2009 International Conference on Test and Measurement

Complex Transmission Early Fault Diagnosis Based on PSO and Filtering Techniques
XuXin
School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, North University of China Taiyuan, Shanxi, China ninaxx79@163.com

Pan Hongxia
School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, North University of China Taiyuan, Shanxi, China panhxI015@163.com for fault prediction. On the other hand, when people implemented the performance monitoring and quality monitoring to the tanks vehicle or complex transmission device, fault often associated with more different types fault. Due to the difficulty in solving the above problem, the existing majority mechanical fault diagnosis method based on the laboratory condition can't put into practice. Thus, how to effectively detect and diagnose complicated driving device's working condition of tanks vehicle become an objective problem and seriously influence to the whole vehicles system's quality monitoring and diagnosis.
II. RESEARCH STATUS AND ANALYSIS

Abstract-This paper discusses the difficulties and problems in the study of gearbox fault diagnosis currently, and moreover recommends a method to deal with complex transmission early fault diagnosis problems, strong noise of the fault diagnosis problems using particle swarm optimization (PSO) andfiltering techniques. In this paper, by summarizing the current research situation and tendency both at home and abroad, it puts forward the main research content and the key technology to be resolved in the study of gearbox fault diagnosis, also gives the research methods and techniques route to solve these problems. Finally, optimal allocation of measuring points and multi-fault location technique based on PSO algorithm is proposed and is confirmed.
Index Terms-particle swarm optimization (PSO), filtering techniques, fault diagnosis, gearbox, feature extraction
I. INTRODUCTION

As the important components of mechanical equipment, transmission device's fault diagnosis got extensive attention. With the development of the related discipline, new signal analysis method and fault diagnosis technology will be applied to the process of gearbox fault diagnosis. Because large equipments, such as the vehicles and the ships, are always equipped with complex integrated transmission device, their condition monitoring and early fault diagnosis have raised widespread concern and become an urgent topic. Its purpose is to timely and rightly judge, prevent or eliminate the fault, offer necessary guidance on the equipments' operation, improve the reliability and safety of equipments' operation and reduce the fault's loss to the lowest level. Long-term since, when people implement the early fault detection based on the vibration signal to tank vehicle's transmission device, due to the early fault signal often mixed with strong noise, faint early fault signal are flooded and couldn't show their characteristics or features are not obvious. Restricted by theory and technique, the detected vibration signals can't effectively extract fault symptoms, can't detect the reliable and effective early fault features from numerous characteristic parameters, can't determine the extent and the location of the fault, can't fully use historical data for early fault prediction and can't online use weak feature information

The particle swarm optimization algorithm and its application The particle swarm optimization algorithm is a heuristic global optimization technique raised by J. Kennedy and R.C. Eberhart [I] in 1995. The particle Swarm optimization algorithm is a kind of evolutionary design procedure based on swarm intelligence, which originates from the evolution of group behavior of birds and guide optimization through the cooperation and competition between particles of swarm intelligence. Compared with the genetic algorithm based on the evolution of ideas, the particle swarm optimization algorithm can search the optimal solution through the individual collaboration. Compared with the evolutionary algorithm, PSO retain the global search strategy, but its use the speeddisplacement and avoid the complex genetic operators. The main advantage is the concept of PSO algorithm is clear, not many parameters need to adjust and not need the gradient information of target function, so PSO algorithm is a kind of common heuristic search technology and have high searching efficiency.
Particle swarm optimization algorithm has obtained promising progress. Higashi etc [2] put forward their own mutation algorithm by introducing the mutation algorithm so as to jump out extremism operator and improve the global search ability. Professor Cao Yijia, from Zhejiang University, proposes a new hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm (HPSO), parallel optimizes the discrete variable and continuous variables, introduces the heuristic mutation process, solve the more time sets problem [3]. Professor Qian Jixin, also from Zhejiang University, applies PSO to identify nonlinear systems

A.

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and time-varying system and simulation results show that the two kinds of system identification feasibility [4].

The particle filtering technology and its application in weak signal analysis and extraction In recent years, the research about Particle Filter (PF) at home and abroad gained wide attention. Compared with traditional filtering method, this method is simple and suitable nonlinear and non-Gaussian noise environment, have been widely applied in vision tracking, robot localization, aviation navigation and fault diagnosis [5,6].
When background is quite strong, weak fault signal detection and feature extraction has been limited equipments' on-line monitoring and early diagnosis. The research on how to improve the equipments' weak signal detection and feature extraction under strong background to improve the level ofjob of all equipment and strengthen online monitoring ability has great significance. Professor Song Yaoliang in order to reduce the residual noise after the separation of signals proposes the online separation algorithm based on particle filtering technology solves the problems on source mutual interference [7]. Doctor Sun Maoheng [8], from Tongji University, proposed an improved adaptive hybrid filtering technology whose de-noising ability not restrict by threshold and for different noise adopt different filter method, the simulation analysis shows that the algorithm can effectively reduce the noise.

