Content

1. Acknowledgement 2. Objective 3. Introduction 4. Section A 5. Section B 6. Conclusion 7. Reference

Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to thank my beloved Additional Mathematics teacher, Mrs. Chee Mew Fong for helping and guiding me during this assignment. Her expertise and help have been invaluable during this process. She has given assistance and whenever I faced difficulties, she would lend me a hand. For this, I thank her. Besides, thanks are given to my parents for supporting me in completing my project. I sincerely appreciate their generosity. Without their support, especially financial support, I will not be able to finish this project within the given time. Moreover, I would like to give my special thank to my fellow friends who had given me extra information on the project work and study group that we had done. They have spent most of their time to discuss and complete this project with me. Last but not least, I would like to express my highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this course work. I really appreciate all your helps. Thank you very much.

Objective
The aims of carrying out project work are:

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

vii.

to apply and adapt a variety of problem- solving strategies to solve problems to improve thinking skills to promote effective mathematical communication to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students interest and confidence to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning to develop positive attitude towards mathematics

Introduction
Cylinder- A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes, the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given line segment, the axis of the cylinder. The solid enclosed by this surface and by two planes perpendicular to the axis is also called a cylinder. The surface area and the volume of a cylinder have been known since deep antiquity. In differential geometry, a cylinder is defined more broadly as any ruled surface spanned by a one-parameter family of parallel lines. A cylinder whose cross section is an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola is called an elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, or hyperbolic cylinder respectively. Example of cylinder:

Figure 1: A right circular cylinder with radius r and height h. Many things around us are related with cylinder. How does radius related with cylinder?

What is radius? In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any line segment from its center to its perimeter. By extension, the radius of a circle or sphere is the length of any such segment, which is half the diameter. If the object does not have an obvious center, the term may refer to its circumradius, the radius of its circumscribed circle or circumscribed sphere. In either case, the radius may be more than half the diameter, which is usually defined as the maximum distance between any two points of the figure. The inradius of a geometric figure is usually the radius of the largest circle or sphere contained in it. The inner radius of a ring, tube or other hollow object is the radius of its cavity. For regular polygons, the radius is the same as its circumradius. The inradius of a regular polygon is also called apothem. In graph theory, the radius of a graph is the minimum over all vertices u of the maximum distance from u to any other vertex of the graph. The name comes from Latin radius, meaning "ray" but also the spoke of a chariot wheel. The plural of radius can be either radii or the conventional English plural radiuses.

The radius of the circle with perimeter (circumference) C is

How to calculate volume of a cylinder using radius? Having a right circular cylinder with a height h units and a base of radius r units with the coordinate axes chosen so that the origin is at the center of one base and the height is measured along the positive x-axis. A plane section at a distance of x units from the origin has an area of A(x) square units where

or

An element of volume, is a right cylinder of base area Awi square units and a thickness of ix units. Thus if V cubic units is the volume of the right circular cylinder, by Riemann sums,

Using cylindrical coordinates, the volume can be calculated by integration over

Formula for volume of cylinder

How to get the formula for the above formula? Volume of a cylinder=Base area x height Consider a common right circular cylinder with radius r and height h:

The base of the cylinder is a circle. The area of circle is

Section A
1) For this activity we will be comparing the volume of 2 cylinders created using the same sheet of paper. We will be determining which can hold more popcorn. To do this, we will have to find a pattern for the dimensions for containers. Materials:

- 8.5 inch by 11 inch white paper - 8.5 inch by 11 inch colored paper - Tape - Popcorn - Plate - Cup - Ruler
a. Take the white paper and roll it up along the longest side to form a baseless cylinder that is tall and narrow. Do not overlap the sides. Tape along the edge. Measure the dimensions with a ruler. Record data below and on the cylinder. Label it Cylinder A.

b. Take the colored paper and roll it up along the shorter side to form a baseless cylinder that is short and stout. Do not overlap the sides. Tape along the edge. Measure the height and diameter with a ruler. Record data below and on the cylinder. Label it Cylinder B.

DIMENSION HEIGHT (in.) DIAMETER (in.) RADIUS (in.)

CYLINDER A 11

CYLINDER B 8.5

How to calculate the diameter of the cylinders?

For different value of C

When C=8.5,

When C=11

How to calculate the radius?

1. When d=~2.7 in,

2. 3. When d=~3.5 in,

4.

2) Do you think the two cylinders will hold the same amount? Do you think one will hold more than the other? Which one? Why? Two cylinders will hold the different amount. Cylinder B will hold more than the cylinder A. This is because the radius of cylinder B is longer and this make the volume is bigger than cylinder A. Although the height of cylinder B is shorter than cylinder A, but this does not affect much compare the effect of different in radius.
3) Place Cylinder B on the paper plate with Cylinder A inside it. Use your cup to pour popcorn into Cylinder A until it is full. Carefully, lift Cylinder A so that the popcorn falls into Cylinder B. Describe what happened. Is Cylinder B full, not full, or overflowing? Cylinder B is not full. There is still room in the cylinder for more popcorn. 4) a) Was your prediction correct? How do you know? Yes. Because the total volume of cylinder B is bigger than cylinder A. b) If your prediction was incorrect, describe what actually happened. Cylinder B has a greater volume than Cylinder A. 5) a) State the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder. b) Calculate the volume of Cylinder A? ( ) ( )

c) Calculate the volume of Cylinder B?

