Zoo Rev

ReviewMaster - Zoology
ZOOLOGY
Binomial Nomenclature
Naming the animals with two names As popularized by Carolus Linageus. The first name is the Genus name. The second name is the species name.
Trinomial Nomenclature
Naming the animals with three names Genus name Species name sub species name.
Sub division Phylum Sub phylum Intra phylum Super class Class Order Sub order Super family Sub family
Entero coelomata Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata Tetrapoda Mammalia Primates Anthropoidea Hominoidea Hominiinae
Members of a species show grate similarity in Proteins & Nucleic acids.
Classification of Animals
There are seven major levels of classification. Species: Smallest unit of classification Subspecies differs morphologically with species Genus: A group of related species could be monotypic or polytypic. Family: It is a group of one or more genera. It ends with a suffix - idae. Adding suffix inae to genus names it becomes sub family. Order: It includes one or more related families Class: It includes several related Orders Phylum: It includes one or more Classes. Kingdom: Highest unit of classification contain ing several phylas.
SPECIES
Species is a dynamic group of organisms sharing a common gene pool and similar in all characters, but differ from the other related species. Each species occupies a specific ecological niche in the ecosystem, is reproductively isolated from the other groups and interbreed freely among themselves in natural conditions to produce fertile offspring. It is a mendelian population It is reproductive isolated. When mated with other species, it produces sterile offspring. When nated with same species, produce fertile offspring. Contain same number of chromosomes.
Founders & Fathers

Medicine Biology Taxonomy Modern Embryology 5. Anton Von Leevwenhoek - Bacteria 6. Robert Hooke - Cell 7. Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann - Cell theory 8. George Cavier - Comparative Anatomy 9. Jean Baptiste Lamarch - Organic Evolution 10.Johannes Muller - Modern Physiology 11.Charles Darwin - Natural Selection 12.Gregor Mendel - Genetics 13.Hugo de Vries - Mutations 1. 2. 3. 4. Hippocrates Aristotle Carolus Linageus Karl Ernt von Baer -
Sub Divisions of Zoology

1. Anthropology - Study of Man 2. Conchology - Study of Molluscan shells 3. Entomology - Study of Insects 4. Helminthology - Study of Helminthes 5. Herpetology - Study of amphibious and Reptiles 6. Ichthyology - Study of Fishes 7. Malacology - Study of Molluscs 8. Ethology - Study of animal behaviour 9. Parasitology - Study of Parasites 10.Bacteriology - Study of Bacteria 11.Virology - Study of Viruses 12.Ophialogy - Study of Snakes 13.Myrmecology - Study of Ants 14.Mammology - Study of Mammals 15.Ornithology - Study of Birds Complete Hierarchical Classifica16.Palaeo ZoologyStudy of Fossil Animals tion of Homosapicus (Man) 17.Protozoology - Study of one celled animals
SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

KINGDOM ANIMALIA Sub-kingdom PROTOZOA (Unicellular or Acelluar) Phylum 1 Protozoa Sub-kingdom METAZOA (Multicellular) Branch A MESOZOA (Stereoblastulla grade) Phylum 2 Mesozoa Branch B PARAZOA (Cellular grade) Phylum 3 Porifera Branch C EUMETAZOA (Tissue grade) Division 1 RADIATA (Radial symmetry) Phylum 4 Coelenterata or Cnideria Phylum 5 Ctenophora Division II BILATERIA (Bilateral symmetry) Sub-division A PROTOSTOMIA (Bla stopore forms the mouth) Section a ACOELOMATA (No coelom) Phylum 6 Platyhelminthes Phylum 7 Rhynchocoela (Nemertina) Section b PSEUDOCOELOMATA (With false coelom) Phylum 8 Acanthocephala Phylum 9 Entoprocta Super-phylum ASCHEMLMINTHES Phylum 10 Rotifera Phylum 11 Gastrotrica Phylum 12 Kinorhyncha Phylum 13 Nematoda Phylum 14 Nematomorpha EUCOELOMATA (with true coelom) Super-phylum INARTICULATA (Unsegmented coelomate protostomes) Phylum 15 Periapulida Phylum 16 Sipunculida Phylum 17 Mollusca Phylum 18 Echiurida Super-phylum ARTICULATA (Segmented coelomate protostomes) Phylum 19 Annelida Phylum 20 Tardigrada Phylum 21 Onychophora Phylum 22 Pentastomida Phylum 23 Arthropoda Sub-division B DEUTEROSTOMIA (Blastopore does not form the mouth) Super-phylum TENTACULATA (Lophophorates) Phylum 24 Phoronida Phylum 25 Ectoprocta Phylum 26 Brachiopoda Phylum 27 Echinodermata Phylum 28 Chaetognatha Phylum 29 Pagonophora Phylum 30 Hemichordata Phylum 31 Chordata Deuterostomes which cannot be arranged in wholly satisfactory superhyla Section c
Complete Hierarchical Classification of Homosapilies (Man)

Kingdom Sub kingdom Grade Division Animalia Eumetazoa Bilateria Deuterostomia
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SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN PHYLA OF NONCHORDATES

Segmentation Germ layers Coelom Circulatory system Respiratory organs
Tissues
Phylum
Cells
Distinctive features
Common Examples
Protozoa
Acellular Microscopic
Amoeba Paramecium Polystomella
v Diploblastic
Porifera
Porous body with choanocytes
Leucosolenia Sycon
Biradial
Incomplete
Gut sac-like Coelenterata Nematocytes present Ctenophora
Hydra Obelia
Comb plates Ctenoplana for locomotion Cestum
o Platyhelminthes
Flat: Acoelomate
Schistosoma Fasciola Taenia
Cellular (Many)
Tissue grade of organization
+ ps
Cylindrical Aschelminthes with pseudocoel
Ascaris
Completed with anus
+ +h
Mollusca
Triploblastic
Body soft with Unio usually exter Pila nal shell; Men Sepia tle fold present
+o
Annelida
Slender with annular rings
Pheritima Hirudinaria
Bilateral
+ +h
Arthropoda
Body with jointed appendages
Palaemon
o +h
Echinodermata
Spiny-skined; Adult radial Asterias but larvae bilateral
General characters and classification of Invertebrate Phyla

Important Points: Phylum : Protozoa: 1. Name was coined by Goldfuss. by Antony 2. Discovered Leeuwenhoek
Von
3. First phylum among invertebrates 4. Occur in various shapes and symmetries. 5. Locomotion by Pseudopodia, flagella, Cilia. 6. Nutrition Holozoic or Saprozoic. 7. Reproduction Asexual or Sexual. 8. Honigberg classified phylum Protozoa They are into four sub phylas. sarcomastigophora, Sporozoa, Cnidospora, Ciliophora.
Porifera: 1. It includes sponges. 2. Name was given by R.E. Grant. 3. All are Aquatic forms. 4. These are multicellular without tissues. 5. Phy. Porifera is divided into three They are Calcarea, classes. Hexactinellida, Demospongia. Cnidaria: 1. These are first ture metazoans. 2. Except Hydra species all are marine forms. 3. They contain two germ layers Ectoderm and Endoderm. (Diploblastic). 4. They are radially symmetrical animals. 5. Name is given basing on cnidoblasts. 6. Exhibits both intracellular and inter cellular digestion. 7. It is divided into three classes. They are Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa. Platyhelminthes: 1. These commonly known as Flat worms. 2. Name was given by Gegenbaur. 3. they are Acoelomates. 4. Excretion is done by flame cells. 5. Phylum Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes. They are Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda. Nematoda: 1. These are commonly called as Round worms. 2. Coelom is pseudocoelom. 3. They contain non-muscular alimentary canal. 4. Phy Nematoda is divided into two classes. They are Aphasmidia, Prasmidia Annelida: 1. It includes triploblastic, bilaterally, symmetrical metamerically segmented animals. 2. Name was coined by Lamarck. 3. They contain true coelom. 4. Cephalization and well developed blood vascular system is present. 5. Excretion is by Nephridia. 6. Phy Annelida is divided into four classes. They are : Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Archiannelida. Arthropoda: 1. The name was coined by Von sie bold. 2. In includes jointed legged animals. 3. Body covered by cuticle. 4. Head appendages modified into mouth parts. 5. Excretion by Malpighian tubules in many 6. Phy Arthropoda is divided into three sub phylas. They are Trilobita, Chelicerata, Mandebulata. Mollusca: 1. It includes soft bodied animals. 2. Name was given by Johnston. 3. They contain mantle. 4. Phy Mollusca is divided into seven classes. They are: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda, Cephalopoda.
Symmetry Radial Radial
Acellular
No tissue
Excretory
Gut
Echinodermata: 1. It includes spiny skinned animals. 2. Name was given by Jacob Klein. 3. These are the invertebrates with enterocoelic coelom. 4. Larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical but adults are pentamerous radial symmetry. 5. Phylum Echinodermata is divided into two sub phylas. They are : Pelmatozoa, Eleutherozoa. 6. Sub Phylas Pelmatozoa contains one class. Crinoidia. 7. Sub Phylum Eleutherozoa is divided into four classes. They are Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea.
BLOOD
Blood is the fluid connective tissue. It is red in colour with a pH of 7.4. It helps in the transportation of different substances like O2, food etc. Composition of the blood: It contains plasma and blood cells. Plasma: It is the matrix of the blood. In this fibres are absent and is pale yellow or straw coloured. It constitutes 55% of the blood. It contains 92% of water and 8% of various organic & inorganic compounds. The important proteins are globulins, albumins and fibrinogen. They help in the retention of water when blood protein level falls, large amounts of water enter into the inter cellular spaces of tissue leading to edema. Blood corpuscles: It constitute 45% of the total blood by volume. These are 3 types: 1. Red blood corpuscles. 2. White blood corpuscles. 3. Platelets. 1. Red blood Corpuscles: They are also called erythrocytes. They are 4.5 to 5 million in number per cubic millimeter of the blood. They contain a pigment called haemoglobin. It is nearly 14 to 16 gms per 100 millimeters of the blood. RBC are biconcave, oval and enucleated. They are small in size with a diameter of 7.2 and with a thickness of 2.2 . The number of RBC is more in the people living on hills. The increased condition of RBC is called polycythemia. RBC live for 120 days. RBC production is called haemopoiesis. The chief haemopoietci organs are spleen and bone marrow. Functions: The haemoglobin present in the RBC helps in the transporation of respiratory gases. 2. White blood corpuscles: As they are colourless, they are also called leucocytes. They are produced in spleen, lymph glands etc. They are of 2 types: A. Granulocytes, B. Agranulocytes. A. Granulocytes: They contain stainable granules in the cytoplasm. Their nucleus show 2 to many lobes. They are also called polymorphs or polymorpho nuclear leucocytes. Based on the stain taken by them they are of 3 types. i) Basophils: They constitute about 0.4% of total WBC. They are stained with basic dyes like methylene blue, haematoxilin etc. Nucleus is bilobed and U shaped. Exact function is not clear. Supposed to transform into Mast cells in the tissues. ii) Eosinophils or Acidophils: Constitute 2 3% of the total WBC stained with acidic dyes like eosin. Nucleus is biobed. Their number increases in allergy situations. iii) Neutrophils: Constitute nearly 62% of the total WBC stained with neutral dyes. Nucleus is 3-5 lobed. They are phagocytic and are also called microscopic policemen. 3. Platelets: They are nearly 3 lakhs per cubic millimeter of the blood. They are the fragments of the giant cells called megakaryocytes of bone marrow. Platelets are non-nuclear. They produce a substance called thromblastin that help in blood clotting.
Non Chordate Invertebrate