B.

D. The early diagnosis ofcomplex transmission device For the main difficulties (fault signal is often weak, low SNR greatly limits the application of existing diagnosis methods in the early diagnostic) in general gear box early diagnosis, more using wavelet transform, the wavelet packet decomposition, adaptive filter technology, refmed, and spectral analysis technology, etc, and can effectively eliminate noise from vibration signal of gear, extract weak fault information. Dr. Chen, from the National Defense Science and Technology University, using independent component analysis methods [15] to helicopter gearbox, effectively separated the noise and improved the SNR, realized the early fault diagnosis. Professor Xu Guanghua, from proposed sliding probabilistic neural network to tracking analysis measurement signals' probability density variation process, can effectively identify early fault warning signs. Dr. Lv Yong [16] proposed weak fault characteristic signal extraction algorithm based on the sequence decomposition and Hilbert-Huang transform which can effectively extract weak fault characteristic signal mixed in strong background.
To sum up, both at home and abroad for complex transmission early fault diagnosis, signal processing and pattern recognition technique, the theory is not mature and fully, thus the research about complex transmission early fault diagnosis based on particle swarm optimization and filtering techniques not only has good theoretical value but also has practical engineering application value. III.
THE KEY PROBLEMS NEEDED TO SOLVE

The fault diagnosis based on particle swarm optimization andfiltering algorithm On the fault diagnosis research and application based on the particle swarm optimization technology, people have carried out different levels of study. C. D. Bocaniala on a new parameters adjustment problems of fuzzy classification, compared the time spent by the particle swarm optimization algorithm and genetic algorithm, testify the particle swarm optimization with prominent superiority through fault diagnosis benchmark problem [9]. In recent years, the domestic research on particle swarm fault diagnosis issues also have many articles reporting [10,11,12].
The application of filtering technology in fault diagnosis is mainly concentrated in test signal pretreatment and fault system identification. Adaptive filtering technology can well purify noise in large rotating machinery fault signal, suppress the influence of additive Gaussian colored noise and non-Gaussian signal, better separate low-frequency fault and the useful signal under high noise background and has been successfully applied in the train bearing fault diagnosis [13]. The particle filtering technology can be used for fault detection and it has the ability to handle any nonlinear function and any noise distribution system. Professor Mo Yiwei and Xiao Deyun, from Qinghua university, use particle filtering technology to estimate hybrid system fault parameters which may change, combine particle filtering with fault detection technology based on information, developed a new kind of fault detection and isolation scheme, effectively overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method [14].

c.

A.

The optimization allocation problem ofmeasuring-point Due to the outside surface's complex shape of complex transmission device, measuring-point arrangement be restricted by structure and hard to obtain the sensitive test point, location, quantity and type of the ideal point became the key of success or failure of fault diagnosis. B.

The question on diagnosis accuracy and efficiency in complex conditions The diagnosis method based on the PSO and filtering techniques in solving the complex problems on nonlinear, cannot microprocessor and more peak show concise and effective. To make the diagnosis results and standards in laboratory conditions can guide complicated device on-line fault diagnosis, it needs to explore and study the method analysis online conditions the vibration response signal of complex transmission device. How to reasonably use the PSO and filtering techniques to solve accuracy and efficiency of early diagnosis problem in complex conditions is the first difficulty.

C. The problem offault information enhancement and signal-to-noise separation under complex conditions
The complexity of the actual working process and the multi-path of vibration response make serious overlaps between noise and signal, early fault symptoms components and unrelated signal. The application of PSO and filtering techniques for effectively separating the signal-to-noise and improving the reliability of the online early fault diagnosis is very important.

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D. The algorithm of complex transmission fault diagnosis based on the PSG and particle filtering technology Due to the mapping relationship between characteristic parameters of complex transmission device vibration response signal and the working condition is complex, how to use PSO method and the particle filtering technology to achieve the multi-objective optimization and search and propose the new algorithm suitable for convergence speed of early diagnosis and

improve accuracy of the diagnostic, effectively apply for the recognition of tanks complex transmission device work condition and fault pattern is the final problem need to solve. IV.
THE RESEARCH TECHNI CAL ROUTE

The relationship and technology line between research contents can be shown in Fig. 1.