( ) ( )

d) Explain why the cylinders do or do not hold the same amount. Use the formula for the volume of a cylinder to guide your explanation.

From the calculation above, we saw that volume of cylinder A ( ) is smaller than the volume of cylinder B ( ). Since cylinder A has smaller volume, it can hold smaller amount of popcorn than cylinder B. From the formula, an increase in the radius of the cylinder has a significant effect on the volume of the cylinder compared with the increase of height. Thus, the radius of cylinder B, which is larger, causes it to have a larger volume than cylinder A, even though it has a smaller height than cylinder B. 6) Which measurement impacts the volume more: the radius or the height? Work through the example below to help you answer the question. Assume that you have a cylinder with a radius of 3 inches and a height of 10 inches. Increase the radius by 1 inch and determine the new volume. Then using the original radius, increase the height by 1 inch and determine the new volume. Method 1: CYLINDER ORIGINAL INCREASED RADIUS INCREASED HEIGHT RADIUS 3 in 4 in 3 in HEIGHT 10 in 10 in 11 in VOLUME

Method 2: (using Microsoft Excel) Increased radius Radius 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Height 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Volume 282.7433 502.6548 785.3982 1130.973 1539.38 2010.619 2544.69 3141.593 3801.327 4523.893 5309.292

Increased height Radius 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Height 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Volume 282.7433 311.0177 339.292 367.5663 395.8407 424.115 452.3893 480.6637 508.938 537.2123 565.4867

Method 3: (drawing line graph) (Tables above are used for drawing graph)
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Increase in volume due to increased radius Increase in volume due to increased in height

Method 4: (drawing bar chart) (Tables above are used for drawing graph)

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Increase in volume due to increased radius Increase in volume due to increased in height

Which increased dimension had a larger impact on the volume of the cylinder? Why do you think this is true? Increased radius has a larger impact on the volume of the cylinder as shown by the four methods above. This is because radius is squared to find the volume using the formula:
which increases its impact on the volume of the cylinder. Moreover, volume, V is directly proportional to the square of the radius while it is directly proportional to the height of the cylinder. Thus, we can conclude that an increase in radius increases the volume more than an increase in the height.

Section B
of thin sheet material are given. Four types of popcorn containers are considered: i. Cube ii. Cuboid iii. Cylinder iv. Cone First let us calculate the volume of the cube using the given material. i. Cube

Since x cannot be negative, ( ii. Cuboid )

Since x cannot be negative, ( )

iii.

Cylinder

( ) ( iv. Cone

( ( ) ( ( ))

Discussion:
Pros: Cube: Its volume is large. Cuboid: It is handy. Cylinder: Its volume is largest. Cone: It is attractive. Cons: Cube: It is unattractive. Cuboid: Its volume is small. Cylinder: It is not handy. Cone: Its volume is smallest. Consequence: Cylinder can ensure greater benefit for popcorn sellers because larger amount of popcorn can be sold. Cone can ensure that the popcorn sellers buy more containers from producer of containers and hence generate a larger profit. Suggestion: For popcorn sellers, cylinder should be used for greater profit. For producer of containers, cone should be used for greater profit.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, cylinder is the most suitable shape for container for popcorn buyers and sellers. Cylinder-shaped container has largest volume and even though it is not handy, it ensures that the buyers can eat more popcorn. As a consequence, it is suitable as popcorn container because the buyers will tolerate for its inconvenience. I suggest that popcorn sellers should use cylinder-shaped popcorn container for the largest benefits. Besides, increase in the radius of the cylinder has a larger impact on the volume of the cylinder. Thus, if the popcorn seller wants to increase the amount of popcorn per container, the popcorn seller should increase the radius of the container instead of increase the height of the container. However, for producer of popcorn container, cone is the most suitable shape for the container because it has the smallest volume. As a consequence, the popcorn sellers have to buy more containers for their popcorn. I therefore suggest that producer of popcorn container produces cone-shaped popcorn container for their greatest profit.

Reference
Website:
a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder b) http://www.scribd.com/embeds/95431535/content?start_page=1&view_mode=list &access_key=key-2moiv2ow0sv19ql6o6e2

Books:
a) Additional Mathematics Form 5 text book

Additional Mathematics Form 5 Project Work 2012

Title: Popcorn and Cylinder(Task 2) Name: Tee Zuen Way Class: 5 Azam Teachers Name: Puan Chee Mew Fong Date of Submission: 27/6/2012 Marks Obtained: