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The Rules for Abortion and Causing Miscarriage
Isqt-i-Haml and Isqt-i-Janin in the Pakistan Penal Code
Fatw Issued For Virtual Sharah Court
Imran A. Nyazee Version 1.0
nyazee@icIoud.com January , 201
CiIe as: VSCF-2 (2012) 1
1 PucLiviNAuv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Tnc FAcfs: Tnc Vicws or fnc Juuisfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Ab DaRr aI-Ksns TexI (TransIaIion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 TLe View oI OILer JurisIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tnc Issucs FuAvcn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 ANALvsis or fnc RuLcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Nu]oh, A|oqoh, Mughoh and P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Is ILere IiIe in ILe nughoh? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4. Is AborIion an InIenIionaI KiIIing oI ILe CLiId in ILe Womb? . 15
5 PuonLcvs Wifn fnc LAw or IsQA;--HAm ANn IsQA1--JANIN . . . . . . . 17
6 Tnc RuLiNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A Tnc SccfioNs or fnc PAkisfAN PcNAL Conc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1 PucLiviNAuv
TLe PaRisIan PenaI Code deaIs wiIL ILe issue oI causing miscarriage/aborIion in
8, 8A, 8D, and 8C. TLe Iwo oences deaII wiIL are sq on| and
sq ]onn. TLe disIincIion beIween ILe Iwo oences is based on wLeILer or noI
ILe organs oI ILe baby in ILe womb are Iormed. TLe secIions do noI speciIy wLen
ILe organs are Iormed. TLe oences, as dened, apparenIIy IoIIow ILe IexIs oI ILe
jurisIs oI ILe anaI scLooI. TLe secIions aIso provide Ior punisLmenI in ILe Iorm
oI imprisonmenI, wLicL is someILing ILaI ILe IexIs oI ILe jurisIs do noI IaIR abouI.
FurILer, ILe jurisIs do noI, Ior obvious reasons, disIinguisL beIween inIenIionaI
and uninIenIionaI causing oI miscarriage in ILe siIuaIion under consideraIion.
TLe PPC IoIIows suiI wiIL wLaI may noI be ILe rigLI ILing Io do, ILaI is, ILe
imposiIion oI sIricI IiabiIiIy. In addiIion Io ILis, neiILer ILe IexIs oI ILe jurisIs nor
ILe secIions oI ILe PPC menIion ILe Iime aI wLicL IiIe (apparenIIy ) is breaILed
inIo ILe cLiId in ILe womb. TLis, Lowever, is an issue ILaI is vigorousIy debaIed,
on ILe basis oI verses oI ILe Qurn and IradiIions, by ILose wriIing on ILe issue
oI aborIion.
In ILis ]otu, we wiII IreaI ILe IexIs oI ILe jurisIs as ILe IacIs oI ILe case. A
IransIaIion oI aI-Ksns organized IexI wiII be provided IoIIowed by ILe views oI
1
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2 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 2
oILer jurisIs. AIIer ILis, ILe issues Io be discussed wiII be Iramed. An anaIysis oI
ILe ruIes and presumpIions wiII ILen IoIIow. FinaIIy, a ruIing wiII be provided.
2 Tnc FAcfs: Tnc Vicws or fnc Juuisfs
2.1 Ab Bakr al-Ksns Text (Translation)
2.1.1 Introductory Remarks
1. TLe word ]ngt as used in IsIamic Iaw covers boIL crimes and IorIs, ILaI
is, oences and civiI wrongs. Oences and civiI wrongs are IreaIed and anaIyzed
separaIeIy, buI onIy aIIer cIassiIying ILem as one unied caIegory. TLis cIassi-
caIion is, ILereIore, somewLaI dierenI Irom modern Iaw in wLicL crimes and
IorIs are RepI separaIe. Even in ILe Iaw, ILis separaIion is someIimes considered
unjusIied as cerIain IorIs are aIso criminaIized, and ILere may be oILer reasons
Ioo Ior aboIisLing ILe disIincIion. Our purpose Lere is onIy Io poinI ILis ouI so ILaI
ILis Iorm oI cIassicaIion sLouId noI cause oncepIuaI probIems Ior ILe reader.
2. In ILis documenI, we wiII rsI IransIaIe aI-Ksns IexI on Jngoh Agonst
the Jonn. TLis wiII be IoIIowed wiIL ILe views oI oILer jurisIs and an anaIysis oI
ILe various opinions Io arrive aI ILe ruIes Ior causing aborIion and miscarriage.
TLe meaning oI ILe Ierm ]onn, as weII as oILer Ierms used by ILe jurisIs, wiII
become cIear as we move ILrougL ILe discussion.
2.1.2 The Meaning and Types of Jinyt
3. AI-Ksn begins ILe Rook o] ]ngt wiIL ILe IoIIowing inIroducIion: Jngoh
is essenIiaIIy oI Iwo Iypes: ]ngh againsI animaIs and inanimaIe ILings; and
]ngoh againsI Luman beings. As Ior ]ngoh againsI animaIs and inanimaIe
ILings, iI is oI Iwo Iypes as weII: ghoL (usupraIion/misappropriaIion/abducIion)
and desIrucIion (oI properIy). We Lave aIready discussed eacL oI ILese in ILe
Rook o] GhoL. TLis booR is designed specicaIIy Ior idenIiIying ILe IegaI posiIion
(ukn) oI ]ngoh againsI a Luman being. We, ILereIore, sayand wiIL AIIaL Iies
aII success.
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Jngoh againsI a Luman being is basicaIIy oI ILree Iypes: ]ngoh againsI IiIe
in ILe absoIuIe sense; ]ngoh againsI wLaI is Iess ILan IiIe in ILe absoIuIe sense
(Iimbs and body parIs); and ]ngoh againsI wLaI is IiIe in some senses and noI in
oILers.
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2 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf
..
Oences/TorIs
.
AnimaIs and
InanimaIe ProperIy
.
UsurpaIion
abducIion
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DesIrucIion
.
Human Deing
.
LiIe in ILe
AbsoIuIe Sense
.
WLaI is Iess
ILan LiIe in ILe
AbsoIuIe Sense
.
LiIe in some
senses buI noI
in oILers
We may now Iurn Io ILe IransIaIion oI aI-Ksns IexI on causing miscarriage. He
says:
2.1.3 The Text on Jinyah Against the Jann
4. As Ior ]ngoh againsI wLaI is IiIe in some respecIs and noI in oILers, wLicL
is ILe ]onn, iI is IiRe someone sIriRing aI ILe beIIy oI ILe pregnanI woman and sLe
deIivers ILe ]onn; ILis invoRes IegaI ruIes. TLe generaI sIaIemenI abouI ILis is ILaI
ILe ]onn may: (1) eiILer be [a] Iree [person], wLere ILe IemaIe is a Ireewoman, or is
a sIave girI wLo Las conceived Ler masIers cLiId, or Las conceived Irom a person
wLom sLe married decepIiveIy (posing as a Ireewoman); or iI is a sIave. Again,
ILe woman may Lave deIivered iI dead or aIive. II iI is a Ireeperson and Las been
deIivered dead, ILen ILere is IiabiIiIy Ior ILe ghuoh (reparaIion Ior ILis oence).
TLe discussion oI ILe ghuoh is spread over severaI poinIs: ILe descripIion oI iIs
obIigaIion, iIs descripIion and esIimaIion, ILe descripIion oI wLo wiII pay iI, and
ILe descripIion oI ILe person Ior wLom iI is paid.
5. As Ior ILe rsI, ILe ghuoh becomes obIigaIory by way oI stsn.
1
AnaIogy
dicIaIes ILaI ILere is no IiabiIiIy Ior ILe agressor. TLe reason (Ior ILe anaIogy) is
ILaI iI is probabIe ILaI ILere was IiIe (in ILe IeIus) aI ILe Iime oI sIriRing, and iI is
aIso probabIe ILaI no IiIe Lad been creaIed in iI as yeI. CompensaIion, ILereIore,
cannoI be imposed on ILe basis oI (sucL) doubI. II is Ior ILe same reason ILaI no
compensaIion is awarded in ILe case oI ILe ]onn oI animaIs, excepI Ior ILe Ioss (in
ILe vaIue) oI ILe animaI iIseII, and ILis is ILe same case. NeverILeIess, ILe jurisIs
gave up ILis anaIogy on accounI oI ILe sunnoh, wLicL is reIaIed by MugLraL ibn
SLubaL (Ood be pIeased wiIL Lim), wLo said: I was among Iwo IemaIes wLen
one oI ILem sIrucR ILe oILer wiIL a IenI-poIe.
