compression tests are given in Tables 12 to 14. Wear tests were also made with a portion of these admixtures; see Tables 20 and 21. For compression tests of mortars of miscellaneous admixtures made in Series 100; see Fig. 10. In studying the effect of admixtures, curves were platted showing the relation between the strength of concrete and percentage of material added; see Fig. 1 to 5, In general these curves . are essentially straight lines, consequently the slope represents the rate of change of strength with the percentages of admixtures. Most of these admixtures gave essentially tbe same results and showed the same effect as hydrated lime. Usual concrete mixtures were reduced in strength. The only exception to this statement is pulverized blast furnace slag. Gypsum gave a much greater reduction in strength than any of the other materials. (

EFFIZCT OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

15

Btick.-Common building brick from the Chicago district, crushed and pulverized, was used. The tests showed that the strength of 1 : 4 concrete at 28 days was reduced 0.08 per cent for each 1 per cent addkion of powdered brick in terms of the volume 0f cement. Clay.The clay used was a liglit fluffy material from South Amboy, N. J. The strength of concrete was reduced 0.22 per cent for each 1 per cent of this material. Fkuwspar.-The fluorspar was obtained from a mine at Shawneetown, Ill. Concrete strength was reduced 0.43 per cent. Gy@unt-A first-settle gypsum without retarder was used. The strength, was slightly increased by 1 or 2 per cent of gypsum at ages of 3 and 7 days. The reduction in strength was very pronounced for quantities higher than 5 per cent at all ages. The average reduction was about 4 per cent for each 1 per cent of gypsum. Hydrated Lime.Under the same conditions as used in tests of other admixtures, hydrated lime showed a reduction in strength of 0.56 per cent. In using 0.50 per cent in the foregoing discussion a large number of tests from clifferent series using clifferent mixes, consistencies and ages were averaged. Im+&-Ground cast iron weighing 186 lh. per cu. ft., considerably coarser than other admixtures (residue of 45 per cent on 100-mesh sieve), used in quantities up to 10 per cent *only, reduced the strength of concrete 0.16 per cent. Kcwlitt.-Kaolin reduced the strength 0.41 per cent. Kieselgtik~.-Meselguhr, from a California deposit, was the lightest of the admixtures used (weight, 13 lb. per cu. ft.). The strength of concrete was reduced 0.48 per cent. L.awa.-Ground lava rock from Twin Falls, Idaho, reduced the strength of concrete 0.44) per cent. ,Gmestone.Pulverized limestone from the Chicago district, ground to a residue of 10 per cent on a 200-mesh sieve reduced the strength 0.39 per cent for each 1 per cent of limestone. Mica.The material used was a white flakemica ground in a laboratory tube mill. At earlier ages the strength of the concrete was slightly increased with the smaller percentages of mica. At 28 days and later periods the strength was reduced about 1.1 per cent for each 1 per cent admixture, These tests do not bear out the conclusions hased on published reports which show a

16

STRWCTCTRAL MATERIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY

very great reduction in mortar strength due to mica. Other tests are now under way in which a number of micaceous sands will be used. Natural Cement,Natural cement purchased in the Chicago market; was used in both compression and wear tests. (See Tables 8, 14 and 20. ) These tests included mixtures from straight portland to straight natural cements. While natural cement gave a considerable strength when used alone, it is interesting to note that when mixed with portland cement it caused a reduction in strength for all percentages andfor all consistencies and ages of concrete and gave results comparable in every way with other admixtures. Under the conditions mentioned shove, the. strenxth af concrete was reduced 0.38 per cent for each 1 per cent add~d. Pitch.Pitch was pulverized to a very tine powder; the fineness could not be determined hy ordinary sieving methods. So far as the writer is aware, no one has advocated the use of this material in concrete; it was included in thk investigation in order to study the dfect of a powder of unusual origin on the strength of concrete. Tbe strength was reduced 1.5 per cent for each 1 per cent of pitch. .Sa.ml.-Clean silica drift sand from the Chicago dktrict, ground to the fineness of pordand cement, reduced the strength of concrete 0.37 per cent for each 1 per cent sand. Slag.Granulated blast furnace slag ground in the laboratory to the fineness of portland cement. The results of tests with slag differed essentially from all other admixtures in that the strength of concrete was slightly increased for all quantities up to 50 per cent of the volume of the cement which was the highest value used. This statement applies to mixes from 1 : 9 to 1 :4, for different consistencies and ages. The 1 :3 mix showed a slight loss in strength with the addition of slag. For the conditions discussed for other admixtures the slag increased the strength 0.12 per cent for each 1 per cent added. A similar relation has been pointed out by other writers both in this country and Europe. This result has been explained as due to.chemical reactions between the slag and certain compounds in the cement. Tbe principal constituents of this slag were: SiOZ, 34.8 per cent; CaO, 42,6 per cent; A1,O,, 15.0 per cent; Fe,O,, 3.7 per cent. Tufm-Tufa, a light, loosely-formed natural rock from Mount Angel, Ore., ground with difficulty, reduced the strength of concrete 0.51 per cent.

,,

EFFECT

OF POWDERW

ADMIXTURES

IN. CONCRETE

17

Wkitifig.-Commercia1 grade of whiting, reduced the strength of concrete 0.24 per cent. Yellow Oc/-we.-Yellow ochre from Cartersville, Ga., reduced the strength of concrete 0.68 per cent. EFFECT OF ADMIXTURES
ON TIIE WEAR PF C~NCRETE.

Three different groups of wear tests were carried out; see Tables 11, 20 and 21. All wear tests were made in the TalhotJones rattler, using 8 by 8 by 5-in. concrete blocks. The wear blocks were tested at 3 months after 14 days in damp sand, followed by air storage. Wear t&ts wer<made with admixtures of hydrated lime, kieselguhr, powdered limestone, slag, sand, and natural cement. This test. was of such severity as to produce a wear of 0.4 to 0.5 in. Slag showed the best results since the wear was no greater with 33 per cent slag than with straight cement;, sand gave nearly as good results as slag; tbe other admixtures may be placed in the following order of merit; hydrated lime, natural cement, limestone and kieselguhr.. There seems to be little reason for using these materials in concrete roads and other concrete subjected to wear; it is of interest to know that some of them do little or no harm. The principal danger from tbe use of admixtures in road concrete is that any excess of mixing water will cause the fine material to be floated to the surface and thus give concrete of inferior wearing resistance, The same statement applies to silt in sands and to crusher dust. Silt may contain organic impurities which materially reduce tbe strength of concrete:
SAND AND SLAG CEMENTS?

Two of the earlier investigations included tension and compression tests of mortar and concrete using sand and slag cements. In the preparation of these materials, the sand or slag was added to tbe cement before final grinding. Tbe tests are summarized in Fig. 11 and 12. Mortar and miscellaneous tests are given in

, se. Effect of
APP.ndk Z, Rwrt

a.diws Am. S... TescmsMatinal., Vd. 20, P=t 1, r.. 309 (1920). [RePmI@.3 .S Bu11~t$he7 ,Stict.=1 MaterialsRes,amh Laboratory.] da, came,.,,, i. used i this ,awr t. d.dgna,e a mixture of Portland cement v+h variousBcme.fw.s of plvmiz.d w...l~,ed bl.st iur,n%w slag. The SIW
mu. be smdy mixed or g.r...d wth the cement; m o., .=s. ,t was mixed. Care should b. take to dk~in~mh betyen ..r SW. .+nd the same term .FoJlred t. a PrPdwt resul$ncz from ivndu! slag wth h,dratd lnne. 0.. se of slag cement>> IS cwmate + %wd cane-t.,>

Tannic A+d m the Stmwth of C...rete,,, by Duff A. Abram, .f. C.mw. C-9 O. c.nc,~e and concx~e Asnwa*?s, p.o-

18

STRUCTURAL MATERIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY

Table 1. The slag cements showed more favorable results in all cases than tbe sand cements; slag up to 10 per cent produced no appreciable reduction in strength of 1 : 2 : 4 concrete; for 50 per cent slag the concrete strength was reduced to 65 per cent of Mortar strengths were less the strength with cement only. affected than tbe ymcrete; the Ian briqtmts showed a strength with 50 per cent slag of about 95 per cent of cement only. It will be seen that the concrete tests do not bear out tbe indications of the briquet tests. The compression tests of 1 :2 mortar, Fig. 11, show essentially the same result as the concrete. Sand cements give less favorable results than the slag cements. In comparing these tests with tbe results from other admixtures it should be borne in mind that here cement was replaced by sand or slag. In geneIal the effects of admixtures ground with cement are similar to those found with same materials simply mixed. Of course, some consideration must be given to the effect of the finer grinding of the cement in incr~sing the strength of the concrete.x It was impracticable to determine how much the fineness of the cement was changed by the addhion of clifferent percentages of sand or klag.
GENERAIDISCUSSION.

The following discussions of a general nature have no direct bearing on the effect of admixtures: Effect of Quantity of Cwtent.-The wide variation in the mixes used in these tests furnish information on the etlect of variations in the quantity, of cement. Fig. 8 gives a typical curve for 28-day tests, For the usual mixes (1 :5 to 1.: 4) the strength increased 1 per cent for each per cent addition of cement. The same value was found in our tests on Effect of Fineness of Cement referred to above. Comiste?tcy of cowcreta.A typical strength-relatiye con. sistency curve is shown in Fig. 8 for 1 :4 concrete; similar curves may be drawn for other mixes and conditions from data given in the tables. The quantity of water in terms of the water-ratio is given in many of the tables. Fineness Modulus of Aggrt?gate.-A typical fineness modulus strength curve is given in Fig. 8 for I : 4 mix. The circles and 1See
Testinx

Effect

Materials,

of Flmene, s of Cement,>, by Duff A. Abram., 19, Fart 2, p. 328 (1919). Vol.

.%dcadiim

Am.

S...

EFWCT crosses modulus This other

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES ill d] fferent different ways;

IN groups

CONCRETE giving

19
fineness

refer to tests made

valu,es derived shows k

see Tables found see

6 and

7.

curve

the same relation carried

that has been

in many

Bulletin 1, previously referred to. Ejfect of Age of Coticrete.-All tests included in this report show that the strength of concrete increased with age so long as the concrete does not dry out. F]g. 8 shows a typical age-strength relation for concrete stored in a damp place. Table 9 shows that after concrete dries out (upon exposure to air for 2 to 4 weeks) there is little or no further fncrease in strength. Curing Condition of Concrete.Table 9 shows the importance of curing concrete under favorable condhions.
investigations out in this Laboratory;
CONCLUSIONS.

The principal conclusions from these investigations are as follows : 1. In general the addition of powdered materials reduced the strength of concrete approximately in proportion to the quantity of admixture. Some exceptions are noted below. 2. In usual conCrete mixtures, each 1 per cent of hydrated lime (in terms of the volume of cement) reduced tbe compressive strength 0.5per cent; 1 per cent by we{ght of cement reduced tbe strength 1.2 per cent. The reduction in strength caused by replacing cement with an equal volume of hydrated lime was about 13A times that caused by adding hydrated lime. 3. High calcium and high magnesium limes produced the same effect. 4. The addition of 1 per cent of the following powdered admixtures in terms of the volume of cement reduced the strength of 1 : 4concrete at 28 days hy the following percentages: Brick, 0.08; clay, 0.22; whiting, 0.24; sand, 0.37; natural cement, 0.38; limestone, 0.39; lava, 0.40; thorspar, 0.43; kaolin, 0.47; kleselguhr, 0.48; tufa, 0.51; hydrated lime, 0.56; ironite, 0.60; yellow ochre, 0.6S; mica, 1.10; pitch, 1.50; gypsum, 4.00. For the same condhions the addhion of 1 per cent of cement G+meased the strength of concrete about 1 per cent. 5. Pulverized slag up to 50 per cent of ~olume of cement gave a slight increase in strength of concrete (about 0.12 on the basis used above).