Approximate number of living species of non-chordate phyla Phylum Species number Common examples 50,000 Amoeba, Euglena Protozoa 4,200 Spnges Porifera 11,000 Jellyfishes, sea anemones, etc. Cnidaria (Coelenterata) 80 Comb jellies, sea goose berries. Ctenophora 50 Mesozoa 15,000 Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms Platyhelminthes 600 Ribbon worms Nemertina (=Rhynchocoela) 60 Moss animals2 Entoprocta 90 Gnathostomulida 1,500 Wheel animalcules. Rotifera 150 Gastrotricha 100 Echinorhyncha 250 Horse-hair-worms. Nematomorpha 300 Spinheaded-worms. Acanthocephala 80,000s Round worms. Nematheiminthes Mollusca 110,000 Snails, clams, etc. Annelida 8,800 Earthworm, leeches. Arthropoda >800,000 Crustaceans, insects and spiders. Onycophora 80 Walking worms. Tardigrada 170 Water bears. Linguatulida 60 Tongue-worms. Echiurida 80 .. Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa) 4,000 Moss animals Priapulida 5 .. Phoronida 15 .. Brachiopoda 3,104 Lamp-shells Sipunculida 275 .. Chaetognatha 60 Arrow-worms. Pogonophora 100 .. Echinodermata 6,000 Starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers. Hemichordata 100 Acron-worms.
SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
Diagnostic characters and common example of major groups of sub-phylum sarcomastigophora Order Examples Characteristics
Class 1. Mastigophors (Flagella present)
1. Dinoflagellida 2. Euglendia 3. Volvocida 4. Kinetoplastida 5. Diplomonadida 6. Trichomonadida Class 2. Opalinata 1. Opalinida Class 3. Sarcodina 1. Amoebida 2. Arcellinida 3. Heltozoa 4. Radiolaria 5. Foraminiferida
2 flagella-one transverse, one trailing

Flagella 1 or 2: chloroplast not cup shaped Flagella 2 to 4 : Chloroplast cup shaped
Ceratiu, Noctiluca Euglena Trypanosoma, Leishmania Giardia Trichomonas Opalina Amoeba, Entamoeba Arcella Actinophris Collozoum (polystomella (=Elphidium)
1 or 2 flagella 8 flagella 4 6 flagella (cilia-like organelles in oblique rows) Flagella cilia like in oblique rows (pseudopodia present) Body naked Body shelled No central capsule With central capsule Shell chambered with no central capsule
SPOROZOA
Characteristics and common examples of major order of subphyla : Sporozoa, Cnidospora and Ciliophora Order Characteristics Examples Sub-phylum : Sporozoa Class : Telosporea (with spores) 1. Gregarinia 2. Coccidia
1 walled spores
VERTEBRATA
Protochordates: Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Ciona and Amphioxus. Cyclostomes: Petromyzon, Myxine and Ammocoete larva. Pisces: Scoliodon, Pristis, Torpedo, Chimaera, Ophiocephalus, Acipenser, Amia, Arius, Pleuronects, Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Echeneis, Notopterus, Labeo, Protopterus, Catla, Clarias, Anguilla, Anabas, Tetradon and Antennarius. Amphibia: Proteus, Triton (Newt), Salamendra, Siren, Axolotl larva, Rana, Bufo, Hyla, Rhacophorous, and Icthyophis. Reptilia: Draco, Gecko, Chameleon, Uromastix. Varanus, Vipera (Russels viper), Naja, Bungarus (Krait), Echis, Enhydrina, Crotalus, Ptyas, Eryx, Trionyx, Testudo, Crocodilus and Gavialis. Aves: Picus, Butorides (Heron), Psittacula, Eudynamys, Bubo, Alcedo and Archaeopteryx. Mammalia: Ornithorhynchus, Tachyglossus, Erinaceus (Hedge Hog), Macropus, Didelphis (Opossum), Mains, Loris, Herpestes, Pteropus, Funambulus, Tarsius and Macaca.
Monocystis Coccidium, Plasmodium Babesia
Many walled spores
Class : Piroplasmea No spore (with no spores) Sub-phylum : Cnidospora Class : Myxosporea (with big spores) 1. Myxosporida Clases:Microsporea (with small spores) 1. Microsporida Class : Ciliata (with cilia) 1. Gymnostomatida No adorsal cilia 2. Trichostomatida 4. Suctorida 5. Peritrichida 6. Heterotrichida 7. Hypotrichida Vestibular but no buccal cilia Cilia only in young stages Body cilia short, uniform Body cilia compound 3. Hymenostomatida Buccal cilia as membranelles Spores small Sub-phylum : Ciliophora Spores large
Myxidium
Nosema
Didinium Balantidium Paramecium Acineta Stentor Stylonychia
A boral cilia in row; few or no other cilia Vorticella
CORALS & CORAL REEFS

Corals are colonies of many small sea anemone-like animals called polyps. They belong chiefly to the order Scleractinia and class Anthozoa of phylum Coelenterata. Some hydrozoans also form corals. The polyps secrete small cup-like structures made of limestone called corallite. The corallite provides support and protection for the soft bodied polyp. The polyps continuously secrete calcium carbonate which causes the colony to expand upwards and outwards. Within the colony all the polyps are inter-connected by tissue forming a thin skin over the non-living skeleton. It is the skeleton which gives the coral colony its shape where as the living tissue gives the colour. Corals reproduce by asexual and sexual methods both. Sexual reproduction by fusion of male and female gametes results in tiny planula larvae which can swim away to settle in different places to form new colonies. Some corals are called reef building or hermatypic corals. Classification of Corals: i) Hydrozoan Corals:Few genera of Hydrocorallina such as Millepora, Stylaster, and Distichopora are colonial and the zooids are housed in calcareous exoskeleton. ii) Octocorallian Corals: They are soft corals which is formed of a colony of polyps with endoskeleton of separate calcareous spicules embedded in the massive mesogloea. iii) Hexacorallium Corals: They are stony corals and are thus can be designated as true corals. They may be solitary or coolonial and assume a great variety of forms. They are the main components of the coral reefs.
SYMMETRY
Radial symmetry and Spherical symmetry Radial Symmetry 1. Shape of animal is cylindrical or umbrella shaped or saucer like. 2. Polar ends are formed like anterior, posterior, oral, aboral ends. 3. Dorsal side and ventral sides absent. 4. Body organs arranged round the anterior posterior axis. 5. Exhibited by Hydrozoans, Scyphozoans. Spherical symmetry 1. Shape is spherical.
2. Polar ends are absent. 3. Dorsal and ventral side absent.
4. Body organs arranged in a radiating manner from central point. 5. Exhibited by Volvox, Heliozoans, Radiolarians.
Radial symmetry and Spherical symmetry Radial Symmetry Biradial symmetry 1. Shape of the body cylindrical, or umbrella 1. Shape is only cylindrical like, or saucerlike. 2. Animal can be cut into two only in along 2. Animal can be cut in two axis. one aixs. 3. Antimeres of one axis are not identical to the 3. Antimeres of all axis are identical.
antimeres of other axis.
4. Exhibited by Hydrozoans and Scyphozoans. Radial symmetry and Spherical symmetry Biradial 1. Dorsal and ventral sides absent. 2. Body is cut in two planes. 3. Antimere of one axis is not identical to antimere of another axis. 4. Arrangement of organs are in Radial & Bilateral.
4. Exhibited by anthozoans.
Bilateral 1. Dorsal and ventral sides present.

2. Body is cut into two only in one plane. 3. Antimeres are formed only in one axis.
4. Body organs are arranged at equidistance from the central axis.
PSEUDOCOELOM & EUCOELOM

Pseudocoelom and Eucoelom: Pseudocoelom 1. It is formed from blastocoel. 2. It is lined with mesoderm towards body wall 3. Mesoderm is absent towards alimentary canal. 4. Alimentary canal is non muscular 5. Coleomic epithelia absent. 6. It is not divided into any types. 7. This type is present in phylum Nemathelminthes. Eucoelom 1. It is formed from 4d cell or from archenterons. 2. It contains mesoderm towards body wall. 3. Mesoderm present towards alimentary canal. 4. Alimentary canal is muscular. 5. Coelomic epithelia present. 6. It is divided into two types like Schizocoelam, Enterocoelom. 7. This type is present in the phylas Annelida to Choradata.
SKELETAL MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE

Skeletal muscle fibre, cardiac & smooth muscle fibre: Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle 1. Involuntary 1. Voluntary 2. Cylindrical shaped myocyte 2. Spindle shape myocyte 3. Un branched 3. Unbranched 4. Multinucleated 4. Unincleated 5. Considerable power of 5. Very Limited power of Regeneration Regeneration 6. Blood supply abundant 6. Blood supply not abundant Cardiac muscle 1. Involuntary
2. Cylindrical and branched
Sub-class 2. Euechinoidea. Order 2. Diadematoida. Order 3. Echinothuroida. Order 4. Pedinoidea. Order 5. Phymosomatoida. Order 6. Arbacioida. Order 7. Temnopleuroida. Order 8. Echinoida. Order 9. Holectypoida. Order 10. Clypeasteroida. Order 11. Cassiduloida. Order 12. Holasteroida. Order 13. Spatangoida. Sub-phylum D. Asterozoa (Free living, body star-shaped, strongly developed arms). Class 4. Stelleroidea. Sub-class 1. Somasteroidea. Order 1. Platyasterida. Sub-class 2. Asteroidea (Starfishes) Orders 3. Spinulosa. Order 4. forcipulata. Sub-class 3. Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars, serpent stars) Order 5. Ophiurae. Order 6. Euryalae.
3. Branched 4. Unincucleated 5. No power of Regeneration. 6. Blood supply abundant.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Class: Holothuroidea Commonly called as Sea cucumbers. 1. Body oval elongated into oro-aboral axis, arms absent. 2. Mouth surrounded by Tentacles, which are modified tube feet. 3. Anus posterior 4. Madreporite internal 5. Spines, pedicellaria absent. Eg.: Holothuria, Synapta. Chief Characters of the Annelids: General characters of Phylum Annelida. 1. Body contains ring like structures called metameres or segments. 2. Segments are formed by the pre anal segment. 3. Cephalization first occurred, head bears tentacles, eye etc. 4. Body cavity is formed by splitting of mesoderm schizocoelom. 5. Coelomic fluid acts as hydraulic skeleton. 6. Locomotion is done by setae, parapodia, suckers. 7. Alimentary canal is straight with digestive glands in its wall. 8. Blood vascular system is closed type and developed first in Annelids. Blood contains the pigments Haemoglobin, chlorocruorin dissolved in plasma. 9. Excretion is done by nephridia which are ectodermal in origin. 10. Respiration in done by the moist vascularised body wall. 11. Nervous system consists of nerve ring and two ventral nerve cords. 12. Sexes are separate or united. 13. Fertilization external in all, but internal in hirudenia. 14. Cleavage is holoblastic and spiral. 15. Development may be direct or indirect. Indirect forms have trochophore larva.
PLASMODIA OF MAN
Comparative Characters of Plasmodia of Man: Species of Plasmodium Stage Vivax Malariae Compact, one Early Trophozoite Relatively large, chromatin dot usually one chromatin dot Late Trophozoite Large, amoeboid Smaller, compact, abundant chromatin not amoedoid, pigment coarse Young Schizont Large, amoeboid, chromatin numasses merous, pigment in fine rodlets Mature Schizont Schizont and merozoits large Merozoite Number 12-24; usually 12 to 18 Microgametocytes Sperical, produce 4 8 microgametes Macrogametes Spherical with small excentric nucleus Length of Asexual 48 hours Phase Type of Fever Benign tertian Usual Incubation Average 14 days Period Small, compact chromatin masses few, pigment coarse Schizont smaller merozoits larger 6 12; usually 8 Spherical, produce 2 5 microgametes Spherical but smaller and less numerous. 72 hours Quartan Average 30 days Falciparum Small, sometimes two chromatin dots Medium sized, usually compact, rarely amoeboid, pigment granular Small, compact chromatin masses numerous, single pigment mass Smaller merozoits 8 26; usually 8 to 18 Sausage shaped, produce 4-8 microgametes Crescentic, large nucleus compact. 36 48 hours, usually 48 hrs. Malignant tertian Average 12 days
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Scheme of Classification of Echinodermata: Sub-phylum A. Homalozoa. (Extinct) Sub-phylum B. Crinozoa (Usually attached, body cup-like, arms present) Class 1. Crinodea (Sea lilies, feather stars) Sub-phylum C. Echinozoa (unattached; body globoid or elongate; arms absent)
Class 2. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) Order 1. Dactylochirota Order 2. Aspidochirota Order 3. Elasipoda Order 4. Dendrochirota Order 5. Molpadida Order 6. Apodida Class 3. Echinoidea (Sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins). Sub-class1. Perischoechinoidea. Order 2. Cidaroida
The salient features of sponges: 1. Sponges are mostly marine except the members of the family spongillidae which live in fresh waters. 2. Symmetry of spones is radial or asymmetrical. 3. Sponges are sedentary, solitary or colonial. 4. These are multicellur without tissues. 5. Tehgy exhibit cellular level of organisation. 6. Body contains two layers outer layer pinacoderm, inner layer choanoderm. Coenocytes are collar cells, archaeocytes are phagoacytic cells. 7. Body has several small pore called as ostia, and single large opening oisculum. 8. Body cavity is spongocoel. 9. Sponges contain a special system called canal system which helps in nutrition, excretion. 10. Nutrition is holozoic. Reserve food is stored in Thesocytes. 11. Internal skeleton of sponges in made up of calcareous or siliceous spicules. 12. Nerve cells are absent. 13. Asexual reproduction is by budding and Gemmule formation. 14. Sexual reproduction occurs with internal fertilization. 15. Larval forms are parenchymula, Amphiblastula. 16. Power of regeneration is high. Sponges are included under parazoa because. They are multi cellular animals without tissues. They resemble the colonial protozoan proterospongia Formation of coenocytes supports that sponges evolved from choanoflagellates. Sponges exhibit intracellular digestion. Sponges exhibit reversal of body layers. During early development Absence of nerve cells, sensory cells. With all these characters sponges are included in parazoa. Sponges remained as a Blind off Shoot.
ECOLOGY
1. Environment of earth comprises 3 main constituents - atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Atmosphere consists of 4 main layers troposphere, stratosphere, ionosphere and exosphere. The term Ecology was used by Haeckel in 1866. Which deals with inter - relationships of organisms with their surrounding environments. A group of organisms belonging to a particular species, occupying a certain area, at a specific time constitutes a population. Assemblage of different kind of populations inhabiting a given area is described as a community. A biome is constituted by all the communities occurring together in a habitat having specific climatic conditions. Light is an important a biotic factor of an ecosystem. Chief source of light is sunlight, moonlight and starlight. The visible light is only a small fraction of the solar radiation. Spectral composition is seven colours, the VIBGYOR. The constant rate at which sun's radiant energy reaches the earth's outer atmosphere is called Solar flux. Heat and infrared radiation cannot penetrate beyond a depth of 4 meters in water. Basing on penetration capacity of light water column of oceans is divided into Euphotic zone, disphotic zone and aphotic zone. Effect of light on organisms is varied. It shows its effect on body pigmentation, movement and vision, behaviour, metaboliss, photoperiodism. The activities of some animals are correlated with periods of moon. This is called lunar periodicity. The light emitted by some organisms due to some chemical reactions is called bioluminescence. Temperature exerts influence on the physical factors like water vapour and air. Depending on the seasons, the range of temperature difference may go up to 17C. In deserts this variation may be as high as 40C. In accordance with the vertical changes of temperature, strata appear in fresh water. This is called thermal stratification. Temperature effects the organisms in various ways like body temperature, thermal migration, cyclomorphism. About 71% of earth surface is covered by only water. Water is universal solvent. There are two types of waters Soft water and Hard water. Water continuously circulates between the atmosphere and the earths surface.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA & ANTHOZOA