2
TLe woman deIivered a IiIeIess
]onn and ILen died. TLe Messenger oI AIIaL (pbuL) imposed ILe paymenI oI dgoh
(bIood-money Ior IiIe) by ILe q|oh oI ILe IemaIe oender, as weII as ILe paymenI
oI ghuoh.
6. II is reIaIed Irom Sayyadn Umar (Ood be pIeased wiIL Lim) ILaI a dis-
puIe was brougLI Io Lim in ILe case oI an aborIed ]onn. Sayyadn Umar (Ood
be pIeased wiIL Lim) said: I beseecL you in ILe name oI AIIL, Lave you Leard
1. Istsn is a meILod oI IegaI reasoning by means oI wLicL ILe anaIogicaI or IogicaI concIusion is
given up as iI is opposed by a sIronger evidence. In ILis case, ILe sIronger evidence is a IradiIion
due Io wLicL ILe use oI our reason is Iurned down.
2. Or a IenI-peg or a roIIing-pin.
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4 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 2
anyILing Irom ILe Messenger oI AIIL (pbuL) abouI ILis maIIer. AI ILis MugLraL
(Ood be pIeased wiIL Lim) sIood up and said, I was among Iwo IemaIes, and
Le reIaIed ILe above reporI. WiILin iI Le said, TLe uncIe oI ILe ]onn sIood up
and said, He Rnows beIIer. TLe IaILer oI ILe IemaIe wLo Lad sIrucR sIood up and
said, How can we pay ILe dgoh oI one wLo did noI IeI ouI a sound or cry, nor did
Le drinR or eaI. TLe bIood oI sucL a ILing goes wasIe. TLe PropLeI (pbuL) said, Is
ILis ILe prose oI a sooILsayer? TLe words prose oI ILe viIIagers are aIso narraIed.
In iI ILere is a ghuoh: a maIe or IemaIe sIave. Umar (Ood be pIeased wiIL Lim)
said Io Lim, WLo wiInessed ILis wiIL you? AI ILis Muammad ibn SaIamaL
sIood up and IesIied. Sayyadn Umar said, We were abouI Io decide on ILe
basis oI our own opinion, buI ILere is a sunnoh oI ILe Messenger oI AIIaL (pbuL)
on ILis. TLis incidenI is aIso reIaIed by HammaI ibn MIiR ibn aI-NbigLaL.
7. TLe reason is ILaI iI ILe ]onn was aIive ILe aggressor caused ILe Ioss oI
iIs IiIe, and causing Ioss oI IiIe amounIs Io Lomicide. II iI was noI aIive, ILen Le
prevenIed ILe occurrence oI IiIe and is, ILereIore, IiabIe Ior compensaIion, jusI IiRe
ILe person marrying (ILaI is, ILe sIave girI) by decepIion prevenIs ILe occurrence
oI sIavery in ILe cLiId Ior wLicL IiabiIiIy Ior compensaIion is imposed on Lim. II
does noI maIIer wLeILer ILe Iormwas compIeIe or incompIeIe, because ILe PropLeI
(pbuL) awarded ILe ghuoh and did noI eIaboraIe. TLis indicaIes ILaI ILe ruIe
does noI vary due Io ILis (compIeIe Iorm). II noILing is visibIe wiIL respecI Io iIs
creaIion (Iorm), ILen ILere is no IiabiIiIy in ILis, because iI is noI a ]onn and is jusI
an embryo. II does noI maIIer eiILer wLeILer ILe ]onn was a maIe or IemaIe. TLe
reason is ILaI due Io ILe non-appearance oI ILe creaIed Iorm iI becomes dicuII
Io disIinguisL beIween maIe and IemaIe, ILus, ILe consideraIion oI gender in ILis
case is dropped.
8. As Ior ILe eIaboraIion oI ILe meaning oI ghuoh, iI is a maIe or IemaIe sIave.
TLis is wLaI Ab Ubayd, an experI in Ianguage, said. LiRewise, ILe Messenger oI
AIIaL (pbuL) eIaboraIed iI in ILe same sense in ILe IradiIion ILaI we Lave narraIed.
TLus, ILe Messenger oI AIIaL (pbuL) said, In iI ILere is a ghuoh: a maIe sIave or
a IemaIe sIave, deeming ghuoh a maIe or IemaIe sIave. II was narraIed ILaI Le
(pbuL), Awarded a ghuoh in ILe case oI a ]onn as a maIe or IemaIe sIave or ve
Lundred. TLis IradiIion became a commenIary Ior ILe earIier reporI, ILereIore,
ILe Ierm ghuoh, in ILe IerminoIogy oI ILe Iaw, became ILe name Ior a maIe or
IemaIe sIave Laving a vaIue oI ve Lundred or vaIued aI ve Lundred.
9. TLereaIIer, ILe xing oI ghuoh aI ve Lundred is ILe opinion oI our com-
panions (anaIs) (Ood bIess ILem). According Io aI-SL (Ood bIess Lim) iI is
deIermined as six Lundred. TLis is a sub-ruIe oI wLaI we Lave menIioned in wLaI
Las preceded. TLe reason is ILaI ILey agreed ILaI ILe obIigaIion is one-LaII oI
Ien percenI oI ILe dgoh. According Io Lim (aI-SL), dgoh is xed aI 12000,
ILereIore, one-LaII oI Ien percenI oI ILis is six Lundred. TLe evidence adduced
Ior ILe vaIidiIy oI our opinion is ILaI in some narraIions ILe PropLeI (pbuL) is
reporIed Io Lave decided ILaI ILe ghuoh is a maIe sIave, or a IemaIe sIave or ve
Lundred. TLis is expIiciI on ILis issue.
10. As Ior ILe eIaboraIion oI ILe person Ior wLom ILe paymenI oI ILe ghuoh
is obIigaIory, (we say ILaI) iI is obIigaIory on ILe q|oh, due Io ILe IradiIion we
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2 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 5
Lave reIaIed, ILaI is, TLe Messenger oI AIIaL (pbuL) imposed ILe paymenI oI dgoh
(bIood-money Ior IiIe) by ILe q|oh oI ILe IemaIe oender, as weII as ILe paymenI
oI ghuoh. II is aIso reIaIed ILaI ILe q|oh oI ILe oI ILe woman wLo sIrucR ILe
bIow said, SLouId we pay ILe dgoh oI one wLo did noI IeI ouI a sound or cry, nor
did Le drinR nor eaI. TLe bIood oI sucL a ILing goes wasIe. TLis indicaIes ILaI
ILe decision was Io maRe ILem IiabIe Ior ILe dgoh insoIar as ILey associaIed ILis
wiIL ILemseIves by denying iI. FurILer, iI is in Iieu oI a IiIe, ILereIore, iI is imposed
on ILe q|oh, as in ILe case oI ILe dgoh.
11. As Ior ILe person Io wLom iI is paid, iI is ILe inLeriIance oI ILe Leirs oI
ILe ]onn, according Io ILe ]od (sLares) xed by AIIaL, ILe OIorious and ILe
ExaIIed. TLis is so according Io mosI jurisIs. MIiR (Ood bIess Lim) said ILaI
ILe paymenI is noI Io be be inLeriIed and is Ior ILe moILer aIone. TLe reasoning
adopIed by Lim is ILaI ILe ]onn Las ILe same IegaI sIaIus as one oI ILe oILer
body parIs oI ILe moILer. AccordingIy, iI is a ]ngoh againsI ILe moILer. TLe
osh (xed compensaIion) is Io be paid Io Ler as in ILe case oI Ler oILer Iimbs. We
(anaIs) mainIain ILaI ILe ghuoh is a counIer-vaIue (compensaIion) Ior ILe IiIe
oI ILe ]onn, and a counIer-vaIue Ior IiIe becomes inLeriIance IiRe ILe dgoh. TLe
argumenI ILaI iI is a counIer-vaIue Ior ILe IiIe oI ILe ]onn, and noI a counIer-vaIue
Ior a consIiIuenI parI IiRe oILer parIs oI ILe moILer, is ILaI ILe obIigaIion in ILe
]onn oI ILe unn o|-uo|od (sIave girI bearing ILe cLiId oI ILe masIer) is ILe same
as ILe obIigaIion Ior ILe ]onn oI a Ireewoman. TLere is no disagreemenI in ILis
ILaI ILe ]onn oI ILe unn o|-uo|od is an independenI parI. Had iI been given ILe
sIaIus oI a consIiIuenI parI oI ILe moILer, iI wouId Lave been a Iree parI oI ILe
moILer wLen aII Ler oILer parIs were ILose oI a sIave. TLis is noI (IegaIIy and
IogicaIIy) permiIIed.