20

.STRUCTUEAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABO~ATO~Y

6.. Wlch concrete mixes showed a greater loss in strength due to powdered admixtures than the leaner ones. Lean mixes (1 :9 to 1 : 6) and in those with aggregates graded too coarse for the quantity of cement used, the strength was little affected oi- was slightly increased by admixtures up to 50 per cent. 7. The wetter mixes showed a greater loss in strength than the dry, due to the addition of hydrated lime. 8. The effect of admixtures was in general independent of the age of the concrete. ~: 9. Sand and slag cements gave results comparable to those from powdered materials simply mixed in the concrete. 10. Hydrated lime and other powdered admixtures used in these tests slightly increased the workability of the leaner mixes (1 :9 and 1 : 6) as measured by the slump test. Ordinary mixes (1 : 5 and 1 : 4) were little affected; richer mixes (1 :3 and 1 : 2) were made less plastic. 11. The wear of concrete was not sensibly increased by hydrated lime or other admixtures up to 20 per cent of the volume of cement, 12. The bond resistance was affected in the same manner as the strength by the presence of hydrated lime. 13. Hydrated lime had little effect. on the absorption of dry concrete, increased the, evaporation of water from wet concrete and produced no beneficial effect. on the strength of concrete stored in air. 14. Powdered admixtures increased the yield of concrete, For hydrated lime in the usual concrete mixtures the increase in volume of the concrete (yield) was about 60 per cent of the loose volume of lime added,

., ::

EFFECT

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

21

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The brief mates LTivenin the foflowing biMi.WaPhY a?e i.tend~ to indkate the COtmluswns of the authors of the resee+ve Papers; tbeY d. not ne-sar>ly reflect the .EWS of the WTLW of th,, renart based on a stud? of the same and later, more code~ d=~.. Limel &#ed WIXt:IIoof to CernerIt Redmce, Strength; Portland Cement and Limes; Trans. Am. S6., Ciil Pro.. wt. Civil Eg., Etw., v, 18: m 286, v. 100, p. 266, 293,

Use of Lime with Cement, by Lydecka Report Chief of Engineers, U. S. Arm , 1895, p. 293% 1896 P. 2832. Abqact> t-tit+ Mart=. -d Concrete,. by M, ~, Falk, 1904, P. i4. Utilization of Volcanic Products; EI@Ieer, MZ.Y 25, 1899. E.g. News, JulI 27, 1899. Effect cd Cla.r on Strek!th of Concrete, by RkbeY and Pratcr ; Technoi?rw.h (Unh-. of 111.), 1902.

Effectof Clar and Loam on CementMmta,, by G. E $he,ma ; Ens New, V. 50, p. 443,No. 19, 1903. Adulteration of FortI.-d Cement wit! Sk, b? R. Dy~-h.fi; pr~. ermPortland
Cemnt Mfr.,

1905, 0 93.

Tmund.

Ztg., 1905, P. 69.

Slag in Portland Cement, b, S.S.. -d Cramer; St%hl . EkeII, V. 12, J.. 15, 1905. Abstract, Cement Axe, Auz. 1905. Use of Lime in Concrete Blocks, br S. B. Newbe.rr; M.mic. Engr., Awl, 1906. Injurious Effcet cd Gym.,= !. Portland Cement; Tonimi. Ztx., Oct. 7 and 28, 1907, Cement .aod CmICr@, by L. C. S.bin; , McGraw Pub. Co., 1?07, m 259. Effect of lime, plaster of F.n,, CIV, powdered lxmesto% br,ck, et.., m cememt mortars. Effect of CIW in Sand for Cetnemt Mortar, by E, S. Larxied ; Enc. News, lun, 6, 1907. Ei7e.t of Mica on Cement Mart.., by W. N. Willis; E.g. News, v. 59, P. 145, Feb. 6, 1908, Cement. Are, March, 1?07, P.. 172. M,xture ?f 1:3 cement, and &a&; $0! ,afd ad mica). Decrease Im.te..l1e st!qmth f., --e n m=, creased and more water rewmred for nuxmw. Hydrated Lhne and Cement Mortars, by E. W. Lazell ; Proc. Am, SDS. Te,tig Mat., v. 8, 1908. N,,+.. Tram . . .. m, .-. .. Tram. Cetnent and Cement. Lime Mortar,,. br H. Remezeder; Pro.. lIIt Assn, TWing Mat., v. 13, 1909. re,ts of Concrete for lm~ermiability, bY, H, B. Allen; Em$ I@c., v. 61, P. 695> Ma> 28, 1910. clw and ~drated hrne III concrete t-ted or ,mwrmeab,@. J.. of Hydrated Lbne in Portland Cement Mixtures, by R, J. Wia; Trans. Nat. L!me Z13, 1911. BIl. 8, Natmnal L~me Mfr. As... Feb., l?ll. Ad~%&A~Pn&p 1s E.?, .-t by wekht .f $-e?t dws not a~;p~=n$;~ ~~$~ $1 lean mqrtars, bt decreas?s .W@h III r,.h %t.?rs. Perrme,b,l>ty decreased and P1astl.ltY ~yc;d, m both lean and r,& rn,:tures. Effect of Hydrated Lime o Portlarul Cement Mortar, b, H. Gardner, En~ Rec., v. 64, P. 309, Se@. 9, 1911. CmKJdes that :mall amo~nts ?f C*(OH ),, o-n, da,, be ba@=J, but 6wJ.w%! of more than 15 per AL or rewound !.m.nt, =,. cent of cement by C, ( OH) , IS worse than wing no cenwnt at all. Effec;g~; cla m CementMortar, by .%thwick ,ad Wellma.; Ems. Rec., Ma..! 2s, ~ 332. Tests bf 1,1 Y, to 1:6 bnwets at mea of 7, and 84 days, ..In& 0 t 15 Der cent day increased strerwtb ; lea to,s w eet of c1aY, In win-1 ,5. 0 ttuxt.,cs dmw nmre nxrease than rxh. Addition of Lhe to Cm WIe, by Dy,ckerhoff and Fraflim; .TO*nd. zt~, . .. ! $, p. 3.50. ....... . . -. . . =$.lt. .P.M whed m<, 1883 show,g effd o add,tmn of 111. 1911. s=---I. air, fresh and sea water. 0. strel ,zth ad permeabd,ty ..4 R--,,..4 value of clay . ... ... . . . . . . cem=t for securbm ImpermeableCm.mt., lv E. ffm=n ad Fowl.,; ErIs. and Cant,., Jan. 25, 1911: Tfz Co.,ete, by J, B. Li,pinwtt; Fro.. Nat. Ass., Cement Users, 1911, P. 624. Ab$tract, Cement Age, Feb., 1911. Tms. Am. So<. Cd EP&, v. 76, 1913. Man fz.tur. of Lime, by W. E Emlm; TEA. P.Qer 16, U. S. Bums. of Standards,

BIeII&3& s~fid cm=t, bY R. .R. c..h~,n; nS. ews,.. Result, of study and exnerx=of U. S. Redan=tma
EfJeCt of Addition of

9,,

12702 e 19 1913

?.wv>.<. Hydrated Ltme on Change of Vdume, of Portland Cement, M,XtWS ad c.n.,etes by H. s. Swckman; Prac. Nat. Lime Mfr. A-., 191~. EM. E..., Jan. 3. 1g14. Stren@ of Lbne Mortas, b, EmleY and Young; J+... Am. SO- Tc,tiE Mat., v. 14, Pm, 2, 1914. How DHydrated lime Add to Strerwtb of Concrete? by NewberrY, La%dl and E,,ght; Ccnmrete, March, 1914.

22

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

F@+EARCH

LABORATORY

Hydrated Lime, bT E. W. Lazdl; Published by .Ta.kson.Rerrdinger, Fittsbargh, 19i5. Hi@ry, mmthad of mannfactare, .s. in mortars, advantages, quantities of mate. ,1.1s, em. Experiments cm Effect of Hydrated L& in Concrete, by E. Ashtm; E.g. News.ReG, v. 75, I,. 470, Ma@ 9. :916. Strength ,.,,, a, 1 and 2 m.. on 1,? :3 xra.,el con. erete> of two eons,sten.,e, and 5, 10 and 15 per ceot of hydrated lane, Strerwth of Cement and Hydrat@ find Mortars, by 1, S, Macgregm; Cement and EIW, News, Dee, 1916. Muru.. E.g., v. 51, p, 120, 1916, Test. of 9 brick pk. 8 by 8 by 84 in, with 1:3 cement mortar, lune varied from O.to 1 rmrt; Ys cement to 7, lime to 3 parts sand found strongest, Preliminary Tests on Effect of Hydrated Lime . Mortars and Concrete, bj. Scofi.ld and St,mchfidd ; Pro., Am. Cc,n. ret, Inst., 1917. Density, ,tren@h, ,L,$ern,:on and resmjsn~e to ?.braaan o! mortars with and without hydrated lime, showed tit, uu@er,IIg hydrate as mer~ material, more cement rntiat be added to F.rwent loweriw of q$r,ngtl and resistance to abra?iom Addition increase, fin, mz,,c; al, red.,, dens,ty and causes greater exwmsmn and cmItraction. New Ingredients for M.mtar, by H, Kuhl; Tonind. Ztz., v. 42, p. 17, 37, 53, 1918. Use of Pm,. hydrattid lime and hydrated cement as ingredients i.. mortar discussed. pr.Pe#i ;! $nent-Lime.Samd Mortars, by W. E, Emley; Prdc. Am, So.. Testing 261,. 1917. Relative value of any number bf different mixtures de~ermined mm tmaxlal diagrams of prqcflks af a numkr of ctient-lime.sand lmorta,s. F Effect of Hydrated Lime on Prqertk$ of (ln.rett; RqIort of Director of U. S. B.rea. of Standards, 1918, P 150; 1919, D. 217; 1921, IL 194; 1922, P. 185. How Lime A%ects Strength of Cement Mortar, by M. 0. Fuller; Cmmrete, Sept., 1918, p. S3. Tensile skren.ih of mortar !wth .a.m.s wrcentagxs of hydrated lime .*.5 d,fferemt storage candkio,m, lrm.e8tigati.an, of Xlended Portland Cements, by McCandliss &d Amnsby; BU1l. Univ. of Missour, School of Mm.% 1918. Cnm9ressiv$ Strength of Carmnt.Lkme Mortars, by Kir Cerarn,c S%,, v, 2, D. 44,, JZII., 1919. Moderate. 9~& a fit,.., and of hydrated ,IUe m. m { m creases stre@I d. @ m.rea,ed density. Like amount, of cement cause ~UaI or great,, mcreas.s m strength. Volcanic T.ff and Its Uses, by A, L, Shaw; Concrete (CMS ), Aoril,, 192u. E!ley of Hydrated Lime on Concrete, Report of Committee ,(2.7; pro.. Am. S... re,t. ,ng Mat., v. 21, 289, 1921. Tests made by State Hrghv/w Department of 111.. Pa., Del., and k I., ., Un{v. of l%., and Lewk 1.s,. Standard Spe.ifi.atioru far Hydrated Lime, f.. Str.cturd T mrposes; (Serial Desig~. tlon C6-24) . Standard,, Am. SW, T,,t,ng Mat., 1924. i of Concrete Tanks for Oil ,%ora.e, by G. A, Smith; Ptos. Am, Con. t., 1921, p. 30. Limited number of tests mad,. at B.reatI of Standards I ,tiat use of hy&ated lkne w a@catm II of sod,um silicate is ad tie.tive ,CMWoermeah,l,ty of .mmre,e jo hghtt-r oils. .Lime Mofiws, by IL IL S.mield; Resr,l+. ,,+ ,,.-.,, ,..,. Cornell Civl E.g., v. 29,

. Tests for Workability of Concrete MixtuFes with Particular Reference to Poo~er~dtiA$ny$~ by Pearson and H,tehcock ; Pt.w, Am. SW, TestirIg ,!, Powdered Adrnktre, for Hydraulic B)nders, by R. F.,.v Rev. Mat. de Crest. et T~, Pub., No. 176, D. 141, JuiIe, 1924, and follmv,nz ,,,.,,. Val.f9~~, Admixtures in ConCCete, by G. W. IIuichinsom; concrete, r. 25, F,. 183, NOV., FuIetrat@. Certg Ecm,mni. Value of Admixtures, by Pear?c,n and .Hit.h.cck; Pro.. Am. .cc,ncrtie lnet., V. 20, P., 312, 1924. Effe?t of .,1,,., kaol,n and .hrdrate,i 1,,me m C.ac,&e .. ~.,k~bfitrt strength, ahrmhge and .ther properties. Describe penetration teat for workaluhty. D k.tmsion of above p.Der by ?, A. A@.rns: Pro.. Am. Con. crete ln,t ,, v. 20, m 339, 1924, Abstract, Canadmn Enwme,, Nov. 18, 1924. Ike of Hydrated Lime i. Pmtland Cement Mortar; Tech. News Bull. 92, U. S. Bureau of Standards, D?c. 10. 192?. Co?wete. y. 26, n. 34, JanmIY, 1925. lIIV,,t,WtiQ. of plast,c,ty, tune of setting> y,,Id, ,brmkage and tensile strength.

,.

APPENDIX.

FURTHER

TESTS

OF HYDRATED

LIME

IN

CONCRETE.
BY DUFF A. ABRAMS

INTRODUCTION.