Diagonistic Characters and Common Examples of the Major Groups of Classes Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa: Class Orders Key Characters Common Example Hydroida Polypoid phase prominent Hydra Colonial massive coral; Millepora Milleporina Hydrozoa (Polypoid or medusoid or both; mesogloea noncellular)
minute medusoid
11.
12.
Stylasterina
Trachylina Siphonophors Cubomedusae Semaeostomae Rhizostomae
Scyphozoa (Medusoid domi nant; mesogloea cellular)
Colonjal coroal; no medusoid; style on gastrozooid cup Predominantly medusoid Ploymorphic; polyp and medusoid both Bell cuboidal with simple margins Bell with scalloped margin Bell margin without tentacles
Stylaster 13. Cunino Physalia 14. Carybdea Aurelia Rhizostoma 15.
16. Diagonistic Characters and Common Examples of the Major Groups of Class Anthozoa: Class Orders Key Characters Common Example Stolonifera Sub-class : Alcyonaria Tubipora (8 or multiple of 8 mesen teries; 1 siphonoglyphs) Long axial polyp and Telesto Telestacea Anthozoa (Polypoid exclusively; mesogloea with fibres)
lateral polyps
17.
18.
Alcyonacea Gorgonacea Pennatulacea
Actiniaria Madreporaria Zoanthidea
Polyps embedded in gelatinous matrix Colony tree-like; polyps short Axial polyp long; more or less felshy colony Sub-class : Zoantharia (6 or multiple of 6 mesenteries; none, one or two siphonoglyph) Two siphonoglyphs Siphonoglyph absent One siphonoglyph
Alcyonium Gorgonia Pennatula
19.
20.
21.
Edwardsia Fungia, Meandrina Epizoanthus
22. 23.
This is called hydrological cycle. 24. Water has the following properties like solvency, specific heat, latent heat, density, pressure, surface tension and buoyancy. 25. Aquatic ecosystem has 3 divisions: Freshwater ecosystem, Marine ecosystem and Estuarine or brackishwater ecosystem. 26. In the fresh water ponds three zones are recognized. They are : 1) Littoral zone b) Limnetic zone c) Profundal zone. 27. Energy is the capacity to do work. 28. The conservation and expenditure of energy is described by two laws of thermodynamics namely Law of conservation of energy and Law of kinetic energy. 29. The total amount of energy converted into sugar by a plant is called Gross Primary Production. 30. Mainly two types of food chains are recognized in an ecosystem. They are ; a) Grazing food chain b) Detritus food chain. 31. Elton for the first time described the numbers of individuals belonging to different trophic levels, in the form of an ecological pyramid. 32. Winnie Edwards described population as a self regulating system. Study of the size of populations and their distribution is called Population Ecology. 33. The growth and decline in the size of a population, in a unit time, can be represented in the form of growth curves. 34. Environmental Pollution: Environ mental pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the environment, which adversely affect human beings and his belongings. 35. Environmental pollution is classified into air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. 36. Major air pollutants are CO, CO2, SO2, NO and aerosols. 37. Secondary air pollution is mainly caused by photochemical smog and acid rains. 38. the main causes of water pollution are sewage, industrial effluents, pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive substances and fluorine. 39. Soil pollution is mainly due to chemical fertilizers, pesticides and solid wastes. 40. Environmental protection EPA came into effect in 1986. 41. World environmental day is on June 5. 42. Wildlife conservation: According to International Union of conservations of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has categorized rare animal and plant species as endangered, vulnerable, rare and threatened species. 43. At present there are 80 national parks, 441 sanctuaries existing in India.
POLLUTION
The greenhouse effect: As the amount of CO2 concentration is increasing year after year, the CO2 allows the sun rays to pass form atmosphere to earth surface but do not allow them in opposite direction, as a result the temperature of the earth increases leading to Global warming. Due to global warming the polar ice caps have started to melt, as a result the sea & oceans level increases will lead to the submerging of some of the island and some cities This is known as Greenhouse effect. Along with CO2 the other gases which are considered as Greenhouse gases are Methane (CH4) Chlorofluoro carbons, (CFCs), nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluoro carbons (HFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. 1. Reducing smog is also known as London smog. The important component in this type of smog is H2SO4. Hence it is also known as Sumptuous smog. This smog is common during the early morning hours. 2. Photochemical smog is also known as Los Angeles smog. The important component in this smog is Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN). Peroxy Benzoyl Nitrate (PBN). Nitrogen oxide chiefly NO2 reacts with unburnt hyderocarbons in presence of sunlight and form the photochemical oxidant PAN, PBN. Along with PAN and PBN other pollutants present are Aldehydes & ozone. Effect of photochemical smog: 1. It causes corrosion of metals. 2. Reduces the visibility 3. Irritation of eyes and impairment of cardiopulmonary activities. 4. Effects Hills reaction in plants. Acid rains are formed due to condensation of HNO2 and H2SO4. These are formed due to release of oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur. When condensed they come down to earth as showers of rain. This is mostly seen in industrial areas. The pH value of acid rains is between 3 to 6. Effect: Acid rains cause great damage to marble buildings, Limestone etc, damage the crops, destroy nitrogen fixing bacteria and reduce fertility of soil, effect the aquatic organisms by changing the pH of water. Ozone pollution in the troposphere: The ozone in stratosphere protects the organisms from the harmful UV rays. But due to depletion of ozone layer the UV rays fall on the earth. Ozone of troposphere causes warming effect. It causes Necrosis and yellow spots on leaves. Rate of photosynthesis is affected by ozone,. It also damages the mucous membrane of respiratory surface. At high concentration it is causing pulmonary edema in man. It even causes cracks in rubber goods. Heavy metal pollution and their effects on Man: Heavy metals are mostly released by the industries and are released into water bodies. They enter the organism through food chain and accumulate in organisms. The various heavy metals and their effects are:
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Diagonistic characters and common examples of a major groups of Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta (Setae many on parapodia) Sub-class/Orders Distincitve features Parapodia with acicula. Errantia Common Example Nereis, Heteronereis, Aphrodite Chaetopterus
Sedentaria
Parapodia with out acicula Parapodia absent Male gonoducts confined to the segment bearing testes. Male gonoducts do not pass thorugh a septum. Male gonoducts pass through one or two septa Proboscis absent; Jaws present, Proboscis protrusible; jaws absent Proboscis absent; 3 jaws present No proboscis ; no jaws
Archiannelida Lumbriculida
Polygordius. Lumbriculus
Oligochaeta (Setae few ; no parapodia)
Monilogestrida
Monilogaster
Haplotaxiada
Lumbricus, Pheretima, Tubifex. Acanthobdella
Acanthobdellida Hirudinea (Setae and parapodia absent
Rhynchobdellida
Pontobdella
Gnathobdellida
Hirudo, Hirudinaria
Pharyngobdellida
Erpodella
1. Mercury: It is released by paper and paint industries. In water it is converted into soluble dimethyl mercury by micro organism. This substance enters the body of fishes. When man eats that fish he is suffers from the disease called Minimata disease. 2. Lead: It is released by smelters, automobile exhaust. Disease caused are damage to liver and kidney, hypertension. 3. Cadmium: Causes bone deformation, sterility. 4. Arsenic: Causes cancer, muscular atrophy. 5. Nickel: Causes Dermatitis. 6. Chromium: Causes cancer to lungs and skin 7. Selenium: Causes cancer 8. Silver: Causes arrythmia. Radioactive pollution: radioactive substances like radium, thorium, uranium etc., emit the radioactive, rays, which cause, the pollution of air, water and land. Even the nuclear dust is also causing radioactive pollution. Effects of radioactive pollution: 1. lodine 131 damages Bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and causes blood cancer. 2. Strontium 90 causes bone cancer. 3. Radioactive rays cause mutations in plants and animals. Sewage as an important water pollutant: Sewage is the wastes from houses, animal and food processing plants mixed in water. Domestic sewage includes human excreta, detergents and water soluble paints. The important problems that are caused by this sewage is 1) Depletion of oxygen 2) Eutrophication 3) Micro organism. 1. Depletion of oxygen : Sewage contain organic wastes. This it reduces the dissolved oxygen as it is acted upon by aerobic bacteria. 2. Eutrophication: Enrichment of organic nutrients in water is eutrophication. Due to this algal blooms increase, depletion of oxygen takes place, death of consumers occur and even water may disappear. 3. Micro-organism: The sewage may contain several disease causing micro organisms which cause various diseases by contamination. Some water borne diseases are jaundice, cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, dysentery may occurd due to various micro-organisms like Cryptosporedium parvum, Entamoeba coli, Giardia, Salmonella typhinurium etc. The pesticide pollutants and their effect on organisms. The pesticides are organochlorine compounds, organophospheates, carba mates, synthetic pyrethroids. 1. Organochlorine compounds: DDT, BHC, Aldrin. They are on degradable and highly toxic acid, effect reproductive system in female birds. 2. Organophosphates: Malathion, parathion, phosphomidon. These effect human Nervous system. 3. Carbamates Carbaryl, aldicarb. These enter the food chain and reach humans through milk. 4. Synthetic pyrethroids These are least harmful pesticides. The major pollutant gases and their effects: Gaseous Pollutants: The major Gaseous pollutants are 1) CO 2) CO2 3) SO2 4) Oxides of nitrogen. i) Carbon monoxide: its is mainly produced due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and in towns and cities due to use of motor vehicles. CO interferes with the transport of oxygen from the respiratory organs to the tissues. CO poisoning causes symptoms like headache, blurred vision in lower concentration. In higher concentrations it causes coma and death. In the case of CO poisoning, pure oxygen is given to the victim, as the above reaction is a reversible one. ii) Carbon dioxide: CO2 is a very useful gas for green plants, as they use it in photosynthesis. The percentage of CO2 in the atmospheric air is very low, i.e., only 0.03%. As a result it was not considered as a major pollutant till recently. But due to large scale destruction of forests and increasing use of fossil fuels, its concentration is going up in the atmospheric air. Greenhouse effect: When the CO2 concentration goes up in the atmospheric air it affect the heat budget of the earth. It raps the heat and prevents its escape. As a result the atmospheric temperature increases. The effect of CO2 resembles the conditions that exist in a greenhouse. For this reason its effects are referred to as greenhouse effect. In the opinion of the scientists, if CO2 continues to increase at the present rate for another 100 years, it raises the atmospheric temperature by 3 to 8C. As A result the plant and animal life and their distribution will be affected. It may also affect agricultural production, leading to famine, large scale hunger and death. Even the polar ice caps melt, raising the sea level by few meters. This results in the submergence of many islands, low lying coastal regions and cities lie Kolkatta, Mumbai, Chennai, New York, London, Tokyo, Hongkong etc. iii) Sulphur dioxide: It is mainly produced due to burning of fossil fuels. Melting of sulphur ores is also an important cause of SO2 production. SO2 causes acute respiratory problems, slows down ciliary movement and subjects the respiratory tissues to serve irritation. It also causes severe headache. The effects of SO2 are also severe on crops like alfalfa, wheat and cotton. White spots appear on the leaves and they wilt. As a result the crop yield comes down. The SO2 also affects the mechanical strength of the paper. The paper turns yellow and becomes brittle and may crumble to powder. SO2 also causes acid rains. iv) Nitrogen oxides: these are major primary pollutants. Important nitrogen oxides causing pollution are Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrous oxide (N2O) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The primary source of these oxides is auto mobile exhaust. NO and NO2 mainly found in the combustion gases of automobiles. The effect of NO and NO2 is seen on the respiration of animals. Nitrogen oxides also contribute for acid rains and photochemical smog.
PHYLUM ANTHROPODA
Honey Bee: Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera Differenct species Land mark European 1. Apis mellifera honeybee Indian honeybee 2. Apis indica Giant honeybee 3. Apis dorsata Little honeybee 4. Apis floria Apis indica is employed for commercial bee keeping in India. Culturing of honey bes is called apiculture. Honeybee : Honeybee is a social insect and lives in a colony. Each colony contains. a) Sterile diploid females Workers b) Fertile diploid females Queen c) Fertile haploid males Drones. In the colony workers are more in number. Workers have lapping and chewing type of mouth parts. They have pollen basket (or) carbicula on the tibia of 3rd leg. On the abdomen wax glands (hypodermal glands) are present which produce wax. They construct honeycomb. They collect nectar from flowers, mix with their saliva and produce honey. Honey is stored in the honeycomb. A poison sting is present at the posterior end of the body which is a modified ovipositor. The worker bees communicate with each other by wagging dance. This was described by Karl Von Frisch, for which he got the Nobel prize. The colony consists of a queen which is concerned with reproduction Royal jelly is produced from the pharyngeal glands of workers. Royal jelly is fed to the queen and the larva that develops into queen. Drones are formed parthenogenetically from haploid eggs. Drones copulate with queen. The larvae are called grubs. They exhibit Holometabolic type of metamorphism. Uses of Honey and Wax: 1. Honey is good food with vitamins and sugars. 2. It is of medicinal value. 3. It is antiseptic and blood purifier. 4. Bee wax is used in polishes, candle making etc. 5. Bee poison is useful in the treatment of arthritis. Honeybee serves as a good pollinating agent. Harmful Insects: 1. Mosquitoes: Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Most important mosquitoes which transmit diseases to man are: 1. Anopheles 2. Culex 3. Aedes 4. Psorophora The body of Mosquito is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. They have piercing and sucking type of mouth parts.
Female mosquitoes are ectoparasitic on man. Male mosquitoes depend on plant juices. In females antennae bear few hairs. In males they ae brush like, bearing many hairs. Head shows a pair of antennae and one pair of compound eyes. At the base of antennae auditory sense organs called Johnsons organs are present. Thorax is three segmented with 3 pairs of legs and one pair of wings. The wings are spotted in Anopheles but not in Culex and Aedes. Metathorax bears rudimentary wings called Halteres (or) Balancers. They are probably sensory in function. Mesothoracic wings are useful for flight. Abdomen is 10 segmented. Their life cycle includes egg, larva (wriggler), pupa (tumbler) and imago. Holometabolus type of metarmorphism. These mosquitoes spread many diseases:
S. No 1. Name of the Mosquito Female Anopheles Female Culex Disease spread by it Malaria (by injecting sporozoites of plasmodium). Elephantiasis (by injecting microfilaria larvae) Encephalitis (by injecting virus) Yellow fever (by injecting virus) Dengue fever (or) Break bone fever (by injecting virus) It transfers the larvae of Dermatobiaboat fly to the skin of man. It causes Dermatobiasis. Is a vector of the virus causing yellow fever.
tuberculosis, small pox and leprosy. But there is no substantial evidence in support of this belief. 3. Housefly: Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera
S. No 1. Species Musca domestica Musca nebula Location Common in Europe
TAENIA SOLIUM
Life history of Taenia solium. Tapeworm completes its life cycle in two hosts. Primary host: Man, Secondary host: Pig. i) Infection: Taenia infects man in cysticercus larval stage. The larvae enter man who eats improperly cooked pork. ii) Fertilisation: Taenia is a hermaphrodite. Each mature proglottid contains a full set of both male and female reproductive organs. Fertilisation occurs in the ootype of female reproductive system. Self fertilization occurs in tapeworm. As a result of fertilization, a zygote is formed. The vitelline gland or yolk gland secretes a yolk cell which joins the zygote. Later the viteline gland secretes a shell around these two cells. The shelled zygote is called capsule. Each capsule is with one zygote cell and one yolk cell. Now these capsules enter into uterus by lubrication caused by the secretion of Mehlis glands. The uterus develops lateral branches and occupy almost the entire space of the proglottids and thousands of capsules keep pouring into it. Such proglottides are called gravid proglottides which are released out by the process of Apolysis. Importance of cysticercus in Taenia solium. Cysticercus larva is developed in the striated muscles of pig. It is covered by two layers outer cuticle and inner germinal layer. The cysticercus can be in a dormant condition in pig for 5 to 6 years. Hence the main important function is to be in an inactive condition and is ready to enter the host whenever it is available. Cysticercus larva or bladder worm is the infective stage of Taenia to man. The pork containing cysticercus larva is known as Measly pork. The parasitic adaptations exhibited are 1) Absence of digestive system. 2) Presence of enzyme resistant tegument. 3) Presence of Hooks and suckers. 4) Presence of complex reproductive organs.
Male 1. Shorter in size. 2. Posterior end curved 3. Cloaca is present at posterior end. 4. Male genital opening in the cloaca. 5. Cloaca bears unequal sized copulatory spicules. 6. Copulatory papillae present. Female 1. Longer. 2. Posterior end straight. 3. Anus is present at posterior end. 4. Female genital opening is anterior. 5. Copulatory spicules absent. 6. Copulatory papillae absent.
2.
Common in India, Pakistan etc.
2.
3. 4. 5.
Female Culex Female Aedes Female Aedes Female Psorophora
6.
7.
Stegomyia
2. Bed-Bug: Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera

S. No 1. Species Cimex hemipterus (formerly called Cimex rotundatus) Cimex lectularius Location Seen in India (Indian Bed bug)
2.
Cosmopolitan in distribution
The bed bug lives as an ectoparasite on man. The body is dorsoventally flattened. So it can live in crevices of walls wooden furniture etc. Mesothorax has a pair of stub like vestigial wings called hemielytra. So bed-bugs are considered as blood sucking ectoparasites with wings. Second pair of wings are absent. The mouth parts are of piercing and sucking type. Bed-bug produces peculiar stinky smell due to the presence of stink glands located at the base of their legs. The female bed-bug lays its eggs in the crevices of furniture and other narrow spaces. The eggs undergo development and the nymphs come out within four or five days. They undergo 3 or 5 moults to become the adults. The whole life cycle is completed in about a month. Bed-bug lives in human environment. It feeds on human blood. Hence bed-bug are known to transmit a number of disease like kala azar, relapsing fever, plague, typhoid,
Housefly is worldwide in distribution. Its body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. It has 2 pairs of 3 jointed antennae and pair of compound eyes. Sponging and sucking type of mouth parts are present in them. Mesothroax consists of first pair of wings. These are useful for flight. Metathorax shows second pair of wings, which are reduced, called Halters (or) Balancers. The females are slightly larger than males. Females lay 120 to 160 eggs in decaying organic matter. The eggs hatch and liberate a larva called maggot (or) gentle. It transforms into a pupa called coaretate type. Pupa lives in a hardened larval skin called puparium. Pupa transforms into imago. Such a metamorphosis is called Holometabolus type. The feeding and moving habits of the housefly are responsible for the spread of diseases. Insanitary habits of the fly makes the human food contaminated. When man takes such contaminated food, he suffers from disease like Dysentery, Diarrhoea, Typhoid, Cholera. Tuberculosis, Polio, Ascariasis etc. The diseases can be prevented by keeping the surrounding clean, protecting the food stuff from flies and killing the flies. 4. Head Louse: Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Anopleura (or) Siphunculata 1. Pediculus homonis capitis present on the hair follicles of man. 2. Pediculus homonis corporis lives on the body of man. 3. It is a wingless blood sucking ectoparasite of man. 4. It shows piercing and sucking type of mouth parts. 5. Head bears minute teeth called buccal denticles. They serve to anchor to the head. The blood sucking habit is responsible for serving as vector of two pasthogens namely spirochaeta and Rickettsia. Spirochaeta cuase Typhus to man. The bite of the head louse causes abrasions on the head, results dandruff and secondary infections. 6. It has legs with claws. 7. Their eggs are called nits, which hatch and give nymphs. i) It causes disturbance to human beings. ii) It transmits typhoid and relapsing fever. (relapsing fever is caused by spirochaeta recurrents).
WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI Microfilaria larva: is present in the blood of man. It enters the vector. Microfilaria larva is covered by a loose cuticular sheath or egg shell. The larval surface is covered by flattened epidermal cells. Inside the body there are many nuclei in a syncytial conditon. The anterior end there is stylet where the future mouth develops in the adult.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
General Characteristics of the Major Classes of Phylum Arthropoda Mandibles, Maxilllae 1 pair, labium 3 pairs on thorax Mainly terrestrial Head, thorax, abdomen Tracheae
ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM
Differences between Rough and Smooth Endoplastic Reticulum: Smooth ER Rough ER Well developed in protein-secreting cells. 1. Well developed in steroid hormone secreting cells It tends to be cisternal. 2. It tends to be tubular. To it remain adhered the ribosomes. 3. It is devoid of ribosomes. Riboporphyrins I and II are present in the 4. Riboporphyrins I and II are absent in the membrane. membrane. Differences between Rough-ER and Plasma Membrane: Rough ER 1. 50 80 A in width 2. Membranes symmetrical with dense cross bridges (globular in appearance). 3. In negatively stained preparations no globular surface projections are found. 4. Little cholesterol is found. 5. Ribosomal RNA occurs in the membrane Plasma membrane 75 100 A width. Membrane shows more typical trilaminar or unit structure; asymmetrically thickened on the inner lamina. In negatively stained preparations, globular surface projection are found. No cholesterol is found. No ribosomal RNA is found. distribution, especially in the tropical and subtropical seas. 3. It is a marine worm like animal adapted for burrowing life in the sandy bottom. 4. There are nearly 20 species of Balanoglossus and one shows phosphorescence, while others give a smell like that of Indo-form which sometimes helps in locating the animals in that locality. Diagnostic features : Wormlike, cylindrical body, divisible into proboscis, collar and trunk. Collar muscular. Trunk divisible into reddish
brachiogenital region, brown hepatic region and a posterior abdominal region. Double row of hepatic caeeae are present in hepatic region. Herdmania: Classification : Phylum Chordata Group Protochordata Subphylum Urochordata Ascidiacea Class Subclass Pleurogona Order Ascidiae simplices Genus Herdmania Species Pallida 1. Herdmania is commonly known as Sea squirt. 2. It is found in Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans and also from Malayasia and West Indies. 3. It is an exclusively marine and very common ascidian found in shallow waters. 4. Animal is solitary and sedentary form, living attached to some hard substratum by its base. 5. It is hermaphrodite or bisexual but protogynous (the ovaries mature first and the testes mature later) so that self fertilization is ruled out. 6. Fertilization is internal and cross. Ciona: Classification : Phylum Chordata Group Protochordata Subphylum Urochordata Ascidiacea Class Enterogona Order Suborder Phlebobranchia Genus Ciona 1. Its popular name is tube sea-squirt. 2. Ciona is a simple, solitary, marine tunicate found attached to rocks and other substratum. 3. it is distributed in temperate and cold seas in shallow waters of western regions. 4. The body is cylindrical, tubular, transparent and enclosed in a thin transparent test. 5. Body measures about 10-12 cm long 6. Anterior ends of body possesses branchial and atrial siphons, the former is higher than the later. 7. Mouth opens into branchial siphon and anus into the atrial siphon.
Insecta
Head, short thorax, long abdomen
Mandibles, maxillae 1 pair
Diplopoda
Mandibles, Maxillae 2 pairs
Chilopoda
Cephalothor ax, abdomen
Lung books or tracheae
4 pairs on cephalothor ax
Chelicerae Pedipalpi
Archnida
Mouth Parts
Respiration by
Antennae
Common examples
Body division
Main habitat
Legs
Spiders, Scorpions
Mainly terrestrial
None
Prawn, Crab
Mandibles, maxillae 2 pairs, Maxillipede
Usually cephalothor -ax, abdomen
1 pair per segment or less
Crustacea
Gills or body surface
Mainly aquatic
2 pairs
Centipedes
Head & long body of similar segments
1 pair per segment
All terrestrial
Tracheae
1 pair
Millipedes
All terrestrial
2 pair per segment
Tracheae
1 pair
Insects
1 pair
CLASS-CYCLOSTOMATA
Petromyzon: Classification : Phylum Group Subphylum Division Class Order -
PROTOCHORDATA
Balanoglossus: Classification: Phylum Chordata Acrania (protochordata) Group Subphylum Hemichordata Class Enteropneusta Baalanoglossus Genus 1. Balanoglossus is commonly known as acorn or tongue worm. 2. It is cosmopolitan or world wide in
Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Agnatha Cyclostomata Petomyzoniformes (or) Petromysontia Genus Petromyzon 1. Petromyzon is commonly known as lamprey or lamper eel and found in both fresh and salt waters. 2. It is world wide in distribution, mainly found in North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, Chile, Japan, New Zealand and Tasamania. 3. The body is cylindrical, long, eel like measuring about one metre in length. 4. The body is differentiated into head, trunk and tail with 2 dorsal and I caudal fin. 5. Fertilization is external. 6. Development is indirect and includes ammocoete larva. 7. Lempreys have very little food value. 8. They injure and destroy fishes by sucking blood and causing secondary infection through the left out scars on the body of the fishes.
Myxine: Classification : Phylum Grooup Subphylum Division Class Order Genus Myxine 1. Myxine is commonly called as hag fish. 2. It is exclusively marine, found buried in the sandy or muddy sea bottom. 3. It is widely distributed along sea coasts of both Atlantic and Pacific oceans occurring in the coasts of Europe, America and Japan. Diagnostic features : Eel like, elongated animal. Absence of buccal funnel and jaws. Presence of tentacles and one pair of gill pores.
Chordata Craniata Vertebrata Agnatha Cyclostomata Myxiniformes
PISCES
Scoliodon: Classification : Phyium Group Subphylum Series Class -
INSECTS
Classification of Insecta at a Glance (1,2 = Apterygota ; 3 to 12 = Exopterygota ; 13 to 18 = Endopterygota)
S. No Orders Wings Mouth parts Development Examples
1 2 3
Collembola Thysanura Ephermerida
Oronata
Orthopetera
Dermaptera
Isoptera
8 9 10
Mallophage Anopleura Heteroptera3
Absent Do Both pair membranous, not folded; fore wing larger Both pairs membranous, not folded; nearly alike Fore wings (elytra) leathery; hind wings membranous for flight. Fore wings hard, short; hind wings thin, fan-like Sexual forms with like wings, others wingless. Absent Absent Fore winbg half leathery; hind wing filmy Both wings uniform, Both pairs narrow, fringed with hairs. Fore wings hard, veinless; hind wing filmy and foleded. Both pairs filmy roofed, nearly alike Both pairs filmy, covered by fine over lapped scales Only one pair functional
Biting Do Vestigial
Ametabolic Do Hemimetabola
Spring tail Silver fish May flies
Subclass Super Order -
Biting
Hemimetabola
Dragon flies
Do
Paurometabola
Cockroaches, grasshoppers, crickets, leaf insects, mantids. Earwig
Do
Do
Do
Do
Termites
Do Piercing and sucking Do
Do Do Do
Bird lice Lice Plant bug and water bug Scale insect Thrips
11 12
Homoptera3 Thysanoptera
Do Asymmetricals; Lacerating and sucking Biting
Do Do
13
Coleoptera
Paurometabola
Beetles
14 15
Neuroptera Lepidoptera
Do Sucking
Do Holometabola
Antlion, alderflies, Dobson flies Butterflies or moths
Do Mosquitoes Piercing or and flies Sucking or Sponging and Sucking 17 Hymenptera Both pairs Biting and Do Ant, bees, filmy Sucking wasps. 18 Siphonoptera None Piercing and Do Fleas Sucking 1. Orthoptera is now split into four orders; Orthoptera (Crickets and grasshoppers), Blattaria (cockroaches), Mantodea (mantids) and Phasmida (leaf-insects). 2. Formerly included under Hemiptera. 3. Formerly include under Anopleura. 16 Diptera
Order Genus 1. Scoliodon is fish. 2. It is a most common marine Indian shark (Cartilaginous fish) which lives in open sea. 3. Scoliodon is widely distributed in Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. 4 species are found all along the Indian sea coast. 4. It is a fast swimmer and catches hold of the prey by the sharp teeth. 5. Fertilization is internal. 6. Economically Scoliodon is important because it is used as food, as suitable animal for study by dissection in laboratory. 7. Liver oil is extracted from the liver. Pristis: Classification : Phylum Chordata Group Craniata or Vertebrata Subphylum Gnathostomata Series Pisces Class Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchii) Subclass Selachii Super Order Hypotremata Order Rajiformes Genus Pristis 1. Pristis is popularly known as Saw fish because its head is drawn out into a long and flat rostrum or saw, armed on either side with a series of 23-25 strong knife like teeth. 2. It is a cartilaginous, marine fish mainly distributed in warm sea particularly of America, West Indies, China and Gulf of Maxico. 3. The body is long, depressed and shark like. Diagnostic features : Saw like rostrum having a series of 23-25 strong knife-like teeth. Torpedo: Classification : Phylum Chordata Group Craniata or Vertberata Subphylum Gnathostomata Series Pisces Class Elasmobranchii (Chondrichthyes) Subclass Selachii Super Order Hypotremata Order Torpidiniforms Genus Torpedo
Chordata Craniata or Vertebrata Gnathostomata Pisces Chondricthyes (or) Elasmobranchi Selachii Squaliformes (Pleurotremeta) Lamniformes Scoliodon commonly called as Dog
1. Torpedo or Astrape is commonly called as Electric fish, because of the presence of a pair of electric organs one on either side of the body between head and the pectoral fins. 2. It is a marine fish found on flat, sandy or muddy sea bottom. 3. It enjoys world wide distribution, mainly found in Mediterranean, Red sea, Atlantic, Pacific ocean and Indian ocean. 4. Ophiocephalus punctatus and O. striatus are two common species of India. Diagnostic features : Snake like head, Anal and dorsal fins are single. Head covered by large cycloid scales. Mouth superior. Lower jaw protruding beyond upper jaw. Acipenser: Classification : Phylum Group Subphylum Series Class rivers of Europe and China. 3. Acipenser is a marine, bottom dwelling fish but it ascends the rivers for breeding, thus the fish is anadromous. 4. Single fish can lay 2-3 million eggs during one breeding reason. These eggs are sometimes used by men to prepare a delicacy, the Caviare. 5. This fish is carnivorous and feeds on worms, molluscs and other smaller fishes. 6. Fish is used as food. Diagnostic features : Flat fish, both the eyes on left side. Dorsal and ventral fins long and contionuous. Caudal fin homocercal. Hippocampus: Classification : Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Series - Pisces Class - Teleostomi Subclass - Actinopterygii Order - Syngnathiformes Genus - Hippocampus 1. Hippocampus is commonly known as Sea horse because its anterior end is shaped like the neck and head of the horse. 2. It is found in tropical and temperate seas including Indian and Atlantic oceans particularly in India, Japan, Malaysia, China. 3. This fish is a highly nourishing and valuable food for human beings. 4. It is also used in laboratories for experimental purposes. 5. It is quite common in Indian rivers, lakes and ponds. Diagnostic features: Body, elongated with depressed head having 4 pairs of barbels. Dorsal fin long. Pectoral fins having pungent spines. Head covered by bony plates. Anguilla: Classification: Phylum Chordata Group Vertebrata Subhylum Gnathostomata Series Pisces Class Teleostomi Subclass Actinopterygii Order Anguilliformes Genus Anguilla 1. Anguilla is commonly known as Eel. 2. It is widely distributed in tropical regions of the world such as Europe, North America, West Indies, North Africa, Australia, Mexico, New Zealand. Scales in Fishes: The body of a fish is generally covered with scales. The scales of the fishes are derivatives of integument and constitute the exoskeleton of the fishes. Here the dermal scales are mesenchymal in origin. They are small, thin, cornified, calcareous or bony plates, which fit closely together or overlap. Scales vary in size and shape in different species. Following are the different types of scales met in existing fishes. 1. Placoid scales 2. Ganoid scales 3. Cycloid scales 4. Ctenoid scales
Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata Pisces Ostejchthyes (or) Teleostomi Subclass Actinopterygii Order Acipenseriformes Genus Acipenser 1. Acipenser is commonly known as Sturgeon (Fish yielding caviare and isinglass). 2. It is a marine fish abundantly distributed in Black sea, Sea of Azor, Caspian sea, Atlantic coast of North America and in
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Diagonistic Characters and common examples of major groups of phylum Mollusca. Class Polyplacophora Sub-class Order Distinctive characteristics Flat food; Dorsal surface with a series of 8 transverse calcareous plates Shell and mantle tubular; Food conical 2 auricles in heart 1 auricle in heart; Edge of shell lacks a siphonal canal or notch 1 auricle in heart; Edge of shell with a siphonal canal or notch Shell internal; Cerata absent Shell absent; Dosal surface with cerata. Tentacles 2 pairs Tentacles 1 pair, Gills filliform with no siphon Gills eulamelibranch with siphon Gill eulamellibranch with schizont hinge Siphon long and united Shell external, coiled in one plane, divided into septa Ten arms Eight arms Common examples Chitron
Scaphopoda Gastropoda with asymmetry, usually a spirally coiled shell with radula) Prosobranchia (Nervous system a figure of 8; Gills anterior Archaeogastropoda Mesogastropoda
Dentalium Patella Cypraea Pila
Neogastropoda
Conus Muex
Bivalvia (Shell of two valves)
Opisthobranchia (Nervous system secondary unwound; Gills posterior Polmonata (No gill; Mantle cavity modified as respiratory sac) Lamellibranchia (Gills Wshaped)
Anaspidea Naudibranchia
Aplysia Doris
Stylommatophora Basommatophora Anisomyaria Heterodonta Schizodonta
Limax Helix Planorbis Lymnaea Pecten Pinctada Solen Unio
Adapedonta Cepalopoda (foot modified into arms) Nautiloidea
Teredo Nautilus
Coleoidea (Shell internal; siphon tubular)
Decapoda Octopoda
Sepia Loligo Octopus
CELL COMPONENTS