12. TLe evidence Ior ILis is ILaI ILe PropLeI (pbuL) awarded ILe paymenI
oI dgoh Ior ILe moILer, Io be paid by ILe q|oh, aIong wiIL ILe award oI ILe
paymenI oI ghuoh. Had iI (ILe ]onn) been assigned ILe meaning oI a consIiIuIenI
parI oI ILe moILer, ILe ]onn wouId noI Lave been given a separaIe award, raILer
ILe ghuoh wouId Lave been incIuded in ILe moILers dgoh. For exampIe, iI
ILe moILers Land Lad been cuI and sLe Lad died, ILe dgoh oI ILe Land wouId
be incIuded wiILin ILe dgoh Ior Ler IiIe. LiRewise, wLen ILe q|oh reIuIed ILe
bearing oI ILe dgoh (oI ILe cLiId) in ILis case, and said, SLouId we pay ILe
dgoh oI one wLo did noI IeI ouI a sound or cry, nor did Le drinR nor eaI. TLe
bIood oI sucL a ILing goes wasIe, ILe PropLeI (pbuL) did noI say Io ILem ILaI I
Lave imposed ILis on ILe woman inicIing ILe sIroRe on ILe woman vicIim and
noI due Io ILe oence againsI ILe ]onn. Had ILe obIigaIion oI paying osh Ior
iI been on accounI oI iIs being a consIiuIenI parI oI ILe moILer, ILe objecIion oI
ILe q|oh wouId Lave been removed (in any case), on ILe basis oI wLaI we Lave
said. TLis indicaIes ILaI ILe paymenI oI ILe ghuoh become obIigaIory due Io ILe
oence againsI ILe ]onn and noI on accounI oI ILe oence againsI ILe moILer. II
. Today, many peopIe wiII noI appreciaIe ILis argumenI, as sIavery no Ionger exisIs, buI iI is
essenIiaIIy sound Ior ILose Iimes and Ior a uniIorm deveIopmenI oI ILe Iaw wiILouI inIernaI
inconsisIences. We may Lave someILing Io say abouI ILis IaIer.
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6 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 2
was, ILereIore, an independenI acRnowIedged oence in iIseII and noI due Io ILaI
againsI ILe moILer.
13. TLe oender does noI inLeriI any parI oI ILe ghuoh. TLe reason is ILaI Le
Las commiIIed unjusIied Lomicide, and unjusIied Lomicide becomes ILe basis
Ior ILe excIusion Irom inLeriIance. TLere is, Lowever, no kooh Ior ILe sIriRing
oender, because ILe PropLeI (pbuL) on awarding ILe ghuoh againsI ILe oender
did noI menIion kooh, even ILougL ILe siIuaIion was one ILaI needed IurILer
expIanaIion. Had expiaIion been obIigaIory Le wouId Lave eIaboraIed ILis. TLe
reason is ILaI ILe obIigaIion is reIaIed Io Lomicide, buI oILer aIIribuIes couId noI
be idenIied in ILe ]onn wiIL respecI Io IaiIL and unbeIieI, in reaIiIy or IegaIIy.
AIIL ILe ExaIIed Las said, And wLoever RiIIs a beIiever by misIaRe, iI is ordained
ILaI Le sLouId Iree a beIieving sIave, and pay compensaIion Io ILe deceaseds
IamiIy, unIess ILey remiI iI IreeIy.
4
He Las aIso said, II Le beIonged Io a peopIe
wiIL wLom ye Lave IreaIy oI muIuaI aIIiance, compensaIion sLouId be paid Io Lis
IamiIy, and a beIieving sIave be Ireed,
5
ILaI is, iI Le is RiIIed and noILing is Rnown
abouI Lis deaIL. TLe reason is ILaI noILing is Rnown abouI Lis IiIe, and so aIso
Lis IaiIL and unbeIieI, in reaIiIy or IegaIIy.
14. As Ior ILe reaIiIy, ILere is no doubI ILaI ILese aIIribuIes are absenI, because
IaiIL and unbeIieI cannoI be reaIized in ILe case oI a ]onn. TLe same appIies Io
ILe IegaI posiIion, because aII ILis is possibIe ILrougL IiIe, and iIs IiIe couId noI be
idenIied. FurILer, kooh (expiaIion) is a maIIer oI deIermined amounIs and
deIermined amounIs are noI Rnown on ILe basis oI opinion and ]thd (raIionaI-
izaIion), raILer ILey are Rnown ILrougL reIiance on ILe IexIs, and ILese are ILe
MigLIy DooR, ILe Sunnoh and I]n. NoILing wiIL respecI Io ILis (expiaIion) is Io
be Iound in ILe case oI ILe ]onn ILaI was deIivered dead, ILereIore, kooh is
noI Io be made obIigaIory. FurILer, iIs obIigaIion is reIaIed Io (ILe IaRing oI) IiIe in
ILe absoIuIe sense, wLiIe ILe ]onn is IiIe in some senses and noI in oILers. TLis
is based on ILe argumenI ILaI a compIeIe dgoh is noI imposed Ior (desIroying) iI.
In addiIion Io ILis, ILe sIroRe ILaI resIuIed in ILe Ioss oI IiIe (oI ILe moILer) wouId
be indirecI Lomicide and noI direcI (in ILe case oI ILe ]onn). IndirecI Lomicide
(due Io indirecI causaIion) does noI give rise Io ILe paymenI oI kooh, IiRe ILe
digging oI a piI and so on (wLen someone accidenIaIIy IaIIs in iI).
15. Muammad (ibn aI-asan aI-SLaybn), Ood bIess Lim, said ILaI ILere
is no kooh Ior ILe sIriRing oender even iI ILe ]onn was deIivered wiIL IuIIy
Iormed organs, unIess ILe oender wisLes Io do so voIunIariIy as ILaI is beIIer;
buI iI is noI obIigaIory on Lim according Io us. He sLouId seeR nearness Io AIIaL,
ILe OIorious and ExaIIed, by doing so wiIL wLaIever Le IiRes iI Le Las ILe abiIiIy.
He sLouId seeR repenIence Irom AIIaL, ILe PraiseworILy and ExaIIed, Ior wLaI Le
Las brougLI abouI. TLis is ILe view oI Ab YsuI (Ood bIess Lim), and our view.
TLis is Low Muammad, Ood bIess Lim, Las menIioned iI. TLe reason is ILaI Le
Las brougLI abouI a proLibiIed acI and iI is recommended ILaI Le seeR nearness
ILrougL kooh Ior erasing iI.
4. Qurn 4:92
5. Qurn 4:92
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2 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 7
16. TLe above is ILe case wLen sLe deIivered iI dead. II, Lowever, sLe deIivers
iI and iI is aIive and ILen dies, ILen ILere is a IuII dgoh (Io be paid) Irom wLicL
ILe sIriRing oender does noI inLeriI anyILing, and is aIso IiabIe Ior kooh. As
Ior deprivaIion Irom inLeriIance, iI is based on wLaI we said. As Ior ILe obIigaIion
oI (IuII) dgoh and kooh, ILe reason is ILaI as iI emerged aIive and ILen died,
iI became Rnown ILaI iI was aIive aI ILe Iime oI ILe bIow. TLe sIriRing oI ILe bIow
Ied Io ILe RiIIing oI a Iiving person; ILis IaRes ILe meaning oI khoo (by misIaRe;
mansIaugLIer), and Ior ILis dgoh and kooh are imposed.
17. TLis is ILe case wLen a singIe ]onn is deIivered. II sLe deIivers Iwo and boIL
are dead, ILen Ior eacL one oI ILem ILere is one ghuoh. II ILey were boIL aIive
and ILen died, ILen Ior eacL one ILere is (separaIe) dgoh, due Io ILe presence oI
ILe cause oI obIigaIion Ior eacL one oI ILem, and ILaI is desIrucIion (oI IiIe). He
RiIIed ILem, Lowever, wiIL a singIe bIow, and one wLo RiIIs Iwo persons wiIL a
singIe bIow is IiabIe Ior paying compensaIion Ior eacL one oI ILem. II is as iI Le
RiIIed eacL one oI ILem wiIL a separaIe bIow, as in ILe case oI Iwo grown persons.