The testsin this Appendix are supplemental to the fo~egoing report on the Effect of Hydrated Lime and Other Powdered Admixtures in Concrete.> The tests were outlined subsequent tothe publication of the original paper, for the purpose of securing data on certain features not studied in the earlier tests. Compression tests of concrete were carried out at the age of,28 days with the fallowing objects .in view: 1, To determine the nature of the relation between the quantity of hydrated lime and the strength of concrete for small percentages of lime; 2. To study the effect of the addition of small quantities of Portland cement in same manner as hydrated lime; 3. To secure additional data on the effect of hydrated lime up to 33 per cent of the volume of cement in the batch; 4. To repeat certain tests in earlier series in which concrete of a wide range of mixtures and consistencies was used; 5. Tomakefurther studies of the effect of hydrated lime on the workability or plasticity of concrete; 6. To compare pebbles and crushed limestone as coarse aggregates in concrete in which hydrated lime was used; 7. To secure average ~alues of greater accuracy by making 10 tests instead of 5 as in earlier investigations. All tests were made at 28 days; the effect of hydrated fime on concrete tested at ages ranging from 7 days to 2 years is covered in earlier series. In order to avoid confusion the numbering of tables and figures has been continued from the original paper. 23

24

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEAECII

LABORATORY

OUTLINE This 6 by investigation concrete included cylinders. For

OF TESTS. compression A skeleton of tests of of 1720

12-in,

outline All

the tests and disare

is given cussion

in Table the tests

24. were

convenience into

reference

divided

groups.

mixtures

expressed of mixed made

as one volume aggregate

of cement to a given number One specimen of each

of volumes kind was

as used.

before beginning a second round; this process was continued u~til 10 specimens in each set were made. It will be seen that in this way each value in the tables is the average of 10 independent tests. Group I.Concrete of mixtures ranging from 1 :6 to 1 :2 and relative consistencies 0.90 to 1.50 (consistencies from dry to sloppy) were mixed with hydrated lime in quantities O, 5, 10, 20 and 33 per cent of the volume of cement. This group of tests repeated a part of Series 114 (1918) and Series 130 (1919-20) ; compare Table 4 and Fig. 2 of original repoft. Group 2.Mix 1 :4, relative consistency 1.10. Both pebbles and crushed limestone were used as coarse aggregate. Two dMerent aggregate gradings were used throughout with the same percentages of hydrated lime as in Group1, Gro@ 3.1 : 5 and 1 : 4 mixes, botb hydrated lime and portkmd cement were used as admixtures. Tests were made with 1 and 2 per cent of admixture in addkion to the higher percentages used in Groups 1 and 2. This group differed from the others in that the same quantity of mixing water was used thro~hout for a given mix. The quantity of water for each specimen was fixed at an amount that would give a plastic concrete for the highest percentage of admixture, consequently the concrete became progressively drier and drier as hydrated lime or cement was added. Group 4.1 :4 mix;. differed from Group 3 in that the concrete was mixed as nearly as practicable to the sawe workability or Plasticity. The flow of the concrete was used as a measure of workability. The attempt was made to secure the same flow for all percentages of admixtures; this required an increase in the quantity of mixing water as hydrated lime or cement was added.

EFFECT

OR POWDEREII TEST PIECES,

ADMIXTURES

iN

CONCRETE OF TESTING,

25

MATERIALS,

AND METHODS

In general, materials and test methods were similar to those used in the earlier tests. The cement consisted of a ,mixture of equal parts of 5 brands of portland cement purchased in Chicago. Two lots of cement were used: Lot No. 4951 in tbe first 5 rounds, and Lot No. 5075 in the last 5 rounds of, concrete tests. The results of standard tests on tbe cement are given in Table 25, Tbe two lots of cement were tested at different times. The fine aggregate for concrete was a well~graded sand from the Elgin, Ill., pit of the Chicago Gravel Co. Two types of coarse aggregate were used; pebbles from Elgin, 111.,and crushed limestone from Chicago. The coarse aggregate in each case was graded up to 1Z in. Sieve analyses and results of other tests of aggregate are given in Table 26. High calcium lime was used, the same lot as .in Series 130. The 6 by 12-in. concrete cylinders were molded in metal forms. The quantity of materials required for one specimen (about 1/5 cu. ft. ) was proportioned and mixed in a batch. Mixing was done by hand with a bricklayers trowel in shallow galvanized iron pans. In general the quantity of mixing water was predetermined. The quantity added to compensate for the presence of hydrated lime (or additional cement ) was proportional to the quantity of hydrated lime (or cement) and to its normal consistency. Tbe plasticity or workability of each batch was measured by mean+ of the flow-table, using a truncated cone mold 63A in. in top d]ameter, 10 in. in bottom diameter and 5 in. high. The table was raised and dropped 15 times in about 8 seconds. The flow is the average base diameter after the completion of the test, expressed as a percentage of the original diameter. The same concrete was used in molding a compression cylinder. Concrete specimens were stored in a moist room until tested at the age of 28 days.
TEST DATA. Complete data of the tests are given in Tables 27 to 29. The values of compressive strength and flow are based on the average of 10 or more tests made cm different days. Certsin stndies from the tests are given in Tables 30 to 32.

, 0..
Test{g

design .f
Materials,

V.I. 20, Part

flaw-table is described and ill.strat.d i. Pmceedkgs, Am Sac. 2, ,. 242 (1920), and in ,, COW.,@a,>SJune, 1920, P. 274.

26

STRUCTURAL MATERIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY
DISCUSSION The

OF TESTS.

following

notes point out the principal indications of

the tests: Variatiom in Tests.In ten instances, duplicate sets of tests of concrete of the same kind were made independently at different points in the seri~s and on different days (see Table 32). The variation of duplicate averages, each based on ten tests, ranged from 0.31 to 5.96 per cent with a grand average of 2.82 per cent. The maximum variation was somewhat high, but the average gave a value much lower than is generally considered possible in testing a material like concrete. These variations in average dues indicate tbe weight wlich may be given to any particular test result in this series. It is believed that these tests represent about the limit of accuracy which it is possible to attain in. testing concrete without making a very large number of specimens in each set. The same table gives a parallel study of the variation in flow readings. The variation in flow ranged from O to 10 per cent with a grand average of 3.8 per cent. Effect of Hydrated Lime on tlte Strength of Ccntcr#te.-The accompanying tables and figures show the effect of hydrated lime on tbe strength of concrete for a wide range of mixtures, consistencies, etc. For concrete of the same plasticity, hydrated lime reduced the compressive strength of all mixtures and consistencies used in these tests. It should be noted that these tests were made at 28 days on specimens stored in a damp place. The reduction in strength was nearly proportional to the quantity of lime used. (Note the dotted straight lines in Fig. 16.) The linear reduction in strength due to the addition of hydrated lime was brought out more strikingly in this series than in the earlier tests, probably due to the more accurate averages secured by using ten tests in a set. The few exceptions to this statement which will be found in Fig. 16, particularly in the relative consistency 0.90, do not itivalidate the general conclusion, since these discrepancies are generally within the limit of error which may be expected from a single average. A summary of the reduction in strength of concrete in different groups is given in Table 30. Tbe changes in strength for ,eacb 1 per cent addition of hydrated lime in terms of volume of cement in the batch were cletermined from th& slopes of the curves in Fig. 16 to 19.

EFFECT

OF POWDER~

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

27

Effect of SncallPercentages of Hydrated Lime.In Groups 3 and 4 quantities of hydrated lime as low as 1 and 2 per cent of the volume of cement were used. The results of these tests are platted in F@ 18. The relation between strength of the ccmcrete and hydrated lime is represented hy a straight line, whether the quantity of mixing water was kept constant and the flow varied (Group 3) O! whether the quantity of mixing water was varied and the flow kept constant (Group 4). The additional water required to produce ,a uniform flow was proportional to the quantity of hydrated lime and its normal consistency. (Compare Fig. 19.) In Group 3, with water comtmt the hydrated lime showed an ificwase in the strength of concrete of 0.61 per cent and the cement an btcvaase of 2.37 per cent for each 1, per cent added to the original mixes (by volume). In Group 4, with ji%w constant, the lime showed a reduction in strength of 0.34 per cent and the cement an increoxe of 1.00 per cent for each 1 per cent added to the 1 :4 mix. The increase in strength with the addition of hydrated lime in Group 3 is to be expected; the absorption of water by the lime thus producing a drier concrete as the quantity of lime was increased. The essential feature of these tests is that the use of very small percentages of hydrated lime gave results which differed in no respect from the indications of earlier tests based on percentages varying from 5 to 50 per cent. Effect of .%xdl Additio$$s of Portland Cemwtt.-Tests in Groups 3 and 4 were carried ?ut for the purpose of studying the effect of portland cement when used as an admixture under exactly the same conditions as hydrated lime. In Group 3 (1 : 5 and 1 :4 mixtures) the mixing water was kept constant and the flow varied; in Group 4 (1 : 4 mixture) the quantity of the mixing water was increased as cement or lime was added in order to produce a uniform flow. The effect of the addition of small percentages of cement on the strength of concrete was discussed in. tbe preceding paragraph. The addkion of portland cement produced the same effect as hydrated lime on the plasticity of the concrete as measured hy the flow table (see Fig. 18). Rich versus Lean Mi.~tu~es.-The values in Table 30 show that the iich concrete mixtures suffered a greater reduction in strength due to hydrated lime than lean ones (considering the quantity of hydrated lime to be based on the quantity of cement used). The average reduction (Group 1) ranged from 0.83 per

28

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

cent for 1 : 2 mixtures to 0.53 per cent for the 1 : 6 mixture, The tests in this series fully confirm the conclusions of our earlier investigations based on similar tests, Comretz of Diflewtit Cofi$ti&ncies.-The tests in Group 1 show that the wetter mixtures were more affected by hydrated lime than the drier ones, The average reduction in strength for relative consistency 1.50 was 0.83 per cent for each 1 per cent of hydrated lime; for consistency 0.90 the reduction in strength was 0,55 per cent, The average reduction for what may be considered usual concrete mixtures, that is, 1 : 5 and 1 : 4 mixtures and consistencies 1.00, 1,10 and 1.25 was 0.59 per cent. (Compare 0.50 and 0.56 per cent in original report, ) Pebbles versw Crashed Limestone as Coarse Aggregate. Tests.in Graup 2 showed that the type of coarse aggregate had no influence on tbe effect of hydrated lime. The pebbles and crushed limestone gave almost identical concrete strengths and showed an equal reduction in strength due to the addition of hydrated lime, The pebble concrete showed a somewhat higher flow than the crushed limestone concrete, probably due to the angular particles which have a tendency tb exert a greater frictional resistmce in the flow test. Tests wth Mixing Water Constant.With a constant quan. tity of mixing water in 1 : 4 and 1 : 5 mixtures, hydrated lime showed an increase in strength of 0.61 per cent for each 1 per cent of hydrated lime, as compared with 2.37 per cent {or each 1 per cent of portland cement added under the same cnndhiom. As would be expected the concrete became drier as hydrated lime or cement was added. Test$ with How Co+@aflt.-Hydrated lime showed a reduction in strength of the concrete of 1.34 per cent and the cement an increase in strength of 1.00 per cent for each 1 per cent by volume added to the original 1 : 4 mix, in tests in which the quantity of water was varied in such a way as to produce a constant flow. (See Fig. 18.) Effect of Quantity of Cemetzt.-The effect of the quantity of cement on the strength of concrete was brought out in Group 1 and in a less pronounced way in Groups 3 and 4. The principal results are shown graphically in Fig. 15 and 16. The strength of concrete increased rapidly with the increase in cement for all consistencies, and regardless of the presence of a given percentage

i EFFiZCT OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES IN CONCEIiTE 29

of hydrated lime. The increase was more pronounced for lean mixtures than for rich. For usual mixtures and consistencies the compressive strength of concrete at 28 days was increased about 1.@ per cent for each 1 per cent~n~rease in cement. Fig, 15 gives cement content. as percentages of the volume of concrete and in terms of bags per cubic yard, The inclined dotted lines in Fig. 15 indicate the quantity of cement required for a cubic yard of concrete, due to variations in the consistency and percentage of hydrated lime, The effect of portland cement as an admixture is shown in Table 29 and Fig, 18. Reduction in Strength Due to, Certain Percentages of Hydrated Liwe,-The reduction in strength of concrete due to certain percentages of hydrated lime is shown in Table 31. These values are based on actual tests in Group 1, and correspond to the inclined dotted lines in Fig. 16, which follow the general slope of the solid lines which are plotted to fit the test data. The >percentages of lime are given in percentages of volume of aggregate or cement and percentages of weight of cement. Where the use of hydrated fime in concrete is recommended it is customary to recommend the use of higher percentages (in terms of the cement) for the leaner mixture; this is about equivalent to a constant percentage of the aggregates. The table shows that for the usual ranges of percentages for ordinary mixtures the presence of hydrated lime may be expected to reduce the strength of concrete about 10 per cent. Flow Tests.The flow-table was a more satisfactory method of measuring plasticity or workability of concrete in the laboratory than the slump test; however, the slump test is believed to be more useful in the field. The variation in the results of flow tests were much more than the $rength tests of the con. crete (see. Table 32). Variations up to 10 points (percentage based on original diameter) may be expected in the average of duplicate sets of 10 tests on identical concrete. In general the flow of lean mixtures was slightly increased and the flow ~f rich mixtures was little affected by the ad{]. tion of hydrated lime in tests in which the quantity of mixing water was increased in such a manner as to compensate for the presence of hydrated lime. For usual mixtures and consistencies tbe correction for differences in floti produced an insignificant effect on the reduction in strength of concrete by hydrated lime.