Important Scientists of Cylology: Name Robert Hooke A. van Leeuwenhock N. Grew M. Malpighi J.B. Lamarck R.J.H. Dutrochet R. Brown F. Dujardin J.E. Purkinje M.J. Schleiden & T. Schwann J.E. Purkinje & H. Von Mohl R. Virchow Huxley W. Flemming E. Strasburger W. Waldeyer O. Hertwig C. Golgi C. Benda J.B. Farmer M. Knoll & E. Ruska J.D. Watson & F.H.C. Crick C. de. Duve H. Khorana Year 1665 1674 1682 1661 1809 1824 1833 1835 1837 1838 1839 1839 1855 1863 1879 1882 1888 1892 1898 1898 1905 1932 1953 1955 1970 Contribution Introduced the walled-in cell Discovered free cells Described vesicles suggesting cells Suggested cells when referring to utricles Said, no body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue or not formed by cellular Stated, all organic tissues are really globular cells of an extreme smallness which are untied only by cohesion Discovered the cell nucleus Named protoplasm as sarcode in Protozoa Introduced the term Protoplasm. Formulated Cell Theory Adopted the term protoplasm Confirmed that cells arise from pre-existing ones, Ominis cellulae cellula Gave statement that protoplasm is the Physical basis of life Described mitosis Introduced the term cytoplasm and nucleoplasm Introduced the term chromosomes Gave Protoplasm Theory Described Golgi apparatus Introduced the term mitochondria Introduced the term Meiosis Invented Electron Microscope (EM) Proposed the model for the DNA molecule Gave the term lysosome Synthesized an artificial gene from DNA nucleotides
AMPHIBIA
Proteus: Classification: - Chordata Phylum Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class Amphibia Order - Caudata or Urodela Suborder - Proteida Genus - Protenus 1. Proteus is commonly known as Olm or European blind salamander. 2. It is a cave dwelling Salamander found in many deep and dark limestone caves of Europe and America where complete darkness prevails. Diagnostic features: Eel like elongated, having 3 pairs of external gills, two pairs of gill slits, tail long with caudal fin. Eyes rudimentary, non-functional. Triton (NEWT): Classification: - Chordata Phylum Group - Vertebrata - Gnathostomata Subphylum Class Amphibia - Urodela or Caudata Order Suborder - Salamandroidea Genus - Triton or Triturus 1. Taricha was formerly known as Triton or Triturus. 2. Triton is commonly known as European Crested Newt. 3. it is distributed in U.S.A. from California to southern Alaska and Europe. 4. It is a terrestrial animal. Diagnostic features: Animal with 4 limbs, thick long tail and a crest in male. Salamandra: Classification: - Chordata Phylum Group - Vertebrata - Gnathostomata Subphylum Class Amphibia - Urodela or Caudata Order Suborder - Salamandroidea Genus - Salamandra 1. Salamandra is commonly known as European fire Salamander. 2. It is terrestrial in habit, lives under logs, stones, cracks and crevices of old walls. 3. It is distributed in Europe, Eastern Asia and North America. Rana: Classification: - Chordata Phylum Group - Vertebrata - Gnathostomata Subphylum Class Amphibia Order - Anura Suborder - Diplasicoela Genus - Rana - tigrina Species 1. Rana tigrina is commonly called as Indian bull frog. 2. It is true frog and mainly found in moist places, freshwater ponds and streams. 3. Rana is a world wide in distribution and is well represented in all tropical and temperate countries. In India the following four species are found. a) Rana tigrina - in North India b) R. cyanophsycitis - in Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan
Functions of Major Cell Components : Cell components 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm a) Endoplasmic reticulum Functions i) Protects the cell cytoplasm. ii) Controls the substances entering and leaving the cell. i) Provides an increased surface area for the metabolic activites. ii) Synthesis of steroids. iii) Concentration of products of synthetic activities of the cell. i) Produces secretions. ii) Provides surface for the synthetic reactions and concentration and chemical modifications of them. Acts, as power house of cell and release energy by the oxidation of food, Participates in the formation of spindle during celldivision Acts as protein factories of the cell and synthesize proteins. i) In the presence of light, chlorophlasts manufacture carbohydrates. ii) Brings about digestion of foreign substances that enter the cell. i) in the presence of light, chloroplasts manufacture carbohydrates. ii) Chromoplasts give colours to the structures. i) Protects the nucleus ii) Regulates the passage of substance entering and leaving the nucleus Stores RNA and controls synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. i) Controls nuclear and cell metabolism. ii) Stores hereditary information.
b) Golgi apparatus c) Mitochondria d) Centriole e) Ribosomes f) Lysosomes
g) Plastids 3. Nucleus a) Nuclear membrane b) Nucleus c) Chromatin
c) R. limnocharis -in Himalyas d) R. malabaricus - in Maharastra. 4. It is amphibious in habit i.e., terrestrial and aquatic but never found in the sea. 1. Draco is commonluy known as Flying lizard or flying dragon. 2. It is distributed in India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sumatra, Java etc. 3. It is an arboreal lizard, living on trees and flies from tree to tree. Diagnostic features: This ligard can be recognized by its long tail and patagia. Limbs pentadactylous. Gular pouch and hooks present in throat region. Gecko: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Squamata Suborder - Lacertilia Genus - Protenus 1. Gecko is commonly called as House Gecko or wall lizard. It has similarity in appearance with hemidactylus. 2. It has worldwide distribution in warm temperate countries but specially found in Asian and European countries. Hemidactylus: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Squamata Suborder - Lacertilia Genus - Hemidactylus 1. Hemidactylus is commonly known as wall lizard or house lizard. 2. It is distributed in India, Africa, Sri Lanka and China and also in all warmer countries. 3. It is a common house lizard found in every home, nocturnal in habit, cold blooded animal. 4. The lizard is pale yellow in colour measuring about 25 cm in length. Chameleon: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Squamata Suborder - Lacertilia Genus - Chameleon 1. Chameleon is the highly specialized and arboreal lizard. 2. It is distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Madagaskar and South Arabia. 3. The body is laterally compressed. Vipera (Russels Viper): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Squamata Suborder - Ophidia Genus - Vipera Species - russelli 1. Vipera russelli is commonly called as Russels viper or daboia or true viper or pitless viper or chain viper. 2. It is the largest Indian pitless viper and is mainly distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Burma and Siam. 3. It is a common poisonous snake found in rocky and bushy regions where the colouration on the skin is in keeping with the surroundings. Naja: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Squamata
REPTILIA
Draco: Classification: Phylum Group Subphylum Class Subclass Order Suborder Genus
Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata Reptilia Diapsida Squamata Lacertilia Draco
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic cells (Procell) (Bacteria and blue-green algae) 1. Cell wall is non cellulosic 2. Chlorophyll when present is not in chloroplast. 3. Flagella lack 9+2 structure 4. Nuclear membrane is absent 5. Membrane limited organelles such as Golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc. are absent (endo-membranes are absent) 6. Single chromosome is found. 7. DNA is circular and devoid of histone protein. It is naked. 8. Nucleolus and mitotic apparatus are absent. 9. Ribosomes 70S (50S+30S) 10. Respiratory and photosynthetic enzymes are located in the plasmamembrane. 11. Exocytosis and endocytosis absent. 12. Cell divides by amitosis. Eukaryotic cell (Eucell) (other animal and plant cells) 1. Cell wall in pant is cellulosic 2. Chlorophyll when present is in chloroplast. 3. Flagella when present posses characteristic 9+2 strucutre. 4. Nuclear membrane is present. 5. Endo-membranes are present. 6. Multiple chromosomes are found. 7. DNA is linear combined with proteins. 8. Nucleoli and mitotic apparatus are present. 9. Ribosomes 80S (60S+40S). 10. Respiratory and photosynthetic enzymes are located in mitochondria and chloroplast respectively. 11. Exocytosis and endocytosis present. 12. Cell divides by mitosis and meiosis both.
Some of the Enzymes found in Lysosomes and the Cell components which are their Substrates. Enzyme a) Nucleases Acid ribonucleases Acid deoxyribonuclease b) Phosphatese Acid phosphatase Acid phosphodi-esterase c) Proteases Cathepsin Collegenase Peptidases d) Lipid digesting enzymes Esterases Phospholipases e) Polysaccharide and mucopolysaccharide digesting enzymes - Galactosidase -Glucosidase -Glucuronidase Lysozyme Hyaluronidase Arylsulphatase Substrate RNA DNA Most phosphomonoesters oligonucleotides and phosphodiesters Proteins Collagen Peptides Fatty acid esters Phospholipids Animals Bone Animals; plants; protists Animals; plants; protists Source of lysosome Many tissues of animals and Plant; protists
Galactosides Glycogen
Mucopoly and polysaccharides
Bacterial cell wall and muco polysaccharides Hyaluronic acid; chondrotin sulhates Organic salphates
Animals; plants; protists Animals Animals; plants Kidney Liver Liver; plants
Suborder - Ophidia Genus - Naja Species - naja 1. Naja naja is commonly called as Cobra or Indian Nag. 2. Naja (Cobra) is the deadly poisonous snake, widely distributed in Afro-Asian countries, from southern Africa or Asia including India, China, Philipines and Sri Lanka. 3. It is found under stones near thick vegetation or under roof in old thatched roofed houses, in cervices in very old buildings inhabited by rats. Diagnostic features: Black glistening black coloured, hood present, binocoellate mark on upper surface of hood. Bungarus (Krait): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Squamata Suborder - Ophidia Genus - Bungarus 1. Bungarus is commonly known as Krait. 2. It is distributed in South Eastern Asia, India and Malayasa. 3. In India it occurs all over near human habitations, under the logs and stones and in crevices of the walls and often creeps in to the houses. 4. It is nocturnal, highly poisonous land snake. Trionyx: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Anapsida Order - Chelonia Genus - Trionyx Species - gangeticus 1. Trionyx is commonly known as fresh water terrain or tortoise. 2. Trionyx has many species and they are widely distributed in the rivers of Asia, Africa and North America. T. gangeticus is found in the rivers of north India.. 3. It is found in the muddy bottom of rivers and ponds. Testudo: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Anapsida Order - Chelonia Genus - Testudo 1. Testudo is commonly known as giant land tortoise. 2. It is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions of Asia, Africa and Europe. In India and Sri Lanka, Testudo elegans is found in dry grassy places and it goes to water in hot weather. Diagnostic features: Big sized tortoise, covered with polygonal scales having large yellow stars. Crocodilus: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Suborder - Diapsida Order - Crocodilia Genus - Crocodilus Species - porosus 1. Crocodilus porosus is commonly known as muggar of India or marsh crocodile. 2. It has a wide distribution. It inhabits rivers, ponds, tanks and marshes in India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malacea, Malay islands and Baluchistan. 3. It lives in tunnels under water. 4. It is dark olive brown on dorsal side and pale ventrally. Diagnostic features: Body covered by dorsal scales, heavy laterally compressed tail, long and pointed snout. Ventrally body and tail flattened. Gavialis: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida Order - Crocodilia Genus - Gavialis Species - gangeticus 1. Gravialis gangeticus is commonly called as gharial or naka. 2. It is found in India inhabiting chiefly the basin of Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mahanadi and Arakan rivers. 3. It is the largest of all crocodilians and measures upto 8 metres in length. 3. They are found in small ponds, fresh water marshes, on river banks and along wooded streams. 4. It is a solitary, wading bird. Psittacula (Parrot): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Aves Subclass - Neornithes Superorder - Neognathae Order - Psittaciformes Genus - Psittacula Species - krameri 1. Psittacula is commonly known as Indian rose-ringed Parakeet. 2. It is distributed throughout India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Burma. 3. It is commonly seen on fruit trees, ripe crops and in jungles. 4. They live in flocks and feed on fruits and grains. Bubo (Owl): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Aves Subclass - Neornithes Suborder - Neognathae Order - Strigiformes Genus - Bubo Species - bubo 1. Bubo bubo is commonly known as great horned owl. 2. Owls are world wide in distribution but this species, Bubo bubo is common in India, Pakistan and Burma. 3. It is a nocturnal, carnivorous and predator bird. 4. It lives in woods, but avoids thick forest, loves deserted buildings and spends day time resting on the ground under some bushes. Feathers in Birds: In birds the following types of feathers are seen: 1. Quills or flight feathers. a) Remiges Wing feathers b) Rectrices Tail feathers c) Coverts Base feathers of wings and tail 2. Contour feathers or pennae. 3. Filoplumes. 4. Down feathers or plumulae. 5. Rictal bristles.
AVES
Picus (Wood Pecker): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Aves Subclass - Neornithes Suborder - Neognathae Order - Piciformes Genus - Picus 1. Picus is commonly called as Wood peacker and in Hindi as Kathphora. 2. It is a very familiar, arboreal small bird measuring about 20-25 cm in length. 3. It is distributed throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Butorides (Heron): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Aves Subclass - Neornithes Superclass - Neognathae Order - Ciconiiformes Genus - Butorides Species - striatus 1. Butorides striatus is commonly called as Indian green heron. 2. It is distributed in Eurasia, Australia, Eastern and Central U.S.A., New Zealand, India and some islands.
MAMMALIA
Ornithorhynchus: Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Mammalia Subclass - Prototheria Order - Monotremata Genus - Ornithorhynchus 1. Ornithorhynchus is commonly known as duck-billed platypus or locally called as water mole. 2. It is found in the rivers in eastern and southern Australia and Tasmania.
3. It is a semi aquatic, shy and nocturnal manmmal which lives in burrows on the banks of rivers and streams. 4. It is a beaver like monotreme (egg laying mammal) about 50-60 cm long, well adapted to life in water. Diagnostic features: Flat bill, dorsoventrally flattened tail, fore limbs webbed. Hind limbs clawed. Tachyglossus (Echidna): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Mammalia Subclass - Prototheria Order - Monotremata Genus - Tachyglossus (Echidna) Species - aculeatus 1. Tachyglossus or Echidna is commonly called as spiny ant eater. 2. It is distributed through out Australia and Tasmania. 3. It is a terrestrial, insectivorous, nocturnal and burrowing tetrapod mammal. Diagnostic features: Mole sized animal with tubular snout, body covered by pointed spines. External ear or pinnae present. Limbs pentadactyle. Macropus (Kangaroo): Classification: Phylum - Chordata Group - Vertebrata Subphylum - Gnathostomata Class - Mammalia Subclass - Theria Infraclass - Metatheria Order - Marsupialia Genus - Macropus 1. Macropus is commonly called as Kangaroo or Great grey. 2. It is distributed in Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. 3. It is terrestrial, gregarious, herbivorous and pouched mammal found in the grassy plains.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Diagonistic characters and common examples of a major groups of Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Turbellaria (free living with gut mostly) Sub-class Order Acoela Temnocephalida Seriata Tricladida Polycladida
Monogenea (only posterior sucker present)
Key Characters No intestine but with mouth Intestine sac-like Intenstine lobulated Intenstine three-branched Intestine much-branched No oral sucker
Examples Convoluta Temnocephala Otomplana Planaria Notoplana Gyrodactylus
Monopisthocotylea
Trematoda (parasitic with gut)
Polyopisthocotylea
Oral sucker present
Polystoma
Digenea (butsuckers present)
Strigeatoida Echinostomida Amphilinidea Gyrocotylidea Nippotaeneidea Trypanorhyncha
Cercaria fork tailed Cercaria with unforked tial No sucker or bothria Sucker present Scolex with terminal sucker only Scolex with 2 or 4 bothria and a protrusible spiny proboscides in sheath Scolex with 4 cup-shaped sckers often with apical rostellum
Schistosoma Fasciola Amphilina Gyrocotyle Nippotaenia Tetrarhynchus Taenia Echinococcus
Cestoda (parasitic with no gut)
Eucestoda (body strobulate)
Cestodaria (body unstrobulate)
Taenioidea
PHYLUM NEMATODA
Some heiminth parasites of human importance: Name of Parasite 1. Paragonimus (Lung flukes) Distributed in India, China, Japan, Philipines, New Guinea and Africa, etc. 2. Diphyllobothrium World wide in distribution 3. Trichinella (Trichina worm) Commonly distributed USA. Europe and arctic regions. Absent in tropics Elephantiasis (Filarial worm) Widely distributed world over. 5. Enterobius (pin worm or Seat worm) World wide in distribution Site of Infection Mode of infections Disease caused in man Intermediate host Melania gastropod 1st host; crab & cray fish 2nd host.
Lung
Ingestion of infected crabs or crayfish without cooking
Paragonimiasis. No serious disease caused but lead to tuberculosis Anemia Abdominal pain, loss of weight and progressive weakness Trichinosis. Abdominal pain, nausea and other gastro-intestinal symptoms with or without fever
Intestine
Ingestion of infected fresh water fish Eating raw or imperfectly cooked infected meat of mammals, in most cases pork. By stings of insect, flies and mosquitoes. Ingestion of eggs; Direct.
Copepods (Cyclops)
Small intestine and the museles.
No intermediate host.
Lymphatic vessels and glands
Elephantiasis
Mosquito
Large intenstine.
Oxyuriasis.
No intermediate host.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF MAN