II sLe deIivers one oI ILem as dead and ILe oILer aIive, and ILen ILe one Iiving
dies, ILen Le is IiabIe Io pay a ghuoh Ior ILe one born dead and dgoh Ior ILe
one born aIive, due Io ILe exisIence oI ILe cause oI obIigaIion oI ILe ghuoh Ior
ILe dead ]onn and ILe cause oI obIigaIion oI dgoh Ior ILe ]onn ILaI was aIive (Ior
a wLiIe). TLus, causing combined and separaIe desIrucIion oI IiIe in ILis case are
Io be deemed ILe same.
18. II ILe moILer dies Irom ILe bIow and ILe ]onn emerges aIive and dies
ILereaIIer, ILen Le is IiabIe Ior ILe paymenI oI Iwo dgos: a dgoh Ior ILe moILer
and a dgoh Ior ILe ]onn, due Io ILe presence oI ILe cause oI boIL obIigaIions,
wLicL is ILe RiIIing oI Iwo Luman beings. II ILe ]onn emerges dead aIIer ILe
moILers deaIL, Le is IiabIe Ior ILe dgoh oI ILe moILer, and Le Las Io pay noILing
Ior ILe ]onn. AI-SL, Ood bIess Lim, said ILaI Le Las Io pay ghuoh Ior ILe
]onn in ILis case. TLe IegaI reasoning Ior Lis view is ILaI Le RiIIed boIL oI ILem,
and is Io be LeId accounIabIe ILrougL compensaIion Ior eacL one oI ILem, jusI as
in ILe case wLere Iwo ]onns emerged dead and ILen ILe moILer died. We mainIain
ILaI anaIogy essenIiaIIy prevenIs ILaI ILe (desIrucIion oI ILe) ]onn be subjecI Io
compensaIion, on ILe basis oI wLaI we eIaboraIed, aIong wiIL ILe probabiIiIy ILaI
ILere was no IiIe in iI. AnoILer IacI becomes more probabIe in ILis case, wLeILer
ILe ]onn died as a resuII oI ILe bIow or wLeILer iI died due Io ILe deaIL oI ILe
moILer. We Lave come Io Rnow abouI ILe imposiIion oI compensaIion ILrougL ILe
IexI, and ILe IexI was Iaid down Ior a specic siIuaIion, wLicL is ILaI iI emerges
dead prior Io ILe deaIL oI ILe moILer. TLis Ieads Io ILe exIincIion oI eiILer one oI
ILese probabiIiIies. ConsequenIIy, ILe second IacI is deIermined, and ILaI is ILe
negaIion oI ILe obIigaIion oI onn (compensaIion) in siIuaIions oILer ILan ILis.
19. AII ILe above appIies wLen ILe ]onn is Iree. II iI is a sIave, and iI emerges
dead ILen ILere is one-LaII oI Ien percenI oI iIs vaIue iI iI is a maIe, and IenIL oI
ILe iIs vaIue iI iI is a IemaIe. II is reIaIed Irom Ab YsuI ILaI in ILe case oI ILe
]onn oI a sIave woman ILe Ioss in ILe vaIue oI ILe moILer is Io be paid. AI-SL
said ILaI a IenIL oI ILe vaIue oI ILe moILer is Io be paid. As Ior ILe discussion
wiIL Ab YsuI, iI is based on ILe basic ruIe ILaI we menIioned in wLaI Las
.
.
.
.
8 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 2
preceded, wLicL is wLeILer ILe compensaIion Io be paid Ior an oence againsI a
sIave is compensaIion Ior IiIe or compensaIion Ior properIy. TLus, on ILe basic
presumpIion oI boIL (Ab anIaL and Muammad) iI is compensaIion Ior IiIe, so
mucL so ILaI ILey said: iIs vaIue is noI Io exceed ILe dgoh oI a Ireeman, raILer iI
is Io be Iess. LiRewise, iI is ILe q|oh ILaI Las Io bear iI. According Io Ab YsuI,
Ood bIess Lim, iIs compensaIion is ILe compensaIion oI properIy, so ILaI Le said:
iIs vaIue is Io go up Io wLaIever IimiI iI goes up Io, and iI is noI Io be borne by ILe
q|oh. TLus, iIs ]onn comes Io be simiIar Io ILe ]onn oI an animaI. In ILaI case,
ILe IiabIiIy is onIy up Io ILe Ioss in ILe vaIue oI ILe moILer, and so aIso Lere. As
Ior ILe discussion wiIL aI-SL, Ood bIess Lim, iI is based on wLeILer ILe ]onn
is Io be considered an independenI being or as parI oI iIs moILer. We Lave aIready
menIioned evidences ILaI iI is considered an independenI being and noI as parI
oI iIs moILer, as Las preceded. AnoILer evidence Ior iI is ILaI ILe compensaIion
oI ILe ]onn oI a Ireewoman is inLeriIed according Io ILe ]od (sLares) xed by
AIIaL, ILe PowerIuI and ILe MajesIic. Had iI been considered a parI oI ILe moILer,
ILe compensaIion wouId be deIivered Io Ler, jusI as ILe osh Ior one Ler Iimbs is
paid Io Ler.
20. II iI is esIabIisLed ILaI ILe ]onn is Io be IegaIIy acRnowIedged Ior iIseII,
and ILaI ILe obIigaIion Ior iI(s Ioss) is onn, ILen ILis consideraIion Ieads Io ILe
concIusion ILaI in ILe ]onn oI a sIave woman, iI iI (ILe ]onn) is a sIave, is one-LaII
oI Ien percenI oI iIs vaIue iI iI is a maIe, and Ien percenI oI iIs vaIue iI iI is a IemaIe.
TLe reason is ILaI ILe obIigaIion Ior ILe Iree ]onn is ve Lundred, wLeILer iI is
maIe or IemaIe, wLicL is one-LaII oI Ien percenI oI ILe dgoh oI ILe maIe and Ien
percenI oI ILe dgoh oI ILe IemaIe. VaIue in ILe case oI ILe sIave is IiRe dgoh in
ILe case oI ILe Ireeperson. TLus, iI maRes iI binding ILaI ILe paymenI in ILe case
oI ILe sIave ]onn is one-LaII oI Ien percenI oI iIs vaIue iI iI is a maIe, IaRing inIo
accounI ILe ruIe Ior ILe Ireeman, and is Ien percenI oI iIs vaIue iI iI is a IemaIe,
IaRing inIo accounI ILe ruIe Ior ILe Ireewoman. II iI emerges aIive and ILen dies,
iIs vaIue is Io be paid, on ILe basis oI wLaI we said abouI ILe Iree ]onn.
21. II sLe deIivers Iwo dead or Iwo aIive ]onns, wLo ILen die, ILen ILe paymenI
Ior eacL one oI ILem IaRen IogeILer is ILe same as wLaI is due IaRen separaIeIy,
due Io wLaI we Lave said in ILe case oI ILe Iree ]onn. II sLe deIivers one oI ILem
dead and ILe oILer aIive, wLo ILen dies, ILen Ior eacL one oI ILem is due wLaI
is due separaIeIy, as Las preceded. II ILe moILer dies oI ILe bIow and ILe ]onn
emerges aIive aIIer ILis and ILen dies, ILen Le is IiabIe Ior Iwo vaIues: one Ior
ILe moILer and one Ior ILe ]onn. II ILe ]onn emerges dead aIIer ILe deaIL oI ILe
moILer, ILen Le is IiabIe Ior ILe vaIue oI ILe moILer and noILing is Io be paid Ior
ILe ]onn, on ILe basis oI wLaI we said.
22. TLe ruIe ILen is ILaI eacL case in wLicL a ghuoh is Io be paid Ior a Iree
]onn, Ior ILe sIave ]onn one-LaII oI Ien percenI oI ILe vaIue is Io be paid iI iI
is a maIe and Ien percenI oI ILe vaIue iI iI is a IemaIe. In eacL case wLere ILe
woman beaIen is a Ireewoman ILe IuII dgoh Las Io be paid, and in ILe case oI
ILe sIave woman ILe vaIue Las Io be paid. In eacL case wLere noILing is Io be
paid Ior ILe ]onn ILere, noILing is Io be paid Ior ILe ]onn Lere, on ILe basis oI
wLaI we said wiIL respecI Io ILe Iree ]onn wiILouI any dierences. TLe excepIion
.