30

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

CONCLUSIONS.

The indications of these tests are quite definite and may be stated briefly as follows: a. Hydrated lime as an admixture reduced the compressive strength of concrete of all mixes and consistencies used in these tests (284ay tests; compare Conclusion 1 ii original paper). , b. The reduction
to the quantity of concrete strength was nearly proportional of hydrated

lime used.

(Compare Conclusions 1

and 4 of original report. ) c. Small percentages of hydrated by volume of cement) showed the strength as larger percentages (5 to 29 and F]g. 18; compare Conclusions lime (1, 2 and 5 per cent same rate of reduction in 33 per cent). (See ,Table 1 and 2 of original report.)

d. For usual concrete mixtures (1 :4 and 1 :5, relative consistencies 1,30, 1.10 qnd 1.25 in Group 1) the average reduction in strength was 0.59 per cent for each 1 per cent of hydrated lime added. Other tests in Groups 2 and 4 gave reductions of 0.62 and 0.34 per cent respectively. Under the same condition the a,ddition of 1 per cent of cement increased tbe strength of concrete about 1 per cent. (Compare Conclusions 2 and 4 of original report, ) e. Rich concrete mixtures showed a greater reduction in strength due to hydrated lime than lean ones. (Compare Conclusion 6 of original report. )

f. The wetter mixes showed a greater loss in strength than dry, due to the addition of hydrated {ime. (Compare Conclusion 7 of original report.)
g. Pehhles and crushed
limestone as coarse aggregate ga~e almost identical concrete strengths and showed an equal reduction The pebble conin strength by the addition of hydrated lime.

crete showed a higher flow than the crushed-stone concrete. h, With a constant quantity of mi.zing water in 1 :4 and 1 :5 niixes (and of course a variable flow) hydrated lime showed an incrwm in strength of 0.61 per cent for each 1 per cent of lime, as compared with an increase of 2.37 per cent for each 1 per cent of portland cement added under tbe same conditions. (See Table 30 and Fig. 18.)

EFFECT

OF

POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

31

i. In a single group of tests in which both hydrated lime and portland cement were used as admixtures, and the quantity of mixing water was increased in order to produce concrete of the same plasticity (approximately equal flow ) the lime showed a reduchkm in strength of the concrete of 0.34 per cent and the cement an ificrea.w in strength of 1.00 per cent for each 1 per cent by volume added to the original 1 :4 mix. j. Concrete of usual mixtures and consistencies showed an increase in strength of about 1 per cent at 28 days for each 1 per cent of cement added. k. The mean variation of the average values from duplicate sets of concrete tests each, based on 10 specimens made cm different days was 1.73 per cent with extreme variations of O and 5.96 per cent. 1. The flow-table was a more satisfactory method of measuring plasticity or workability of concrete in the laboratory than the slump test. The variation in the results of flow tests were much greater than the strength tests of the concrete (see Table 32). Variations of 5 to 10 points (percentage based on oiiginal diameter) may be expected in duplicate sets of 10 tests on identical concrete. w.. In general, the flow of lean concrete mixtures was slightly increased and the flow of rich mixtures was little affected by the addition of hydrated lime. For usual mixtures and consistencies the correction for differences in flow produced an insignificant effect on the reduction in strength. (Compare Conclusion 10 of original report.) n. Under identical circumstances the addition of either hydrated lime or portland cement up to 33 per cent produced essentially the same effect on the flow of concrete. (See Groups 3 and 4, Table 29 and Fig. 18.), o. These tests show that for usual concrete mixtures a reduction in strength of about 10 per cent is produced by the addition of hydrated lime in percentages generally recommended by advocates of hydrated lime in concrete.

32

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCE

LABORATORY

TABLE 1,TESTS

OF CEMENT,

MmcwJ.A.mua mm,

3641 864% 3543 3844 3845 3648 y: 3049 3650 3661 4035 4066 4013 fug 4506 4605

;8;59 .

10 (mad) 20

l~o 104 114 130 130

30 = 40 50 = 10[SW %0 ~ 30 40 ~ 50

30 30 00 00 40 :: 00 ~g g: 40 58 i5 ::
,,!,

5 6 6 6 8 ~

15 15 45 45 00 ::

0 15 ; ;; 8 00 8 15 62a 4 55 5 05 8 10 6 05

3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 2

30 30 15 15 30 80 15 40 40 00 00 30 00 M

6 3 6 6 8 7 6 7 7 8 8 8 6 5

40 40 40 40 00 45 30 15 15 00 30 50 40 15

o.,K. : : : : : : :

3 i!? 5 30 40a

? 05 9 15 7 35

, :3 Sknd.rd sad mortar, In general,vA,, f., ,tmwth %,. the .VWZWof 6,, teatsnude m di%mt day,, Tend. Stm@h (Bnwt$l , lb. P,, m l,

~meni I@d Lot No, ,&

Mmktre, g:~t ~ywy;:i ~:ihi J,

,,
%8 3 d. m.. 320 290 260 240 %00 150 800 310 200 260 270 380 330 390 330 340 330 300 240 230 380 370 370 840 390 400 370 410 6 m. 360 360 340 350 %90 250 420 340 380 370 400 420 850 410 1 n. 3%0 340 340 340 330 %80 380 3?0 410 380 410 370 340 395

i,
1130 1190 1030 790 690 490 070 1010 930 770 630 1700 1500 1950

::
Iwo 1920 1880 14%0 990 890 2330 2070 1080 1660 1520 2640 3,30 2880

&. A. ;.
2710 2800 2630 %,30 1724 1880 32s0 3060 %980 2830 %840 3750 4170 4170 3300 %970 2860 a380 1850 1470 3770 8160 3390 3280 3030 4,20 3780 4000 3100 %300 3I1O 2%70 2040 1620 2880 mm 32n0 3580 3400 3810 4520 4,70

::wj 3643 3644 3s45 3046 3W 3648 3649 3660 3651 4035 4505, 4605

58:69 : ~ : : : 100 130 130

10 (9s8), 20 = 30 ~ 40 60 10 [,lW)X xl 30 ~ 40 = 30 .: . . . . . . .

10.4 10.3 10.3 10.3 10,4 10.3 10.3 10.3 10,3 10,3 10.3 10,3 10,1 10.3

%10 190 180 150 130 70 210 210 180 160 150 250 185 280

,,,

,Admixtuw.dded to wmenfipriort. til

gjindhg

p, .. T
EFFECT OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES SieveAmdm

IN

CONCRETE

33

ISCELLANEOUS TESTS OF AW+EGATE. CO. It will be mted

w.! m. , wiw d.th mvmfatumd b The W. S, ~k bake the widthof the W! al w mew. ,.. SJOD .1 aggrng.ti, m %.!8 114.

$6
2.22 2.LN 3.02 3.38 3.56 3,78 4.04 4.%4 M I.zo 1.70 2.s0 2.M 3.16 3.60 4,00 4.50 5,00 M 5,00 5.6a 6.16 6.00 6.%5 6,50 0.76

)&
35 48 50 57 63 85 75

(0.:93) ?851
H 30 35 88 40 50 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cm>4 . ... .... ... ... ... ... ..,.. .~ . .. .... ... ...
. . . . . . . . . . . ..g . . . . . . . . . . ...*

;;; ;;!

122

;+; ~ol

lE

1:;

1~ . . . . . . . . . . . GNo.48 102 *NO.28 102 130, . . . . . . . . . . WNO.28 102 100,114,130,.. &No,,14 ~:~ 100, 114.,. ... GNo. 8 100,114, 130... WNQ,4 112 Ill..,.., . . . . . lH4ilL p: 130. . . . . . . . . . . witi. 114, . . . . . . . . . . 0-%$. 121 130. ;.. ,,, . . . . Hip. ;:! 114, . . . . . . . . . . F%ln. 130. . . . . . . . . . . &l&in. p: 130...,,.,..,. .. ,80 130.., . . . . . . . . 58,104,114,130 : 127 130,...,..,... 126 130, . . . . . . . . . . : 12% 130. . . . . . . . . . . 118 130. . . . . . . . . . . 114 aNumbe,of ware oyrjnm mumof Dercentagen m 8,.,:

. ,. 0 3! 49 33 65 :: 62 6s 74 81, ;s s. ED .,

2: 40 60 60 68 78 78 65 70 g 85

0 20 28 46 69 63 71 39 59 ;:

0 0 1: 10 21 18 %0 %% %4

,. 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0

:: w, maw

79 S5 90 94 in b

TABLE 3.MISCELLANEOUS

Uned . Serien

Kind

fimeaa I I
TESTS OF Povm

A]

Residue on eachSk.,, w cent by mm 48128

eight, ,. Bm . ft.

Normal! :o;~,t:tq b wwht

49,0 /& 21,0 36.0 %3.8 49.0 59,0 %8.0 45,0 )j:) 60.0 60.0 8.4 46.6 230.0 19.6 %0.8 40;0 .s,.0 22,0 20.0 46,0 31.0 ~ I Ulmkt.re,

20011CO\

34

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

TABLE 4.EFFEcT OF HYDRATEDLIMB ON THE STRENGTHor CoNcR&T~,

(Data km 8e,ies 130)

ZzT2F 10.9011.001 I.*IY 1.251150 IJ 0.034*.r10 I 1.10 rairx

MIX 1:9 B, .,. .,,. ..,. .,,.

VoLm.

0 5 i: K33

2.! 4.2 8.5 14.0

1,11 1.13 1,15 1.19 1.28

1.21 1.23 1,%5 1.%3 1.34

1.38 1,34 1,36 1.40 1.46

1.47 1,50 1,32 1,57 1.63

.,.. ::::

1490 1300 1440 1480 1370

1290 1320 138C 1360 1300

1260s 1100 1190, 1280, 1070$ G 2230, %120 2170$ 21909 2070S

960 920 940 910 930 G 1620 1670 1820 1620 1430 G

.,, .,. .,., ,.,. ,., ... ...

k,. 1420 G Mm 1:?, ,, v. . . . . 0 5 ;: 33 2,! 4,2 8.6 14.0 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.96 0.92 0,94 0.98 1.00 1,05 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.09 1,14 1.12 1.14 1.17 ,... 1.22 1.27 2400 2350 2510 2480 2430 Av??430 Mm 1:3 m Vommm 0 3 M 33 50 2.: 4.2 8,5 ;;:g 2250 %390 %480 2420 2310

..,. ,.,.

.,., .,..