Some heiminth parasites of human importance: Name of Parasite (A) Trematodes 1. Fasclola hepatica 2. Schistosoma ( = Bilharzias haematobium) 3. S. Mansoni Place of infection Liver, bile duct etc Portal and mesenteric veins Portal and mesenteric veins Abdominal veins Mode of Infection Metacercaria through water Cercaria in water penetrate skin when come in contact Cercaria in water penetrate skin when come in contact Cercaria in water penetrate skin when come in contact Metacercaria Eating fresh fishes infected with cercaria Eating fresh fishes infected with cercaria Ingestion of fresh water cray fish and crabs with metacercaria Eating ill cooked pork Eating half cooked beef Eating infected fresh water fish Domesticated animals like dogs and cats which may harbour intermediate host Direct or through ingestion of infected insect Ingestion of eggs Intermediate host Lymnoea truncatula Blinus. Melonia etc. (Gastropod) Gastropods like Planorbis, Physopsis Katoyama etc. Segmentina Planorbis (Gastropod) Bithynia etc. (Gastropod) Melania (Gastropod) Gastropod Melania Pathogeny Liver-rot Urino-genital bilharziasis Intestinal Schistosomiasis etc. Japanese Schistosoniasis Diorrhoea, Anaemia etc. Liver fluke disease Intestinal disturbance Paragonimiasis Distribution Cosmopolitan Africa, Nile valley, Congo etc. Nile delta, Central Africa etc. Japan, China, Formosa etc. East Asia. China, Japan East, Asia, Balkans World wide except Australia
4. S. japonicum
5. Fascilopis buski 6. Opisthorchis sivensis 7. Metagonimus yoko-gawai 8. Paragonimus westermanni (B) Cestodes 1. Taenia solium 2. T. saginata 3. Diphyllobothrium (=Dibothriocephalus) latus 4. Diphylidium coninum
Small intestine Liver Small intestine Lungs
Intestine Intestine Intestine Intestine
Pigs Cattle (Cow) Copepods, Cyclops Fleas and lice
Cysticercosis Anaemia Anaemia, Abdominal pains Intestinal disturbance
Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmoplitan
5. Hymenolepis nana 6. Echinococcus granulosus (C) Nematodes 1. Ascaris lumbricoides 2. Wuchereria (Filaria) bancrofti 3. Ancylostoma duodenele (hook work) 4. Trichinella spiralis
Small itestine Liver, rarely lungs and kidneys Small intestine Lymphatic vessels and glands Duodenum Small intestine and then voluntary muscles Large intestine Small intestine Sub-cutaneous connective tissue, particularly of eye Subcutaneous tissue
Insect (Tribolium sp) Domesticated animals
Pain, Diarrhea Nervous symptoms Echinococcosis
Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan
Ingesting eggs By stings of insect flies and mosquitoes Free living juveniles through skin Eating infected meat of mammals like pigs Ingesting eggs Free living juveniles bore through skin Eating of infected insects and Cyclops with water Ingestion of infected Cyclops with water
Ascariasis Elephantiasis Ancylostomiasis Trichinosis
Cosmopolitan Tropics Tropics, Sub-tropics, Temperate zone etc. Cosmopolitan
5. Enterobius (=Oxyuris) vermicularis 6. Strongyloides stercoralis 7. Loa-loa
Oxyuriasis Intestinal disorder Conjunctivitis
Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Tropical Africa
8. Dracunculus medivensis
Guinea worm disease
Egypt, Africa Eurasia, India etc.
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ReviewMaster - Zoology