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2 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 9
is ILaI ILe obIigaIion in ILe case oI ILe ]onn oI ILe sIave woman, ILe paymenI is
cLarged Irom ILe weaIIL oI ILe oender immediaIeIy, and iI is noI Io be borne by
ILe q|oh. TLe obIigaIion in ILe case oI ILe ]onn oI ILe Ireewoman is imposed on
ILe q|oh. TLe reason is ILaI ILe burden on ILe q|oh is esIabIisLed by ILe IexI
againsI ILe requiremenIs oI qgs (anaIogy). TLe IexI was Iaid down Ior bearing
ILe ghuoh oI ILe ]onn oI ILe Ireewoman, ILus, ILe case oI ILe ]onn oI ILe sIave
woman remains wiILin ILe originaI domain oI qgs. AIIaL, ILe PraiseworILy and
ILe ExaIIed, Rnows wLaI is correcI.
2.2 The View of Other Jurists
23. TLe views oI some jurisIs oI ILe oILer scLooIs Lave aIready appeared in
ILe above IransIaIion by aI-Ksn. TLe PaRisIan PenaI Code reIies on ILe anaI
Iaw, ILereIore, we sLaII conne ourseIves Io ILe anaI scLooI. TLe mosI auILen-
Iic and deIaiIed booR in ILe anaI scLooI is aI-SaraRLss o|-MoLs, wLicL is a
commenIary on ILe summarized IexI oI Imm Muammad, and Lis IexIs in Iurn
are ILe rsI booRs on IsIamic Iaw in iIs enIire LisIory. TLis sLows ILe auILenIiciIy
and reIiabiIiIy oI ILese IexIs.
24. TLe IransIaIion above reIies on ILe sIaIemenIs made in o|-MoLs, buI
aI-Ksns IexI is beIIer organized, ILereIore, iI Las been provided in IransIaIion
Iorm. NeverILeIess, we need Io sIigLIIy amend or rene ILe sIaIemenIs in ILe
IransIaIion on ILe basis oI wLaI is sIaIed in o|-MoLs. We consider ILese poinIs
Io be cruciaI Io ILe discussion ILaI is Io IoIIow.
25. SarRLas says: TLereaIIer, anaIogy (qgs) in ILe case oI ILe ]onn can be
one oI Iwo ILings: FirsI, ILere is no obIigaIion Io pay anyILing as ILe exisIence oI
IiIe in iI was noI idenIied. TLe acI oI Lomicide is noI esIabIisLed excepI in ILe
case oI ILe objecI ILaI is Iiving. CompensaIion on ILe basis oI doubI cannoI be
esIabIisLed. II is noI Io be said ILaI iI is obvious (hprima Iacie) ILaI iI is aIive
or is ready Ior IiIe, because ILe pno ]oce posiIion is a prooI Ior denying cIaims
and noI Ior arming cIaims. II is on ILe same basis ILaI iI is noI made obIigaIory
in ILe case oI ILe IeIus oI ILe animaI. TLe onIy ILing reIevanI is ILe Ioss (in vaIue)
oI ILe moILer, iI sucL a Ioss Ior ILe animaI is indeed possibIe. II sucL a Ioss is noI
possibIe, no compensaIion is Io be made. AnaIogy may aIso dicIaIe ILaI IuII dgoh
(bIood-money Ior a Iiving person) be paid, because ILe person sIrRing ILe bIow
prevenIed ILe beneI oI IiIe in ILe IeIus. He is, ILereIore, IiRe one wLo desIroyed
IiIe and ILaI Ieads Io compensaIion.
26. He says IurILer: TLereaIIer, ILe waIer (IerIiIized ovum) in ILe womb, as
Iong as iI is noI damaged, is ready Ior IiIe. AccordingIy, iI is deemed Io be IiIe Ior
ILe imposiIion oI onn (compensaIion) iI iI is desIroyed. TLis is jusI IiRe ILe ruIe
Ior IreaIing ILe LunIed eggs, in ILe case oI one in ILe sIaIe oI n, as simiIar Io
ILe LunIed animaI Ior ILe imposiIion oI ILe consequence iI Le Lappens Io breaR
ILem. We Lave, Lowever, given up (aII ILe above) anaIogy due Io ILe sunnoh, wLicL
is ILe IradiIion oI HammaI .
6
6. AI-SaraRLs, ktL o|-MoLs, voI. 26, 87.
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10 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf
27. We may now summarize some oI ILe imporIanI poinIs ILaI emerge Irom ILe
descripIion oI ILe issue by ILe Iearned anaI jurisIs in ILe mosI auILenIic worRs
on IsIamic Iaw.
1. Our reason, Iogic and anaIogy IeII us ILaI ILere is IiIe rigLI Irom ILe Iime
ILaI ILe IerIiIized ovum comes Io resI in ILe womb. TLis is apparenI wLen
ILe woman is pregnanI.
2. TLis apparenI anaIogy or Iogic IeIIs us ILaI a Iiving Luman Las been desIroyed
and ILe compensaIion meanI Ior a IuII Iiving Luman being sLouId be paid.
TLis compensaIion is a one IuII dgot.
. TLis apparenI posiIion does noI IeII us Ior sure ILaI aI ILe Iime oI ILe bIow
ILe cLiId inside ILe womb was sIiII aIive. TLis creaIes a doubI, as iI does in
ILe case oI animaIs, and on ILe basis oI sucL doubI no compensaIion is paid
Ior animaIs and consequenIIy sLouId noI be paid Ior Luman IeIuses. TLe
meaning Lere is ILaI Ior convicIing someone oI Lomicide you Lave be cer-
Iain and sure ILaI ILe IeIus inside was aIive aI ILe Iime ILe moILer received
ILe bIow. II you cannoI be sure, ILe beneI oI doubI Las Io be given Io ILe
accused, and no IiabiIiIy can be imposed.
4. As a resuII oI ILis doubI, and ILe uncerIainIy surrounding ILe exisIence oI
IiIe in ILe cLiId in ILe womb, ILe jurisIs discuss a IimiIed seI oI IacIs. TLus,
ILey onIy discuss ILe siIuaIion wLere ILe moILer Las been injured and as
a resuII oI ILis ILe miscarriage Las been caused. TLis case ILen is ILaI oI
indirecI Lomicide or qot Ls-soLoL (indirecI causaIion).
5. AII ILe above anaIogies, regarding ILe IiIe oI ILe cLiId or oILerwise, are given
up in ILe Iace oI ILe sunnoh, wLicL is a IradiIion ILaI appIies Io a woman
wLo was injured by a bIow. II ILe cLiId is sIiIIborn one-IwenIieIL oI ILe IuII
dgoh is Io be paid. II ILe cLiId is born aIive and ILen dies ILe IuII dgoh Las
Io be paid.
6. In ILis parIicuIar case, as Iar as ILe cLiId is concerned, iI is noI reIevanI
wLeILer ILe bIow sIrucR was inIenIionaI or sLe was injured by misIaRe, ILaI
is, nens eo is noI IaRen inIo accounI. II is a case oI sIricI IiabiIiIy: compen-
saIion Las Io be paid in any case.
7. TLe jurisIs (Ood bIess ILem) do noI go inIo deIaiIs abouI ILe Iime wLen IiIe is
breaILed inIo ILe cLiId in ILe womb. TLere are many discussions in modern
wriIings abouI ILe (souI or IiIe), buI ILe jurisIs do noI menIion ILese. AI-
Ksn says ILaI ILere is no compensaIion Ior ILe nughoh (cIoI, mere Iump
oI esL), a word used in ILe Qurn, buI aI-SaraRsL does noI appear Io give
iI imporIance. II is obvious, Lowever, ILaI iI ILe jurisIs draw a disIincIion
beIween ILe nughoh and ILe ]onn on ILe basis oI ILe IormaIion oI organs,
ILe idea oI ILe musI be in ILe bacRground. We wiII Lave more Io say
abouI aII ILis in wLaI IoIIows Io see Low Iar ILe discussion abouI ILe Iime oI
breaILing ILe inIo ILe cLiId is imporIanI.
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4 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 11
Tnc Issucs FuAvcn
28. ConsequenIIy, we Irame ILe IoIIowing issues:
Is ILe nughoh aIso aIive? Do ILe IexIs cIearIy say ILaI no IiIe is possibIe in
iI?
Do ILe IexIs IeII us ILaI ILere is no IiabiIiIy Ior ILe nughoh? WLy was ILe
q|oh saying ILaI ILis Iype oI RiIIing goes wasIe? Was iI ILe nughoh? TLe
IexI said iI was a ]on(n, buI wLaI does iI reaIIy mean?
WLaI is ILe basis Ior ILe IiabiIiIy wLen ILe organs are Iormed and wLen ILey
are noI Iormed? Does iI Lave a IegaI basis in ILe IexIs oI ILe Sunnoh or in
ILe wriIings oI ILe jurisIs?