%870 2160

I
o 5 i: ::

2.! 4.2
8,5 14.0 21,8

EFFECT

or

POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

35

36

STRUCTURAL
3 6.EFFECT

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

OR HYDRATED LIME ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE. , ,,.b,o,,,n,m, &riM 10 ,. C@5tqw of 00r,!xet.,1.10. m.tmal, Inbatch; eqmssd ?+pe,sellmgeof dun, of ,emi, Psand -ted dmnP. , of 6. testsDlde 0. dflemsltdw,. d Tsble 18, I

%1
4,: 8. I 14.[ 21./

M 1.70 1.75 1,79 1.85 1.90

M 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.47

k5 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.23 1.33

14 0.98 1.00 1.04 1.10 1.17

M 0.81 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.02

1,9 :4J

1,5 1%70 1350 1420 14%0 1370

1:4 imo Xmo 2Q1O 2130 1860 G 2910 3080 2820 2670 2400

13 8140 3120 2940 %860 2380 2890 3910 ?.630 3670 3080 2360

A,.=. W ,!5%0 ,6,0 1670 1580 1440 1640 8%90. 2284 am %060 1880

1120 920 610 960 mm Iwo 560 1080

A. & 4.! 8.~ 14.[ 21.: 1.47 1,5% 1,58 1.82 1.87 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.24 1.31 0.97 1.0, 1,08 1.11 1.19 o.@5 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.07 0.73 0.77 0.81 0.87 0.94 800 783 850 843 903 A. 830 4.; 8. I 14.[ 21.? 1.30 1.40 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.03 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.24 0.02 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.13 0.80 0,85 0.89 0.!14 1.02 0.!39 0.73 0.77 0,83 0.90 1100 1090 1100 1080 1080

1010 G 1020 1680 1760 1700 1500 2210 %330 8320 212G 2040

1840 2%30 2740 2040 2050 2000 2080 1980 m 2790 26??4 2020 2830 2070 2490 2870 %660 %430 2360 22GU KM 2710 2530 2450 2460 2270

8870 2,40 2,20 2620 Mm 2300 %,40 m %78C 2680 24,0 *MO ,9%0 Zjrl 2780 2030 2490 %240 22W 24$4J

3370 4280 3320 3980 8090 3660 2890 3120 2540 3050 m 35402 3200 2890 %00 24!0 so 3390 3370 3150 2820 2780 3600 4%00 3780 3300 3080 8590 a 44?0 3850 8830 3860 31190 8860

~ Av.ti 4.! 8,5 14.o %1.8 6.$0, 4.! 8.5 14.0 21.3 1.32 1,36 1.40 1.46 1,5% 1.27 1.31 1.36 1,41 1.47 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.21 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.10 1,17 0.89 0.94 0.97 1.03 1.10 0.86 0,90 0.95 1.00 1.07 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.92 1.00 0.78 0.80 0.84 0.90 0,97 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.82 0,89 0,68 0.70 0.74 0.80 0,87

1280, %230 , 1190, %170, 1%642 %190, 10702 2070, 11902 11902 AY=O m 1260 1240 1210 1140 1100 .4.,116+ 2100 2150 2100 1030 1830 2030 IWO 1840 1960 1810 ,,,0

2480 2080 9500 8340 %280 2190 ,0,, 3150 8130 3280 2980 2,8,

4.: 8.5 ;::!

1.22 1.25 1.31 1.30 1.4,

0.93 0.98 1.02 1.07 1.14

0.84 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.0,

0.74 0.78 0.82 0.88 0.9,

0,65 0.69 0.73 0.?9 0.86

1140 990 970 980 950 Av.101o

Wao mm 8810 2420 8b90 Mm 3170 %%30 mm ,040 3480 34W 38C0 3%60 3340 2800 %a.zo 3180 220d %1*O 2190 ,990

18tQ %s70 3040 1610 Sooo 1550 %200 1480 1990 1764 %170 1580 2090 1600 20W ..,. ,... .,.. .,.. ,.,. .,.. 2790 !2780 3110 S810 2690 2840 %640 %430 ago 2480 2470

6.:0,

4.! 8,5 14.0 21.3

1.18 1.23 1.a7 1.33 1.39

0.90 0.04 0.98 1.04 1.11

0,81 0.85 0.90 0.95 1,03

0.72 0.70 0.80 O,se 0,98

0.63 0.07 0.71 0,77 0,84

740 860 700 870 770 k. 790

3300 G 34,0 3340 8100 3040 263,3 ,,, ,.,, ,,,, ,,,, ,.,.

0 ,;;; 21.3 n,d. ~ig, ,..

0.70 0,74 0.78 0.84 0.91

0.6% 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.8$

,.,. ,.,, .,.. ..,.

LroPortiom 01 s-d

AV. . . . . Z4fo 8120 ,... ,ebblesfmm Jlliin, Ill., graded01% h: IMffemmk s1.,s of 6.,.moi,h and wbblfs. F.? awe malym m+Table z. ~,

EFFECT TABLE 7.ERFE~ &,@IIe

OF POWDERED
OF

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

37

HYDRATED LIME

ON TEE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE.

coms.rdm tests of e b I%k wfind.em Awesate sand md wbbk f!omlWIm, lU.

dded$omataisk mbatdu wuea~d,, LW,mkw of nnlm ofcement. di%a,d days.

=:~~:,z?$,~:~~:k k TableZforsieve mdyti d mmwtes. L%e? ~ym.::t

volume Weight c-=

F., D&rent sises of Awe,%+.Wrwe=ive Mm@h, lb.m?q i.. dw$ mtioto volume d Wmmt

(w, 28
~ M
1010

T
0 6 ;8 88 50 A, 0 2,1 ::; 14.0 91.3

II

+14

1:5

F&x, RmAmw Com,ammm , 1,10. mm,, 1.26 1.28 1.81 1.35 1.40 1.47 1.10 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.32 0.97 0.99 1.01 1,06 1.11 1.18 0.8 9 470 0.9 1 440 0.9 4 450 0.0 7 SW 1. CM460 1.10 530
540

TI11
&4

CL?? C+

C+IJ4 +28

0-I4

0+

130.

Illr
k% ~w 990 980 1050 1070 r050 1490 16W 1890 1530 lMO 1560 2140 2340 2440 2280 1870 1740 %670 2670 2560 2430 $350 2200 10M 1570 2130 2400 1.360 S130 2820 35403 1490 2300 2900 3320 1480 %%50S680 3200 1640 %260 2720 2890 1520 2230 24602600 1330 19W 24202430

1.6% 1.54 1,56 1,00 1,65 1.73

1.42 1.44 1.47 1.51 1.67 1.%

550 570 MO 500 660 G 6,. ,,s 130 84o 830 950 880 940 980

1:4 0 1! so 33 50 A, 1:4 0 5 ;: 33 60 2.! 4.5 8,9 14.7 22.3 :::: ,.. ~; .l:g ;Aj X.29 1,31 1,38 1.38 1.43 1.60

Mix.

lb.

. ~~~~ ~~~ co mm c OX**mm ,.1.10, 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.94 0.99 1.06 0. 78 0. 80 0. 83 0. 8? 0. 92 1. ml 760 890 760 760 74o 860

1.21 1.23 1.28 1.30 1.s8 1.49

1.09 0.95 1.11 0,97 1.13 0.99 1.18 1.04 :1.23 1.09 1.30 1.16

0 Zooo . . v~o ~ 1450 ~18Q X67 . . 4. MIX. F&&.!-m C.* m., *, 1.(M. S..ms 11 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.16 1.2 0 1.2 7 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1,13 1.20 0.8 8 0,8 5 0.8 7 0.9 1 0.9 @ I.m . 0.7 7 0. 73 0.7 9 0. 75 0,8 10 .77 0.8 60 .81 0,9 00 .88 0,9 70 .93 ~~~~ . 970 990 950 950 Ion 1060 G 1170 114 0 0 118 116 0 120 0 129 0 130 0 1420 1440 15% Q 156 0 161 0 2490 26! O us 0 ~e~ o %48 0 233 3530 8250 3290 2910 283 0 239 0 3310 3470 3300 3090 2670 25W

1.13 1.15 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.33

Al.. IAverue of 15 test,,

1190 148 0 2620 30G4 3000

TABLE 8.EFFECT m NATURAL CEMENT ON THE STRENGTH OF PORTLAX.

CEMENT CONCRETE-SERIES

130.

~th,lb. c.mW. i. Pm DiEsrentRelatiw C.ntiatenoim .4w at Test, %8dam .,. !..-.

I 1,,.:.L.I ,. I ,. \m, I,m.1,.,r I .901

0 7,2 10801 1080 1080 1050 960 810 1800, 1860 1720 1620 1610 3540, 2970 2910 2820 2800 4370 4130 4110 3950 3640 6790, 5790 5410 6870, 4960 4330 8580, 3450 .3380 3580 3250 3760

1.001 l.lo I 1.2511.5012.00 8710J 3540> 3320 2970 3680 2010 34G4J 2820 2090 28C+ w 2320 2600J %190 2200 2180 1980 1054 16501 1530 1480 1380 1120 8001 740 7u0 650 680

~-

;~~~fl: :LL: : :
1360 23%7 2170

Natu,~ mm, t .:$*a

1Z70 6S0

,Aver8Ke of 10or 16*L,. ~Tbismixturei. m *he mm. ksia s, the mrtland cwnentII+Je wmttiuix no u-turd cement,that h, the pm.+nn w OP.volumeof mat and fo!r volum ?f MI=~ a,aa~. . 1* ShOUld ~ n*d @ t$jna mmtura,m thmt$bk am m P.uommvhat d,fiemntb..,, m thd the mant,t~ OF wrtbnd Mmenti,

38

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH.

LABORATORY

?de.y,, . . . . 14dws,. .,. %ldw . . . . . 28dsys. .:.. 211m ... .. .. $IIm . . . . . . 3.51J M..,, 6m0., . . . . . ;~;:::::: Izmc,.., . . . . ]:%:::::: 181no .. .. .. . Zyr..,.,.. 5n . . . . . . . .

2090 2750 3100 3400 4100 4300 4600 4800 49CU 5000 5150 5170 6200 5220 5300 5370

EzmAmD LIMB,0 w ceub 18902010 19302080 ,,,, .,,, .,, ,, 90 96 92 100 .,, 24m %6$3 275027702760 .,,, ,,,, ,,., .,:: 8* ~* ,00 ,00 ,00 ,, ,,, ., ,, ..,. 3230 ,,,, ,,., ,,, ,, ,,, ,, ,,, ,04 ,,, .,, ,,, ,, X80 3020 3070 3670W*IJ 3400 .,,, .,, ,,,, ** ~g ~, ,08 ,11 , ~. .,, ,,, ,,: ,... 4200 .,.. ,,,. .,,, .,, ,,, ,,, ,, ,,, ~oz ,,, ,,, ,,, 29,0 am? 356039604mo 4600*8O,I,,, ,,,, fl~ ~g 83 ~%,07 ,07 ,00 ,, ,,, .,,, ,.,, ,,, ,,,, .,,, ,,, ~,ao .,,, ,,, ,, ,, ,,, ,,, ,, ,06 .,, ,,, 4360 53204800 ,, ,, ,,, ,,, .,, ::: 81 ,,1 *QO,,, ..,, moo ,,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,2 ,, ,... ..,, 48105880 ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,, ,,, ,,, 97 ~13 ,,, 27403010 329037504040 4$50M40 s,,~ ~,~~ ~~ 68 ~ ,3 ~8 ~4 ,04 ~lz ,M ,,.. ... . .,,, ,.,, ,,,, ,,, ~Q~~ ., ,,, ,,, ,, .,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,15 .,.. .,. .,.. .,.. .,, :::: :::: :;;: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: . . 123 126 3300Wm 367085704050 4*8Odg~~~,~~ ~~60 62 44 89 67 76 84 ~ ,09 ,18 32308300 391036102880 386045604ggo s~,~ ~~ ~1 73 ~, ~8 88 *6 ~3 ,00

EFFECT

OF

POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

39

T-m.

1O.EFFECT

OF HYDRATED LIME ON THE COMPRESSIVE AND BOND STRENGTH OF CONCRETESERIES 104.

HydratedLime, Dcrcent of Mlmnt plushydratedlime By Volne 0 3 By W.i~ht

Corn remi.e 8@@, L. *m 8,. 1.. ~:[ 7 d. 0.88 0.91 f::! 28 d, 3 m., 1n.

MaximumBe< Strom, lb, P,, *,. l. 7 d.

28 d. %$ 630 510 370 2,0

3 m.. 760 740 710 .720 450 480

1w 910 940 910 860 620 400

1310 2730, 3550 2.: 1310 2410 3730 1230 mu 3530 ;: 1!:! 1120 2280 2!150 33 ;::: 1.30 810 17%0 %260 1.72 520 1030 1470 50 ,Rztio of vdme of mixingw,,, @ volm of wme.t. IAvm.g. .115 tmte madem 15 dl~mnt dw~.

4020 310 4120 300 4Ci10 380 3@00 370 3080 170 1510 160

TABLE

11 .EFFECT

or

HYDRATED LIME ON TEE STRENGTH AND WEAR CONCEETE-S.RIES 114.

OF

se~m:yny~o:;$:;::k Mwe,, No> Fach Sieve, D,, cent lv vemht

Amswate

For Diket Pementa&!es of HydratedLime, C.mpmmiw S@@h, lb. ,,, W. m. (w., 28 dws) yeflh;: (we, 3 Jmths!