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PSG and filterin g algorithm

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Th e ea rly fault diagnosis theorie s and techno logy based on PSG

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Fig. I The relationship and technology line between each research contents

A.

Theory research

1) Algorithms : With tanks vehicles driving device for complex object, an on-line work, vibration response signal of real-time testing and fault diagnos is, PSO theory and filtering method of adaptability , must satisfy certain conditions and solving methods . Research based on wavelet transform and the theory of fuzzy adaptive parameter adjustment is mixed

algorithm , the study PSO with nonlinear time-varying system and fault diagnosis of PSO and the particle filter, Based on the research of complex particle filter and PSO transmission device pattern recogn ition technology, using the FRF characteristics, discusses the optimal configuration of coherent fixed point in the optimal sensor technology, optimize the allocat ion of the sensor technology, Analysis of test signal transmission path, based on the influence of the fault - relay

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route PSO between complex signal - transmission device malfunction diagnosis model, In fault diagnosis of PSO and particle filter model of particle swarm, improve the diversity and self-regulation, in order to enhance the global search ability, particle to complex fault signal transmission device tanks with the complexity of non-stationary. Complex surface structure is complex, the transmission device testability are greatly restricted. The optimal points in theory are far from the characteristics reflected by actual testing signals, through decorate sensor network can realize the measuring signal collection, the large analysis and correlation calculation of signal, combined with filtering technology, set up the signal transmission and relationship model between different points, using PSO technology, optimized configuration measuringpoints, establish the optimal measuring-points scheme of complex device.

2) Measuring configuration:

accuracy in complex transmission fault diagnosis. On the basis of PSO and the particle filtering technology, the study learn the method of convergence speed and reliability diagnostic in samples for tank vehicles' complex transmission device fault diagnosis and build a new theory of complex transmission early fault diagnosis based on the PSO and filtering techniques .

B. Experimentalresearch 1) Two gear box on my unit test: Use two class gearbox in
order to fmish the project fund by the provincial. By comparing normal condition with fault condition, the research will study the specific measures of applying PSO and filtering technology to mechanical transmission equipment fault diagnosis, such as: the design and optimization technique of the sensor array, measuring-points, measuring parameters and sampling-points' choice and optimization, the SNR separation technology validation, signal analysis technology, and the characteristic parameter validation, fault recognition accuracy and the whole new theories and methods' validation.

3) Weak signal extraction technology: In complex transmission devices' work process, because its environment is harsh, the response signal from various incentive signal source superimpose and interfere and the noise is more serious than the stable laboratory condition. Because the response signal caused by early fault is submerged in the strong background signal, its faint change is hard to identify. At the same time, because the noise modulated by the changes of rotate speed, add to the fault characteristics information from different paths, signal composition is very complicated. In order to remove noise in the original response and strong background signal, strengthen and extract fault feature information, improve the diagnostic accuracy, must separate the measured signals' signal-to-noise. This project will combine wavelet de-noising with several filtering technology, enhance the fault information, cooperate pattern decomposition and signal-to-noise separation technology based on the principal component analysis, in-depth study on the method of SNR of the vibration signals and increasing diagnostic accuracy based on the filtering, establish the corresponding relationship between complex transmission working condition and characteristic parameters of the vibration response signal and research vibration signal signalto-noise separation technology suitable for complex transmission early fault diagnosis. 4) Fault diagnosis method: Due to the complexity of the
transmission devices' nonlinear and time-varying process, between the characteristic parameters of the vibration signal and complex transmission devices' working condition constitutes a complex mapping relationship. How to correctly recognize complex transmission devices' working condition and fault mode according to the effective characteristic parameters is the fmal problem need to solve. This project will apply PSO and filtering techniques for fault feature classification and selection, breakthrough the limits of using PSO for neural network training, form the valid pattern recognition and fault diagnosis technology based on PSO and the particle filter to solve the problem of fault location low

2) Armored vehicles driving device test: Through the fault diagnosis experiment of vehicle complex transmission device (multilevel, costume and complex) verify, revise and improve the theory and technology of vehicle complex transmission device early fault diagnosis based on PSO and filtering techniques.
V.
CONCLUSION

Due to the complexity of environmental conditions and the time-varying of load, need analysis the results' algorithms, applicability and efficiency under the condition of laboratory, make various correction and supplement and complete vehicle complex device early diagnosis theory based on PSO and filtering technology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work described in this paper has been supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant No.50875247 and Province Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi under the grant No.2007011070. The authors would like to express their gratitude for the support of this study.
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