Members of a species show grate similarity in Proteins & Nucleic acids.

Founders & Fathers

Sub Divisions of Zoology

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

Complete Hierarchical Classification of Homosapilies (Man)

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SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN PHYLA OF NONCHORDATES

Amoeba Paramecium Polystomella

Porous body with choanocytes

Gut sac-like Coelenterata Nematocytes present Ctenophora

Comb plates Ctenoplana for locomotion Cestum

Schistosoma Fasciola Taenia

Tissue grade of organization

Cylindrical Aschelminthes with pseudocoel

Completed with anus

Slender with annular rings

Body with jointed appendages

Spiny-skined; Adult radial Asterias but larvae bilateral

General characters and classification of Invertebrate Phyla

Symmetry Radial Radial

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Non Chordate Invertebrate

2 flagella-one transverse, one trailing

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Monocystis Coccidium, Plasmodium Babesia

Many walled spores

Didinium Balantidium Paramecium Acineta Stentor Stylonychia

A boral cilia in row; few or no other cilia Vorticella

CORALS & CORAL REEFS

Bilateral 1. Dorsal and ventral sides present.

4. Body organs are arranged at equidistance from the central axis.

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PSEUDOCOELOM & EUCOELOM

SKELETAL MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE

3. Branched 4. Unincucleated 5. No power of Regeneration. 6. Blood supply abundant.

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HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA & ANTHOZOA

Trachylina Siphonophors Cubomedusae Semaeostomae Rhizostomae

Scyphozoa (Medusoid domi nant; mesogloea cellular)

Stylaster 13. Cunino Physalia 14. Carybdea Aurelia Rhizostoma 15.

Alcyonacea Gorgonacea Pennatulacea

Actiniaria Madreporaria Zoanthidea

Alcyonium Gorgonia Pennatula

Edwardsia Fungia, Meandrina Epizoanthus

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Oligochaeta (Setae few ; no parapodia)

Lumbricus, Pheretima, Tubifex. Acanthobdella

Acanthobdellida Hirudinea (Setae and parapodia absent

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Common in India, Pakistan etc.

Female Culex Female Aedes Female Aedes Female Psorophora

2. Bed-Bug: Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Hemiptera

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Head, short thorax, long abdomen

Mandibles, maxillae 1 pair

Mandibles, Maxillae 2 pairs

Cephalothor ax, abdomen

Lung books or tracheae

Mandibles, maxillae 2 pairs, Maxillipede

Usually cephalothor -ax, abdomen

1 pair per segment or less