;::

;::;

No. N.. No. No. N.. No. % % 1% Mo.- .k.~ 100 48 28 14 8 4 i. i. in. .h~~ 204 268 %60 270 274 275 S76 279 281 284 95 89 8% 75 98 96 90 83 98 94 90 86 96 90 80 80 90 85 81 78 100 93 82 73 100 100 10D 92 100 99 96 91 09 98 91 88 99 08 91 85 87 87 83 83 83 80 80 80 75 73 73 73 81 60 80 50 80.76 80 76 87 50 5s 60 80 m 43 50 38 67 az 2% 18 38 56 47 %6 38 38 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.04 6.04 6.04 6.04 5.04 0.04 6.04 6.04 6.04 6.04 l:m~ 898 1391 1992 1:;: ;~ 683

(,0.!8)4 (0!/3)4 (0?;2)6 (0.!8)$ (o!&), (03& 4 2780 8530 %590 2370 2580 2880 2930 31J40 3030 2690 4.,. ma nao 2540 2610 260 f 240 2010 2640 2700 2700 2790 2630 2310 2280 2%20 2100 2320 2290 2460 2280 2480 2440 2320 2100 0.50 0.48 0.56 0.61 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.47 0.40 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.44 0.46 0.46 0,54 0.46 0.45 0.52 0.44 0.56 0.51 0.48 0,44 0.50 7.9 0.50 0.60 0.53 0.30 0.33 0.52 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.02 0.s5 0.30 0.82 0.4

l"lbiln"nl

vd<l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%530 2410 3040 16.2

M%ximum vsle..,...

... ....... ..... ..... . .....

%790 %480 0.56 2,7 3.7 4.6

Me8nvSi.ti.n frOm.verU*, mw.t ,1s-.

. . the m.mber, i I!..,, 2, B.utsn 1 of the s,,ru.t.ml M.tid8

RMar& Lzbamtim, 1.e.i8

lt$&t~i~~Smmg~iI# d a,aemw

sum.1 the wmmt~sm i. the dme *.*lY*,. tl~id?d !Y lW. %b are. .f iwwt.: owe m.hm w Boundof -elate. w. M@.W the M+ah @fMortar,#.dCmmeta byWfs,e Area, of Ammzutm,,,by L. N, Edmmis, Pmeedmm Am. Sm. Tentlg M,tiak, Vol. ~83 Pwt 2 (1918). ~Ra& of m.xw wateri. volumeof ccmmt.

,,

40

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

TAELB12.Er,wT OF HyU~ATZ. LIME

IN CONCRETE USING

A CONSTANT

WATER-RATIO. (Data from Ser@ 114]

I+ydmtedL& ma cent of cement B, V.!m. o 6 I B, Wei,ht I

Cmnwauive Strength,lb. WI q. in, (SK, 28 dam) 1 :5 (1.03)1 1990 1710 I 1:4 (0.0311 1

M 38
5a

;:;

a.:
I

, , a (.,,,1 %640 2670 2680 2470 2610 2660 G 2470 2e40 1.49

14.7 22.3

1970 %170 %080 @

1990

A,e,a8e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bJ&nvm@e.......,..,..,.,.....,.....,,... Maxm.mv@l., .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . Mea. vamtwn from a,erag,, w mat ; .,.. Water in bakh, ratioto volumeof cement.

?!!! I

EFFECT

OF PowrmRm
or

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

41

TABLE

13.EFFECT

POWDE~INcb#iTURH [D%tsfrom,S+J& 130)

ON THE STRENGTH OF

Cmwmim

teds of 8 by 12-in.wlindem, Mix 1:4 by wI-.

K at it, sands., 28 s p+.+g fpm El& m., gmdei Wl% in., fiemm modulus,5.75. &@e: A mixturedded to matemh m hatch: exmwej 8s Pmentw .f cd.m of,cement. Fmh mlue i, the arerate of 6W kits madem dflmnt dam, unlemothmvme.okd.

Admixtwc, ~f:e~:t bj ohm # ~. ~ ~: --. ~ . v $ ~ >

#171 j71

3710 8240 370 36% 846 3630 340 3%1 30 36C0 35 ~ ~ Ii :$; 354 # 854 ;;; 364 j;3

3710 360 3680 3370 3000 ~

371d 371 8780 361 36201344 3290 342 2950 326

371 366 3770 337 308

871 323 3$4 334 32W

3710 3660 3320 3&s0 340

3710 8510 3420 332 302

371 3460 381 381 392

371 3470 342 326 315

3710 3490 3560 358 333

371 339 380 316 288

3710 3500 3580 3440 3240 3410 :

Average

384 3370 ~ 336 84 83 1 ;: h ~ j Rm.m cm+mm.m, 1.10 354 3380 346 306 283 22 308 364 331 347 314 271 2E4 311 354 3$ 307 308 276 26 30 354 3340 324 305 264 259 306 8640 3350 2970 2910 2820 280 354 819 318 308 280 261

3760 329 i ,j

3470 318 i i ,.

!.... ii~i1444444~4
323 311 306 264 111111111 306$ 308 3470 2989 3210 3C40 31%0 11111 %60 280 261 W 938 217 28 ;~ 2 %780 256 3700 233 289 2% 284 % 27 232 ;~~ ;~fi ;~~

35 332 320 289 289 2740 2600 232 243

3540 ,854d 34CU 32 3230 8100 W 2960 352 2720 359 2350

35 836 328 335 WI 27

8540 358 344 295 ;18

3540 3840 3220 3090 ;~~;

RwAmvB Cwmmwm,
%6 257 253 %4% 216 207 239 ,,,.

1.25

264 260 20 285 2720 236 288 282 228

2600 26 %60 2570 %710 %53 %400 271 24 w 233 2.38 204 243 %18 2080 191 197 184 24

28c+ X4 3670 %4g %4% 219 248 22 2260 2180 %180 1080 241

251 %6L0 2330 25C0 237 2470 ;2J $8 ];!: 24 ,,, 231 %430

..! .

...

263 228 2310 249 444.JJTjjjj11411

2%7 248 ,,,

1%016
1670 1610 1480 1690 1710 Awwe, ,. Itml -

NM M4 44
179 171 168 181 17 147 141 127 10 1470 1 156 170 140 136 108 144 137 148 142 IF 1470 1490

1530 143 142 143 1390 123

155 132 144 141 134 1140

155 184 173 175 173 148

15 1570 165 141 18 123

135 141 147 1240 136 123

155(/ 1500 1480 1410 1300 1300

15 148 1$!0 1480 138 112

156 ;~;

1550 ]::0

1550 1650 161 181 1480 1170

1550 1570 1530 1490 1470 1350

42

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

TABLE 14.EPF.cT OF PowmnErI ADMIXTURES ON Tn. CONCRETE-SERIES 130.

Smm.wmI m

g: ~

., c~lindem. Mi. by mlum: RdMve c.nsiw.my, L1O. l:m Eldn, 111,, Km&dO-1x m., fln,n,e modulus,5.75. ,. batch ,Wrfa,d U Woe.taxe of mlmf of cement. d, testeddump. ,, t,,ts M& on ,lW.emnt drm, unlessothc tin mtod.

,2.5 .i.~

o 6 i: 88 50

1190, 12801 1070, ~ 1180

%670, 2370 2580 %420 2350 ~ 2400

4200 L 3780 3780 ,,.. 3300 3080 ~ 3480

11
D;sg<gg ~g.~~.tib 12601 ,.., lno~
1180,
.,, 1230 1330 1430 1430 1300

2-

9;

%:

~~ g:

*.

;s

1160

12201 12201 Ilao Q90 ,,,,

1140 1170 1110 1170 1160 1040 1040 1100 11s0 .,.

.,,,

26701 %700 %70 2820 2310 2280 2540

26701 26701 2520 2450 249o 2540 2450 2490 2280 2420 2140 ~ 2420 2470

4200, 36%0 3560 3230 2930 2570 3330 1030, ;;;:

42001 4110 3630 3330 3220 2760 3540

I
1080 4%00L 3830 3700 3820 ..,. 3580 2900 ..,. 3630 1030, 1050 1050 1140 1110 1010 1060 103[ 100[ KM 108[ 105[ 98[ 104[

250 10Q 170 120 ~ 170

2 s 220,,220 t
1140 1160 1%40 1340 * 1240 2670, 2420 2630 2580 2600 &l& 2S60

670, 490 440 510 %70 ~ 400

4%00 , 3760 3580 3370 8190 ~ 3490

4200 38W 3780 3570 3850 yJ 3760

;g~ 3 42!21

600 8880 230 35S0 900 3250 630 ~, 3090 ~

10301 y: 830 740 890 910

1030] ;;:;

1020 910 000 1000

1040 990 830 1010

1030, 920 960 87o 710 700 860

1030, 1050 1100 1060 1080 ~ ,050

1080 1030 1020 1020 10s0 ~ ,0,0

020J 080 960 ::: 690 920 :6,

1030~ 1120 1060 p: 1050 1070 p%,

18601 18!?4 1 18601 1720 1850 1030 1880 1820 ,9,0 1090 1770 1870 1590 1600 1570 1440 ~ _M& m 1720 1760

-1
1

18601 lWI 1 186[ 1750 1790 185[ 1550 2030 ,85[ 1500 1780 172[ 1380 1740 162[ 1130 ~ ~ 1530 1780 175[

730 690 450 yJ 810

1800 1760 1700 1550 1740

4370* 4370I 43701 4870 4050 4390 42%0 4240 4270 4%40 4,80 4260 3760 3760 8730 3580 3540 3490 3390 3390 3260 3090 2440 3040 mm mm m ml

43701 4370 8980 4260 4%30 4180 4000 41,0 3040 3960 3360 3640 m m

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

43

TALU.E 15.EFFECT

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES CONCRETE. (Data from %ri., 1301

ON THE

SCEENGTX or

Am m. Tnm 28 D.=, ~ 2 6 !: 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.68 0.78 0.70 0.79 0,81 0.83 0.88

L
1010 1760 1670 1300 1710 -

;:6J

;:~

1810 1700 1800

~
6570 5810 8990

II
5420

59 6800 6650 5710 63W am

5700 5W0 5810 6180 6070 4800 5360

6790 5510 66%0 67G6 5570

44

STRUCTtJRAL

JIIATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

CONCRETE,

&
2.! 4.2
8,6 14.0

0.90

.
1.00 0,.2 2.6 1.5 1.7 0.2 G 1.23 1.5 0.2 1.5 1.6 4.0 z 4,0 6.6 6.6 7,8 7.8 K 1.50
2,00

Av.

4.6 4,5 4,7 4.8 0.6 A,. G

.,.

1:6

0 6 i: 33

2.! 4.2
8,6 14,0

.,.

2.? 4.2
8.5 14.0 21,3

6.7 7.8 7.4 5.7 8,0 8.6 ;;

7.5 6.9 8.6 8.4 9,0 9.6 G 7.4 8.9 9.0 9.4 %1 S.4 G 9.3 9.2 9.0 9,5 9.6 9.8 E

8.6 8.6 7.5 9.0 ,::; 8.8

4.2 6.0

6.0 5.1 5.7 0.2 ;i 5.2 5.8 5.8 6.4 6.4 6.0 E 0.4 ::; 6.4 6.4 6.3 E ~ 6,5 6.1 5.8 5.7 i:
5.6

1,4

0 5 i: 33 50

2.; 4.2 8.5 14.0 21.3

;:;
0.2 1.5 0.4 0.3 A,, G

0.7 ~;~ 3.1 1.4 G

1:3.

0 5 i: 33 50

2.! 4.2 8.6 14.0 21.3

4.2 8.5 14.0 21.3

2.!

9,4 9,0 10,0 9.8 9.8 9.9 G

4.2 8.6 14.0 21.3

2,:

8.4 8.7 n., 9.3 9.4 9.7 G

5.7 5.8 6,0 0.1 0.0

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

45

TABLE 17.REDUCTION

IN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY HYDRATED LIME (Efd of Sizeof Ammg.t~tiife 114and 130.)

Cmmmeaimtestsof 6 by 12<.. cnncmtewlittdera

TABLE 18.REDUCTION IN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY HYDRATED LIME (E&d of Cmminhmwy md Gmdix of Agswatd

Age.$ ted 28 day,. cowl

I
3iw. Fi.ew ill. Mwiulut >1$6 5.75

a,
,!,. _ _~ ~

&
0 0.23 0.42 0.10 0.28 0.32 0.48 0.56 0.72 0.29

*
0.38 0.48 0.60 0.62 0.56 0.62 0.52 o 0.42 0.48 0.58 0.44 0.38 0.20 0 0.35
,

_l~
0.64 0.58 0.08 0.84 0.64 0,70 0.61 0,40 0.70 0.88 0.76 0.64 0.84 0.4% 0.44 0.61
,,

~
0.621 0.80 0.65 0.60 0.66 0.66 0,62

,,,8%
0,41~ O. 48* o. w 0.586 0. 60~ 0. %88 0.56, 0.07 0,25 0.32 0.46 0.38 0.35 0.14

28

+0. 1; +0. :2
0.15 0

~A..O .01

0.14

L1O

O-IV ,

::~ 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.759

28

+0.(!4 +0.1; p: 0,22 0.1%

0,1: 0 0.30 0.32 0.2;

0.1: 0,52 086 0.28 0.3% 0

:...