WLaI iI ILe oender, docIor or moILer or boIL, are weII aware ILaI ILe cLiId
inside ILe womb is aIive, and yeI ILey go aLead and aborI ILe IeIus? TLis
means wLen ILere is no shuLhoh (doubI) abouI ILe cLiId being aIive inside
ILe womb.
WiII ILe above case be deemed indirecI Lomicide? WiII iI be Iermed khoo?
TLis means, wLen ILe docIor or moILer Rnow ILaI wLaI ILey are desIroying
is ILe Iiving cLiId and ILe purpose is noI Io Larm ILe moILer.
SLouId addiIionaI punisLmenI be awarded by way oI toz? SLouId addi-
IionaI punisLmenI be awarded in ILe case oI misIaRe? ApparenIIy, ILis Las
been done in ILe PaRisIan PenaI Code.
4 ANALvsis or fnc RuLcs
4.1 Nufah, Alaqah, Mughah and R
29. We wiII IaRe up ILe rsI issue Iramed above abouI ILe nughoh and wLeILer
ILere is IiIe in iI. LiIe depends upon ILe breaILing oI inIo ILe cLiId according
Io many wriIers, ILereIore ILe idea oI wiII aIso be discussed under ILis issue.
TLe IerminoIogy and ideas Lave been derived Irom ILe IexIs, ILereIore, a Iew oI
ILese IexIs wiII be discussed. As we cannoI devoIe Ioo mucL space Io ILe issues
Lere, we wiII jusI menIion a Iew verses and Iwo IradiIions on wLicL ILe discussion
reaIIy resIs. TLe IexIs are as IoIIows:
: :

Man We did creaIe Irom a quinIessence (oI cIay); TLen We pIaced Lim as (a drop
oI) sperm in a pIace oI resI, rmIy xed; TLen We made ILe sperm inIo a cIoI oI
.
.
.
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12 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 4
congeaIed bIood; ILen oI ILaI cIoI We made a (IeIus) Iump; ILen we made ouI oI
ILaI Iump bones and cIoILed ILe bones wiIL esL; ILen We deveIoped ouI oI iI
anoILer creaIure. So bIessed be AIIaL, ILe besI Io creaIe!
TLis, as is obvious, is a remarRabIe verse, and ILaI is acRnowIedged by aII. II does
noI maIIer wLeILer ILe nu]oh is inIerpreIed as a sperm or as ILe IerIiIized ovum
rmIy embedded in ILe waII oI ILe uIerus. Verse 22:5 says aImosI ILe same ILing.
TLis verse, as compared Io ILe one above, does IaIR abouI TLe SpiriI or .
:

DuI He IasLioned Lim in due proporIion, and breaILed inIo Lim oI His spiriI. And
He gave you (ILe IacuIIies oI) Learing and sigLI and undersIanding: IiIIIe ILanRs
do ye give!
TLe breaILing oI ILe SpiriI is menIioned, buI Lere iI is noI cIear wLeILer ILe conIexI
is ILaI oI ILe womb. TLe same appIies Io ILe IoIIowing verse.

:


DeLoId! ILy Lord said Io ILe angeIs: I am abouI Io creaIe man, Irom sounding
cIay Irom mud moIded inIo sLape; WLen I Lave IasLioned Lim (in due proporIion)
and breaILed inIo Lim oI My spiriI, IaII ye down in obeisance unIo Lim.
30. TLe poinI being made Lere is ILaI iI is noI cIear aI wLicL sIage ILe SpiriI is
breaILed inIo man. II couId be wLen Le is IuIIy IasLioned and sIands erecI, unIiRe
oILer creaIures. TLere are many views abouI ILis and ILe speciaIisIs in Qurnic
sIudies can commenI on ILe issue. We may now Iurn Io ILe IradiIions.
31. TLe rsI IradiIion we may menIion is Irom Abd AIIL ibn Masd (R). II
is Iound in aI-DuRLrs o. He said: AIIaLs Messenger (may peace be upon
Lim), wLo is ILe mosI IruILIuI and is veried as being IruILIuI, said: TLe creaIed
Iorms oI one oI you are gaILered in your moILers beIIy Ior IorIy days; Le is ILen
IiRe congeaIed bIood (o|oqohcIoI) IiRe ILe rsI; aIIer ILaI Le is a Iump (esL) IiRe
ILe previous. AIIaL ILen sends His angeI Io Lim wiIL Iour words (decisions). TLe
angeI wriIes down Lis IiveIiLood, Lis deaIL, Lis deeds, Lis IorIune and misIorIune.
He ILen breaILes ILe SpiriI inIo Lim. (TLe IradiIion is IengILy)
7
32. TLe second IradiIion is Irom udLayIaL ibn Asd aI-OLiIr, wLo said: I
Leard ILe Messenger oI AIIaL (pbuL) saying: WLen IorIy-Iwo nigLIs pass over ILe
nu]oh, AIIaL sends an angeI Io iI, wLo gives iI IormcreaIing Lis IacuIIies oI Learing
and sigLI, Lis sRin, Lis esL, and iIs bones. He ILen says: My Lord, wiII iI be a
maIe or a IemaIe? Your Lord decrees as He desires, wLicL ILe angeI records. TLe
angeI ILen says: My Lord, Lis duraIion? Your Lord decides as He IiRes, wLicL ILe
angeI records. He ILen says: My Lord, Lis susIenance? Your Lord decrees as Le
IiRes, and ILe angeI records iI. TLe angeI ILen Ieaves wiIL ILe scroII in Lis Land
wiILouI adding Io or omiIIing anyILing Irom wLaI was commanded.
8
7. DuRLari, voI. 6/51.
8. MusIim, o wiIL Nawawis commenIary, voI. 16, 1994.
.
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.
4 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 1
33. TLese IradiIions do noI IeII us wLeILer ILe cLiId is a Iiving being rigLI Irom
ILe sIarI, or comes Io IiIe aI a IaIer sIage. TLe rsI IradiIion says ILaI ILe is
breaILed inIo ILe nughoh aIIer one Lundred and IwenIy days (iI ILe words IiRe
iI mean duraIion and noI ILe aIIribuIe oI being gaILered in ILe moILers beIIy).
TLe second IradiIion menIions IorIy-Iwo nigLIs, buI does noI menIion ILe or
ILe breaILing oI ILe SpiriI.
34. TLe exacI Iime oI ILe breaILing oI ILe SpiriI is imporIanI Ior scLoIars
wLo discuss ILis issue, because aborIion cannoI IawIuIIy be perIormed aIIer IiIe
is creaIed, buI (possibIy) iI may be wLen ILe IeIus does noI yeI carry IiIe in iI. TLe
discussion cenIers around ILis Iiming based on ILe Iwo IradiIions ILaI we Lave
menIioned. TLere are dierenI views according Io ILe preIerence oI ILe scLoIar
and ILe maIIer cannoI be said Io be seIIIed.
35. For our purposes, we deem anoILer quesIion Io be very imporIanI. TLe
quesIion is: wLaI is ILe or SpiriI? Does iI mean IiIe? Does iI mean ILe souI?
Does iI mean someILing eIse? Two weII Rnown scLoIars Lave deaII wiIL ILe issue
in deIaiI. One is an earIier scLoIar, ILe auILor oI ILe Iamous To]s KoL and a very
imporIanI booR on u| o|-Pqh, aI-Rz. TLe oILer is a more recenI scLoIar caIIed
AIs. We wiII menIion ILe dierenI meanings oI according Io ILe discussion
Iound in aI-Rzs IexI. TLe discussion is Iound under ILe commenIary oI ILe
verse in wLicL ILe quesIion is raised: TLey asR ILee concerning ILe SpiriI. Say:
TLe SpiriI is oI ILe command oI my Lord: oI RnowIedge iI is onIy a IiIIIe ILaI is
communicaIed Io you, (O men!).
36. Imm FaRLr aI-Dn aI-Rz, aIIer discussing issues IiRe wLeILer ILe is
eIernaI or creaIed, wLeILer iI is possibIe Ior ILe Luman mind Io grasp iIs meaning,
says ILaI ILere ve oILer views concerning ILe meaning. TLese are sIaIed briey
as IoIIows:
R means the Qurn. He gives a number oI argumenIs Ior ILis, buI we
wiII menIion Iwo verses.

And ILus Lave We,

by Our Command, senI inspiraIion (P) Io ILee.