A.,o.11
!,,

0.14

0.24

0.20

N..

46

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

TABLE 19.REDUCTION

IN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY HYDRATED Ln.m.

COmwee&r,tit, of 6 by 124,. mmrek GTii,derg. kducibm i. ,trengtb mbubted fmm averageS1OW of cmva in lgums i.dicatad, Coma,, Tsblea 17ad 18.

I
!dati.c
ona-

Redu,ti.min Strengthfw Pmemtam ;nD;;;y:fE,:::;$Opc:;enh

Ewh 72.1.,, ~;ey. 4.,. from

eiw.
ln,nfa, hall.,

1 3 da,, dwt 28 day, 3 MO. lyear 2year?s ,,ara ;::5 p; 1):): ::$~ ~:g: :::! ::;; ::;; ix 0,54 0,s4 0.60 0,55 0.52 0,52 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.54 0.60 O.*4 0.60 0.40 0.32 0.66 0,58 0.50 0,4+ 0.43 0.54 0.!57 0.62 O.a 0,66 0.42 o.4!l 0.7,8 0.3% 0,27 0.63 0.44 0.60 0.58 G G

1:4

0.90 0.95 1.0( 1.05 1.10 1.95 1.50 2.00 5.75

0.50 Fig. 1 0.62 o.m 0.61 0.48 0.41 0,64 0.62 0.51

A.1:9 1,6 1,5 1:4 1,3 1:2 1,00 5.75

Av.1:9 1:6 1,6 1:4 1,3 1:2 1.10 i.76 0.22 0,$4 0.26 0.30 0.40 0.64 b% 1:43 1 :.9 1.10 ;.75 0.30 O,zfi .4..a .,, m in atmngth. ime. Edlime.

I
NoTn: + id 10mitted f~o, ~High.dc,. 8High magna

,,,

,,,

EPEJECT or

POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

47

TABLE20.EFIWCT OFPowmREDADMIXTURES ON TEE WEAF.OFCONCEETE SERIES 130.

imhes Po;a$rd N&atur:: A,.wJe

f 10 20 83 ,4,er2ge

0.40 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.49 0.42

~:j~ 0.43 ::4: O,*

+):): g:f; ~,42 0.43

0, 40 ~,~, ::;; ~,3g 0.40

0.40 0,38 0.4% 0.39 0.38 0.39

0,40 0,38 0.38 ::4; 0.40

0.40 0.40 0.42 0,41 0,44 0,41

.duln,

$umeumteklno~saldu.de. th.naneofCdita

TASLE21.-EFEECTOP

HYDRATEDLIM!+ON mIE WEAROZ CONCRETE. (D.,. fmm $trim 1,30)

Wesr 1s Dlfere.t M!xtme,, ink 1:4?4 1:4 1 0,38

0.87 0.39 ..4. 0.48 0.4a

1:3%

I:a

1:2)4

0.34 0,33 0,38 .,3s 0.44 G

0,38 0,37 0,38 ..4, 0.46 0.40

48
TAB~

STRUCTURAL 22,EFFECI

MATERIALS

RESEARCH LIME ON TEE 130.

LABORATORY YIELD AND Dmisrm or

OF HY.RATE.

CONCS=SERIES

EFFECT

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

49

TABLE 23.EFFECT or HYDRATED LIME ON TEE YIW.D AN. DENSITY OF CONCRETE

1:5 0 5 ;8 33 60 0 %.1 4.1 8.5 14,0 21.3

C.m.nm,RmAm

Commmmr, 1.10. Smms 130 0.716 0.762 0.806 0. 8a9 O.m+ 0.772 0.817 0.833 ::;% } ;;: ~:~: ::~; 0.117 0.769 0.807 0.824 0.720 0.772 0.773 0.818 0.712 0.789 O.w 0.830 130 0.7W 0.762 0,799 0.828 0.719 0.760 0.800 0. 8%7 0.717 0.771 0.247 0.825 0.718 0. 78%0.800 0.818 0.715 0.782 0.795 0.810 0.713 0.7.!4 0.780 0.798 . 0.716 0.764 0.799 0.817

1.151 1.140 1.167 1.127 .2... 1.162 1.133 1,156 1,126 1.157 1.1%2... . . 1.168 1.148 .,,., 1.168 1.132 .,,,.

1.077 1,076 1,060 1.032 0.633 0.649 1.091 1.064 1.050 1,048 0.833 0.661 . 1.1C41,070 1.056 1.048 O.ew0.658 1.106 1.079 1.077 1.066 0.641 0.069 1.101 1.080 1.083 1.075 0.047 0.617 1.110 1.099 1.148 1.096 0.640 0.671 1.098 1.080 1.078 1.058 0.639 0.6$4 1.10. s,.,.,

Aww . . .... ...

1,4 CO.OF!ETE. Rw.mrvn COmmmcr, 0 1: 20 33 64 0 2.1 4.2 8.6 14.0 21,3 1.186 1.159 1.168 1.147 1.166 1.164 1.180 1.167 1:198 1.172 1.224 1.196 _ _ _ 1.178 1.166 1:4 0 1! : 50 *w~, 0 %.2 4.5 8.9 14.7 22,3 .... ....

Aims,%...,.,..

1.121 1.108 1.100 1,077 0.663 0,6E4 1.111 1.105 1.091 1.082 0.6@ 0.671 1,118 1.102 1.097 1.089 0.852 0.688 1.130 1.128 1.116 1.107 0.649 0.668 1.140 1.187 1. 13? 1.1%90.850 0.672 1.104 1.167 1.103 1.163 0.644 0.670 _ _ _ . i. 139 1.122 1.117 1.108 O.W 0.668 Emum

Comzwm,

Cmstmmim, 1.00. Sw.mS 114 0. 67%0.691 0.723 0.794 0. 8%80.842 0.676 0.693 0.724 0.798 0.828 0.841 0.876 0.695 0.725 0.798 0.821 0.S38 0.674 0.693 0.730 0.788 0,818 0.831 0.676 0.891 0.726 0.180 0.811 0. 8%8 0.671 0.689 0.724 0.778 0.793 0.820 0.674 0.692 0.725 0.780 0.817 0.833

1.116 1.110 1.006 1.083 I.W 1050 1.11? 1.112 1.100 1.005 1.048 1.05? 1.120 1.113 1. 10%1.071 1.080 1.082 1.132 1.1$7 1.103 1.CW 1.073 1.080 1.144 1,142 1,12%1.112 1.093 1.098 1.170 1.16%1.142 1.181 1.130 1.1s 1,133 1.1%81.110 1,089 1.074 1.078

50

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY 147.

TABLE 24.OUTLINE

OF TESTSSERIES

0,0.

Ins &i

rotd

1250

1@

10

160

10

280

10

140

% ;,.,

..

.,

EFFECT

OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

51

TABLE 26.SIEVE

ANALYSIS

or

AGG=GAT6S

Siw,s mmufwtumdby the W. S. T,la Co., Cleveland,Ohio.

,hsieve,

m 100 100 100 1C4 100 75 25 7.(IC 110

100 10LI 100 100 100 100 ?5 25 7.00 58

9~ 94 84 78 68 64 47 16 5,50

99 95 87 81 74 70 62 17 5.76

52

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

TABLE 27,EFFECI OF HYDRATEDLIME IN CONCRBT.. (Datafrom GroD 1 Saia 147)

0., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5..,., . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . Averag e.. . . . . .

146 la 147 ,62 149 G

170 180 ,82 ,8, ,w G

195 233 :E 223 G

;:; 226 282 236 G

g 231 W 236 z

~ %560 2470 2310 2530

$270 2180 %190 2080 1930 21.30

1830 1980 1870 1740 1520 1790

1490 1430 1300 1240 1160 1880

980 900 ;:: 650 G

Mm 1 :5 BY vm,mm

MIX 1:4 B, VOLm 3%70 , :::! 2780 2610 2390 2440I 2380 2170 1880 1990 2170 1690 14e4 1400 1180 1130 1350

pg
:63: 2910 G MIX 1 ,2,, 0. ..,.,........,.. 5, . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aver . .. .....
,45

p& 2010 2740 2470 G

2080 1980 1780 ,6, 1490 G

vm,m
&f#

180 144 148 ,40 G

m m, M, 194 Iw G

as %34 238 ;;: G

x&#

%$*, z~~, 264, 254, m

s~~, ~~~, %543 2$@ z

5480 :;:: .i;i: 5040

5100 4949: :;: 4550

4720 4440 4%90 ~750 3350 G

.igi ;:fi 2830 G

2010 2790 2810 Moo 1910 Moo

lAWM. of 80 teoti, 10 from emh .f 3 i.derenden~sets of fats in Groups1, 3 and 4; 1860*YWW8 OF 1790,1880,190ti3370.,.,.,, of 3230,3%40, 338%.d 2446e.veraae of 2420,2390,2510, (ComDure Table 32.) ilmeeded diimetq of BOW t.bl,,

,. .

TABLE 29.COMPARISON OF HYDRATED LIME AS ADMIXTURES.

AND PORTLAND CEMENT

1111!1
Gmxm 3. Mm.. Wmm.

1111
COIW?LIW won EACH Mm, ,Tmd 7AQqBLm. COmm Wmimm

2210 I 2140 &?a)22io %250 ;;;: 244 2620 23(R2 2410 2750 8140 3740

~-[3%0\

l....
I

,+,W,

.. ..

its of tats in the limetlmv. (withouth!dmtd

54

STIUJCTUiIAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

GP..m 1. Mm.

W.mP. lNCREASED m Pm,.,,,.. m Qmwm, ., Em.,.,. Im NmxAG CwmmmmY 0.40 0.47 0,77 0.60 1,00 0.65 0.39 0.47 0.48 0,48 0.47 0,43 0.63 0.59 0.71 0.84 0,87 0.,2 0,75 0.80 0.80 0,76 0.9, G

LIMB ANO

.90 1.00 1.10 1,25 1.50

S6~dmd E#$S .. :.:. 5.75 675 5.75 5.75 5.75 Average

0.74 :::! 0.98 0.98 0.90

0.58 l:% 0.,3 0,85 0.71

G..,

2. M,xrwaWh.nn lNaiB.sBD,. PtwEw.,IoNTOQux-rm or EYDPAYBD L,= b,. Im NonNAsCOXEI,TWGY 6.50 5,73 w:

.4Wrage

1.:0

S$nda:d wbbJes Sa}d *~dm~ed hyto.e

. . .. .,.. .,..

0.8% 0.62
0.62 0.62 0.62

,.,, ,,.,

,,,, .,,,
..,.

0,62 0.42
0.52 0,62 0.62

Gmm

3.

M,x,,e WATBP. CoiwrANIFOP, ALLPmanmn..em. omEIzn&wm LI,m, ,W.OTV,, VARTAB.E

EFFECT

OF. POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONG+ETE

55

TABLE 31.REDUCTION

IN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Dcm

TO CERTAIN

PERCENTAGES OF HYDRATED LIME.

P.rpt we M .Y

I Awwte
1:8 1,6 1:4 1,3 1:2

cement

cement
12.8 11.a 8.6 :8; A,ange

..10,
14.2 9.0 16.6 9.8 9.1 11.5 8.7 8.1 11.G 7.7 7.8 x 3.5 4,7 7.6 5.4 6.6 5.6

..251 21.0 16.8 23:: 14.6 1%.8 ;!:; 13,1 6.9 10.9 K 10.1 l::; 5.0 7.2 10.0

1.50, 30.6 13,6 25.8 1?.7 10.3 19.6 23.5 12.7 %0.2 l;:: 15.9 17.3 8.6 14.7 11.2 5.5 11.5 18.0 10.1 16.2 l::; 12.8 13,8 8,4 11.0 7,4 7.0 9.5 5.0 7.0 4.7 4.8 6.5

30
25 80 15 10

1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2

24 20 , :; 8

10.2 ~:: 5.1 3.4 Average

18 15 1; 0

7.7 6.4 5.2 3.8 2.5 Aer.g.

9.9

f Co..rete. s. in strength.

TABLE 32.VARIATION bbla, 6n ,,. i. p.,

IN PARALLEL SETS OF TESTS

s WI qua,reinch.