9

He doIL send down His angeIs wiIL inspiraIion (P) oI His Command.
10
R is one of the angels.

TLe Day ILaI ILe SpiriI

and ILe angeIs wiII sIand IorIL in ranRs.
11
R is that which is the cause of life. TLis meaning is based on Luman
concIusions and reasoning.
R is Jibrl (pbuh). TLis is ILe meaning in ILe verse under discussion, ILaI
is, ILey asR ILee , and aIso VeriIy ILis is a ReveIaIion Irom ILe Lord oI ILe
9. Qurn 42:52.
10. Qurn 17:2.
11. Qurn 78:8.
.
.
.
.
14 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 4
WorIds: WiIL iI came down ILe TruILIuI SpiriI.
12
SLe pIaced a screen (Io
screen LerseII) IromILem; ILen We senI Ler Our angeI (P), and Le appeared
beIore Ler as a man in aII respecIs.
1
(TLe angeIs say:) We descend noI
buI by command oI ILy Lord.
14
TLis is abouI JibrI (pbuL).
R applies to beings other than angels. Human concIusions.
From ILe above we can onIy concIude, reIying on ILe words oI ILe Qurn: OI
RnowIedge iI is onIy a IiIIIe ILaI is communicaIed Io you, (O men!), ILaI onIy
AIIaL Rnows wLaI ILe Ierm means in ILe conIexI oI ILe baby in ILe womb.
II couId be a speciaI giII given by ILe AImigLIy Io eacL Luman being aI ILe Iime
oI Lis birIL or creaIion. TLe giIIs besIowed by ILe breaILing or ILe may be
ILe reaI disIincIion beIween Lumans and oILer creaIures, wLo Lave IiIe. II may
be someILing IiRe ILe saying oI ImmanueI KanI: Two ILings II me wiIL awe: ILe
sIarry sRies above and ILe moraI Iaw wiILin. AIIaL Rnows besI.
37. TLe above discussion sLows ILaI ILere is no concIusive evidence Io prove
ILaI ILe Ierm appIies Io ILe cause oI IiIe. II is cIear, Lowever, ILaI iI is some-
ILing ILaI AIIaL besIows on a cLiId wLo is abouI Io be born. WLaI iI is we do noI
Rnow. ConsequenIIy, we do noI Rnow ILaI Luman IiIe is creaIed in ILe moILers
womb mucL IaIer ILan ILe Iime oI concepIion. II migLI be saIe Io concIude ILaI
Luman IiIe is creaIed wiIL ILe meeIing and merging oI ILe geneIic maIeriaI oI ILe
moILer and ILe IaILer. TLis couId be ILe concIusion ILaI Ied ILe greaI Imm
aI-OLazI Io say:
TLisILaI is, absIenIionis noI IiRe aborIion (]h) or burying a new-
born (girI), because ILis (aborIion) is a crime againsI someILing ILaI is
presenI and aIIained. TLis Ioo Las Las sIages, and ILe rsI sIage oI
exisIence is ILaI wLere ILe sperm enIers ILe womans womb and com-
bines wiIL ILe womans waIer, geIIing ready Ior ILe accepIance oI IiIe. IIs
desIrucIion is an oence. II iI Iurns inIo a nughoh and ILen an o|qoh,
ILe oence becomes aggravaIed. WLen ILe is breaILed inIo iI and
iI begins acquiring a Iorm, ILe oence becomes more brazen (grievous).
TLe naI graviIy oI ILe oence is aIIained wLen iI is commiIed againsI
ILe Iiving separaIed being.
15
II appears ILaI Le beIieved in ILe exisIence oI ILe souI, buI Le couId noI deny ILaI
even ILe rsI sIage is acIuaIIy IiIe or is preparaIion Ior IiIe. TLe MIiR jurisIs are
very sIricI in proLibiIing ]h.
16
TLere are some sIray opinions in Ibn bidns
Hshgoh ILaI permiI ]h, buI ILey appear Io Ibe unreIiabIe.
12. Qurn 26:19, 194
1. Qurn 19:17.
14. Qurn 19:64
15. Imm aI-OLazI, Ig, voI. 2, 75.
16. Hoshot o|-Dusuq 2/27; Ibn Jazzi, o|-Qounn o|-Pqhggoh, 25.
.
.
.
.
4 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 15
4.2 Is there life in the mughah?
38. We now come Io ILe issue oI ILe IiabiIiIy Ior ILe nughoh. TLe issue Iurns
on wLeILer or noI ILere is IiIe in ILe nughoh? TLis in Iurn depends on wLeILer
ILe breaILed inIo ILe cLiId in ILe womb is ILe cause oI IiIe. In ILe above
discussion, we Lave esIabIisLed ILaI ILere is no concIusive prooI ILaI ILe is
ILe cause oI IiIe. TLis does noI prevenI peopIe Irom beIieving ILaI ILere is a souI
and so on. TLaI, Lowever, is ILe worId oI IeeIing and IaiIL. TLe Iaw, on ILe oILer,
Land IooRs Ior prooIs beyond reasonabIe doubI Io LoId a person IiabIe. FurILer,
toq|d in maIIers oI IaiIL and beIieI is noI permiIIed, and is onIy permiIIed Ior ILe
Iaw.
39. TLe IexIs discussed so Iar do noI IeII us mucL abouI ILe presence oI IiIe in
ILe nughoh, as Las aIready been discussed. We may, Lowever, IooR again aI ILe
IradiIion on ILe basis oI wLicL ILe jurisIs gave up anaIogy. TLe IradiIion does noI
speciIy wLeILer ILe IeIus was a nughoh or a ]onn wiIL Iormed Iimbs. In IacI, ILe
sIaIemenI oI ILe q|ohILe IaILer oI ILe oendersaid: How can we pay ILe
dgoh oI one wLo did noI IeI ouI a sound or cry, nor did Le drinR or eaI. TLe bIood
oI sucL a ILing goes wasIe. TLe PropLeI (pbuL) Iurned ILis down as viIIage IaIR.
TLis raises ILe possibiIiIy ILaI ILe sIiIIborn couId Lave been a nughoh. II is Irue
ILaI ILe word ]onn Las been used in ILe IradiIion, buI ILe word in iIs IiIeraI sense
can mean any sIage, even ILe embryonic. TLe ne IegaI disIincIions drawn by ILe
jurisIs (Ood bIess ILem) Ior IegaI Ierms is a IaIer deveIopmenI and cannoI aecI
ILe pIain Ierms oI ILe IradiIion. Had ILe IradiIion xed ILe meaning oI ILe Ierm
]onn, as iI does in ILe case oI L Ior exampIe, iI wouId Lave become a IecLnicaI
meaning on ILe basis oI ILe IradiIion; buI ILis is noI ILe case Lere.
40. TLe concIusion Io be drawn ILen is ILaI one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgoh is Io be
paid Ior any Rind oI miscarriage caused indirecIIy, and ILe IormaIion oI Iimbs is
noI a decisive IacIor. TLis widens ILe IiabiIiIy Ior indirecIIy causing miscarriage,
buI ILaI is wLaI we are compeIIed Io concIude on ILe basis oI our reasoning.
41. TLis disposes oI ILe issues aI No. 2 and No. . We may now Iurn Io ILe
discussion oI ILe issue oI modern day aborIions.
4.3 Is Abortion an Intentional Killing of the Child in the Womb?
42. In ILe discussion above we Lave sLown ILaI ILe ruIes Ior ILe ]onn derived by
ILe Iearned jurisIs were onIy Ior ILe case oI indirecI causaIion wLere ILe moILer is
aIIacRed and injured and as a consequence ILe miscarriage is caused. We nowIace
a siIuaIion wLere ILe moILer oI ILe cLiId wisLes Io geI rid oI ILe cLiId conceived
in Ler womb. A pLysician or some person is going carry ouI Ler wisLes.
43. In ILis case, iI is saIe Io assume ILaI oenders, docIor or moILer or boIL, are
weII aware ILaI ILe cLiId inside ILe womb is aIive, and yeI ILey go aLead and aborI
ILe IeIus. Today, ILere are scienIic insIrumenIs and meILods Io Rnow wLeILer
ILe cLiId in ILe womb is Iiving or dead. II iI is dead, and prooI is recorded by ILe
docIor, iI becomes necessary Io save ILe moILer and aborI ILe IeIus. WLere ILere
is scienIic prooI ILaI ILe cLiId is aIive, ILe case acquires a compIeIeIy dierenI
naIure, dierenI Irom ILe issues discussed by ILe jurisIs and expIained above.
.
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.