Rek.ti,e C.mid. ,ncy

1.25 1.25 1.95 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.23 1.25 1.23 ,,,.

m, %..,,=,m

56

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

LA

IL

10/020304030

/02030&5060

Hydrofed

LA.+

Percen+

of 1.4/.jne

.{

Cemenf

FIG. I,Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength of Concrete.

(DHemM Co.SiStemckS and Az~sSmi.. 114,)

,,

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN CONCRETE

57

Hydrm%

Lime - Percen+
(Difkent

of /o/ume
114.)

of

Cemenf

FIG. 2.Effect of Mydrated Ltme on the Strength of Concrete.

Mixes and Aw-Se.ies

58

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

01 0

20

I 40

[ Q

I m

I 40

I 60

HydratedLime, Pew.+ of Volume of Cane.+.

FIG. 3.Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength of Concrete.

(Dif f=.=.tMix= and Cnm<,tcmic_sCr 1.s , m ] Commes&m teats of

6 by 12-in. mncmte crlind,m, Data fm.n Table Sand and D.hbk asgr.gate, waded 0.1% in., finm.s, modul.s, 5.75. Specimens $tmed in dmnp .%md; tested damp at age of 28 dw$ Each value i, the .,..%. af five tests made on different dam. Cmnmze Fiz. 1, 2, 4 and 5. 4.

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

59

---4000 .?000 2000 I rz w-

,,.

klE&&ifEEEm
3000 ,000

00

T$il [ Ebm?d
?0

+%--H
40

~o

20

60

ffydrofai

L/me

- Percenf

of Yo/une

of Cement

FrG. 4.Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength of Concrete

(Diflcrent Mix,. and AKe--Smica 130.)

60

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

Hydrated
FIG.

Lime, Percent of Volume of Cmncnt,

5.Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength of Concrete. (DifferentGradings, of Aamemtesand MixesSerks130.)

EFFECT

OF POWDERED

ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCEETE

61

,000

Hydrated

Lime,

Percent

Added: Percentage oC.V.lume of cement. plus Hydmted L/me. Rep)mcad: s. .. n S, ., ~lG.

6.Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength of Concrete.

CY1 in!lers aI a=. of 28 d~y.s. sand and Pebbles {mm EIsm, 111.,waded 0.1Y, m., fineness modulus,
r!zht corner the, rdat,on
M MM

commessi.m tests of 6 by 12i..

Ag~qate

575Sn.cim.m star+ i. dam sandi t=tti

In the um.r
of quantity cement

d=w

for d,tkmt mrwntage of hydrated III% 1. the t.61S hydrated inn, was .& to the c.m<t ; howeer, the ,ff=,t of ,&..lr@ .m?t bY hy,jrated hme, is .1s. ,Itdicated. The mtm.ctms of the v!rt,cal dotted curves WI* $h, sohd ..r.m wvc the.str-wths of concrete whm, hyd,ated 1-, WaSadd=+ .nd the dlagmal dotted line gm the stmwtlm of cmmr.te when the cement was r@aa33 by hydmted firm. Th. a.. .31=s.m *. th~. *s.7= d*h. =.1.**- .,,-+ .f -==e~ .f diff-=mt mi.t.r.~, both,whae hydrated lunc .masadded t. the mm-t m the batch, and whefe the h dra,ed lm. qlawd cetrl,nt. IL::,::%:;: &l;,:.

betw=.

the S,r.@h

o*. concrete and he

~.

62

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

M;. ,, .> ,, ,, ,>

1:9 /:6 /:5 1:4 /:3 1:2

0 x . + A e

:0 :m ~ooo

-.

.
fl

I
Hvdmfed
Lim;

50

Perc;nt

ofl

n?e? of cam

fj

I 1

-t

0 0.50 0.75

Loo

1.25

1.50

1,75

2.M

Water .Ra+io +. V.l. me of Cerne.t FIG. 7.-Water-Ratio-

St.re.Sth Relation ~or Concreb. With and With.ut Hydrated Lime, (Series130.)

,,

EFFECT

OF .POWDERED

ADMIXTTJRES

IN

CONCRETE

63

Cem.sof
.@/um

. percen+

Rda%-.

CO5,477CY

of

.cOza=&

Fftie.7e&s
./

/Y0dL4ua
E@5ye.%?

,4@

of
/%9.

fef

. cloy.

sco/e)

FIG. 8.Typical Concrete Strength Relations.

(Series130.)
c.mpms,im tests of 6 by 1Z-in..ylind.m. Mi. by vd urn..
Sand ?.nd r,ebble wgmxate. SP=~meS $tmed :. d.w s=nd; tested d=e. Each value is the average .f five m more tests made cm different days Data fmm Ta.bles 4 t. 6.

64

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

120 % # z 5 7 s

80

40

go . Q 120 .: . ~ : ; .* : : % & < ~ .: 40 80 0 120 ~. 80

!0?0300

)02030

010

20

30

40

Hydrated Linw,

Percent of Volume of Cement

FIG.9.Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Strength of Concrete Cured under Different Conditions. (series 114.)

bY .Olme. modulus, 5,75.

EFFECT

OF PIJWDEKED ADMIXTURES

IN

CONCRETE

65

Wa+e,Ratio to Vd.rne of cement.

FIG. 10.Effect of Water on the Strength of Mortar.

(Series100.) %

,,

66

STRUCTURAL

MATERIALS

RESEARCH

LABORATORY

cement 100

90

80

70

60

50

100

90

80

70

60

5rJ

#o

Percen%ge by Wtight.
FIG. 1I.Relative

Strengths

of Sand and Slag Cements. (Series 58.)

\,

EFFECT OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

I;

CONCRETE

67

Cmr+,OO

80

60

100 80 60 100 Percentage by Weight.

80,

60

40

68

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time immersed in Water, days.

FIG. 13.-Effect

of Powdered Admixtures in Concrete on the Evaporation and Absorption of Water. ~Series130.)

EFFECT OF POWDERED ADMIXTURES

IN CONCRETE

69

FIG. 14.-Tal,bot-Jones

,Rattler for Wear Tests of Concret,e.

70

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

4000 3000 2000 .5 ,000

13

20

25 Cement, Perwnt

40 35 of Volume of Concrete.

2;

FIG. lS.-Effect

of Quantity of Cement on the Strength of Concrete.

6OO 5000

72

Smvmxia~

MATERIALS

RESEARCH LABCJKATORY

iJydrated FIG. 17.-Effect

Lime,

Per cent af Volume of Cement.

of Hydrated Lime ou the Strength of Concrete.

EFFECT OF POWDEREDADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE

73

FIG. 18.7Effect

of Hydrated

Lime on the Strength of Concrqte.

74

STRUCTURAL MATERI+C.S RESEARCH LABOR.&RY

FIG. 19.-Effect

of Hydrated

Lime on the Strength of Concrete.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY BUL~TIN I.-Design oi Concrete MixtureS, by Duff A. Abrams (1918). Jhcusses effect.f 4uantw of nmiw water, and Sizeand grading of aggreg;?tq the eol!Jresslestrength Of concrete. Outlines water-ratio method of design of concreteUxfnleS. BULLETIN Z.-Effect of Curing Condition on the Wear and strength of Concrete, by Duff A. Abrams. Rerm+ irum l+x. A,. Railway En& ASS., . 9 1919. ComPuls?nof conciete C!md mist with concreted&i Of PTemalrdy. Data on absar*ilon and nit we.gllt Of cmlcrete. Bibliography revised to ivzz. BULLETIN 3.-Effect of Vibration, Jigging and Pressure on Fresh Con. crete, by Duff A. Abram. ReDrintedfrom Proc. Am. concrete Inst. Y. 15 1919. EAect on compre.sivestrength of omc& cylinders. BULLETIN il.-Effect of Fineness of C,ement, by Duff A. Abrams; Revised, 1922. Reprinted *mm Frac. Am. sot. Testing Mat., Y. 19 Part 2 1919. Concreteand nmrtar tests on 51 EementS from 7 miils, ~roha to fmenerses from 2 to 43 per cent 0 the ZOO-mesh siew. Numerousdata On strength of concreteof different Inixes, cmrisfencies, et+.,.at ages of 7 days to 1 year. BULLETIN 5.-Modulus of Elast~clty of Concrete, by Stanton Walker; Revised, 1923. OUT OF PRINT. RePrinted *mm Pro=. Am. 6C. Testing Mat., V. 19 Part 2 1919. Stre.s-de*ormalianmcarurements 0 mu0 6 by 12-i..cy1in& and re,ation between modulus 05 elaatieity and strength. Derives mnstants for concrete of wide Be of mixties, consistencies,and ap up to 5 Year% General data on ~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~-~~~t~. AppenriicePOn Aerure Of reinforced cmlcrete beams and BULLETIN 6.-Effect of Storage of Cement, by Duff A. Abrams; Revised, 1924. Cement in cloth sacks stored in shedsin ad ,dIld in laboratory up to 5 yearsDarallel tests using paper sacksior ceriain eandxons. Mortar and eoneretetest; at aseSof 1 cial%to 2 years after each storage perid BULLETIN 7.-Effect of Tannic Acid on Strength of Concrete, by Duff A. Abrams. OIJT OF PRINT, Repri.nied.fr0rn PiOC.Am. Sac. Testig Mat., Y. 20, Part 2, ,920. T.llC C$ red as typicnl of. nrgamc impurities..encounteredin natural sands. Comp*esrm tests of 3 by 6-m. WlinderS Of &tterent mixa, eoSiSten~ieS, and ~radinw at ages of 7 days to 2 years. BULLETIN S.-Effect of Hydrated Lime and Other Powdered Admixtures in Concrete, by Duff A. Abrams; Revised, 1925. RePrintedfrom Proc. Am. sac. Teatins Mat.. V. 20, Part 2, 1920. Wear and strength testitS CoYerwide rrnge of liXS inzs of aggregates,ages, curing conditions,,etc. , consistenei~, sizes and gradBULLERN 9.-Quantities of Materials for Concrete, by Duff A. Abrams and Stanton Walker (1921); Revised, 1925. Tables,Of DTapoitions and quantities f cemenf,fine and coarseayregnte for CO. mete of 2000, 2500,3000, 3500 and 4000 lb. per sq. in. at 28 ays. BUU.ETIN IO.-Wear Tests of Concrete, by Duff A. Abrams; Second Printing, April, 1925. Reprinted hln Proc. AnI. sac. Testing Mat., v, 21, ,921. Relation betweenwear an.3strength Of COnCrete nude witbvariety of wame aggre~ gates. Esect of consistency,mix, curing condition, and ading Onwear. BULLETIN Il.-Flexural Strehgth of Plain Concrete, Ey Duff A. Abrams. Re rinted fmm Proc. Am. concrete Inst. Y. 18 1922. m&t Of quantity of cement mixing w&r a& curing condition etc. Shqws relation Of flexural to eomdresriuestrmgtl: and, effect of depth ok beam. Bmyyll;Tests of Impure Waters for M,xmg Concrete, by Duff A. Reprinted from Proe.Am. concrete Inst., Y. 20, 197.4. Tests on 65 ramplel in&din* bog water, aen and dkali waters, mine and mined waters,,and waters contaminatedwith sewageand industrial waste% Tests emeied wide range of mixes and consistencies, at ages irdm 3 days to 2% years. BULLETIN 13.-Calcium Chloride as an Admixture in Concrete, by Duff A. Abram. Reprinted from Proe. Am. sot. lkstinr Mat., . 24, Pait 2, 1924. Compression tests Of ,100 SlxcirnenS of concreteand mortar Sing calcium chloride and other soluble compaudsOf eakium chloride base. Tegtedat ap, of 2 days t 3 years for wide range Of mixtures, consistencies, and euiing codlt*os. F.3 tests on concretecured at low temperatures. BULLETIN 14.-Elect of End Condition of Cylinder on Comwessive Strength 4f Concrete, by Harrison F. Gonnerman. ReprintelI,from Proc. Al. sot. Testing Mat., 1.. 24, Bari 2, 1924. Compre~smn tests on 3000 6 by 12-i. cylinders, in study Of inrluencp6f cappine materd, condition oi capping, uneven clnis, etc. Tests made for wide range of nliXe3at ages of 1 days to 1 year. C~CULAR I.-Calorimetric Test for Organic Impurities in Sands, by Duff A. Abrams and Oscar E. Harder (1917). OUT OF PRINT. Far more recent discussionsee Abrams.Harder Field Test for Or anic Tin urities in Sands, Proc. Am. Sac. Testing Mat., 1919, Part 1: also s tandad &em of Test for Orgaiic Impurities in Sands for Coneiete, Geria, Designation c ID-ZZ), At. sm. Testing Mat., Standards, 19%.