.
16 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 5
44. TLe dierences beIween ILis case and ILe case discussed by ILe jurisIs are
obvious. In ILaI case, iI was ILe moILer wLo was aIIacRed and ILe cLiId was IosI
as an indirecI consequence. In ILis case, iI is ILe cLiId iIseII wLo is under aIIacR
by persons wLo wisL Io IerminaIe iIs IiIe. TLere is no shuLhoh (doubI) oI any Rind
abouI ILe cLiId being aIive inside ILe womb in ILis case, wLereas in ILaI case
iIs being aIive aI ILe Iime oI ILe bIow was in quesIion. In ILaI case, ILe oender
inIended Io injure ILe moILer and noI ILe IeIus. In ILis case, ILe oenders are IuIIy
aware ILaI ILe cLiId is aIive and ILey Lave IuII nens eo or inIenIion Io desIroy ILe
deIenseIess and LeIpIess cLiId. KiIIing a Iiving Luman being amounIs Io murder
or qot| ond, as ILe jurisIs Lave acRnowIedged above.
45. TLe penaIIy Ior murder is q. WLen q cannoI be impIemenIed due
Io IacR oI perIecI equaIiIy, dgot is imposed. We Lave concIuded above ILaI ILe
IradiIion IaRen inIo accounI by ILe jurisIs does noI appIy Io ILis case as ILis is
ILe case oI inIenIionaI Lomicide, wLiIe ILaI was a case oI indirecI causaIion. In
ILaI case, our Iogic said ILaI eiILer noILing sLouId be awared or a IuII dgot sLouId
be awarded, buI ILis Luman reasoning was overIurned by ILe nobIe Sunnoh and
one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgoh was imposed. We Lave reacLed ILe same sIage, ILaI is,
wLeILer our own qgs is Io be IoIIowed or wLeILer ILe sunnoh is Io be appIied Io
ILis case. TLe ruIe in ILe anaI scLooI, as weII as oILer scLooIs, is ILaI ILe IexIs
Lave Io be given eecI as Iar as possibIe. We musI, ILereIore, give up our anaIogy
and impose ILe ghuoh as required by ILe Sunnoh. TLe sIandard menIioned by
Imm aI-Ksn is considered Io be ILe basis oI ILis reasoning and ILaI is: IiIe
in ILe womb is IiIe in some senses and noI in oILer senses. He aIso menIions
prevenIion oI IiIe and ILe paymenI oI ghuoh Ior doing so. In addiIion Io ILis,
Le maRes a cruciaI observaIion, II does noI maIIer wLeILer ILe Iorm was com-
pIeIe or incompIeIe, because ILe PropLeI (pbuL) awarded ILe ghuoh and did noI
eIaboraIe. TLis indicaIes ILaI ILe ruIe does noI vary due Io ILis (compIeIe Iorm).
46. On ILe same reasoning, iI ILe IiIe oI ILe moILer is ILreaIened and Las Io be
saved, iI is ILe moILer ILaI wiII be saved, as sLe represenIs IiIe in ILe IuII sense,
wLiIe ILe ]onn is IiIe in some senses and noI in oILers. NeverILeIess, iI is ILe
inIenIionaI IaRing oI IiIe oI ILe cLiId, ILereIore, ILe moILer musI pay ILe ghuoh
Io ILe Leirs. II is somewLaI simiIar Io ILe case wLere a person under duress is
permiIIed Io consume anoILers properIy Io save Lis IiIe, buI compensaIion Las Io
be paid IaIer Io ILe owner.
47. In ILe case oI ILe IradiIion, no toz was awarded Io ILe oender by ILe
sunnoh, and ILe onIy IiabiIiIy was ILe imposiIion oI ILe ghuoh. As ILis case is
ILaI oI inIenIionaI desIrucIion, ILe nn (ruIer) aI Lis discreIion may award an
addiIionaI penaIIy under Lis sgsoh jurisdicIion. TLis may be ILirIy-nine sIripes
Ior boIL ILe pLysician and ILe moILer oI ILe desIroyed cLiId Io be awarded in a
pubIic square nexI Io ILe main mosque. TLis wiII be adequaIe Ior purposes oI
deIerrence and prevenIion. II wiII aIso be adequaIe Ior ILe reLabiIiIaIion oI ILe
oenders. Imprisoning peopIe aI pubIic expense is noI ILe remedy preIerred by
IsIamic Iaw. TLe ProLibiIion oI WLipping AcI, 1966 proLibiIs ILis in PaRisIan,
Lowever.
.
.
.
.
6 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 17
5 PuonLcvs Wifn fnc LAw or IsQA;--HAm ANn IsQA1--JANIN
48. TLe ruIes Iaid down by ILe jurisIs prescribe ILe paymenI oI ILe ghuoh
Ior ILe indirecI causaIion oI miscarriage. For purposes oI ILis paymenI, inIenIion
is noI IaRen inIo accounI, as ILe compensaIion is Ior ILe Ioss caused. TLe Iour
secIions in ILe PaRisIan PenaI Code, Iay down ILe same ruIes Ior sqt--on| and
sqt--]onn. In addiIion Io ILis, ILe secIions aIso prescribe punisLmenI by way oI
imprisonmenI. LiRe ILe ruIes oI ILe jurisIs, ILe secIions ignore inIenIion in cerIain
cases. In oILer words, ILere is sIricI IiabiIiIy Ior boIL nanciaI compensaIion as
weII as ILe punisLmenI oI imprisonmenI. II is Io be noIed ILaI ILe ruIes oI ILe
jurisIs, based on ILe IradiIion, do noI prescribe any punisLmenI in addiIion Io ILe
paymenI oI ILe ghuoh.
49. TLus, iI a woman is IraveIIing in a car and ILere is an accidenI wiIL anoILer
car, as a resuII oI wLicL miscarriage is caused, ILe driver oI ILe oILer car wiII
noI onIy be IiabIe Ior ILe paymenI oI one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgoh, buI can aIso be
punisLed wiIL imprisonmenI. TLis is incorrecI. TLere sLouId be no punisLmenI
Ior causing accidenIaI miscarriage or even in ILe case oI indirecI causaIion wLere
ILe inIenIion was Io Larm ILe moILer and noI ILe cLiId. According Io ILe secIions,
ILis wiII be miscarriage caused wiILouI ILe consenI oI ILe woman.
50. TLe secIion on sq--hon| does noI impose a nanciaI penaIIy, buI pro-
vides punisLmenI in ILe same way as above. Two cLanges need Io be made in ILis
secIion Ioo. FirsI, one-IwenIieIL dgoh sLouId be imposed in ILis case Ioo. Sec-
ond, no punisLmenI sLouId be provided Ior accidenIaI miscarriage or one caused
ILrougL indirecI causaIion.
51. II is, ILereIore, necessary ILaI Iwo separaIe caIegories sLouId be made
Ior ILis Iaw. TLe rsI sLouId impose one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgoh Ior aII cases oI
causing miscarriage ILaI are wiILouI ILe consenI oI ILe woman, and wLere ILe
woman is Larmed and ILe inIenIion is noI Io LurI ILe cLiId. No disIincIion needs
Io be made on ILe basis oI ILe IormaIion or non-IormaIion oI organs. TLe acI oI
causing miscarriage in ILis case sLouId noI be criminaIized. TLe second caIegory
sLouId be ILe case oI ILe inIenIionaI causing oI miscarriage, wLeILer iI is wiIL
ILe consenI oI ILe woman or wiILouI Ler consenI. One-IwenIieIL dgoh sLouId
be imposed in ILese cases Ioo aIong wiIL punisLmenI. No disIincIion needs Io be
made on ILe basis oI ILe IormaIion or non-IormaIion oI organs.
6 Tnc RuLiNo
TLe IoIIowing ruIes emerge:
TLe ghuoh or one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgoh is Io be paid in aII cases oI mis-
carriage (sq), wLeILer oI ILe on| or oI ILe ]onn.
In cases oI ILe inIenIionaI causing oI miscarriage, punisLmenI, in addiIion
Io ILe ghuoh, may aIso be provided as toz under ILe sgsoh jurisdicIion
oI ILe ruIer.
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18 ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf A
WLen aborIion is carried ouI in ILe case oI necessiIy, Io save ILe IiIe oI ILe
moILer, a ghuoh or one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgoh Las Io be paid by ILe moILer.
AIIaL Rnows besI.
Oiven under my Land, ILis 1sI day oI January, 201.
Imran ALsan KLan Nyazee
SaIar 18, 144
January 1, 201 January , 201
A Tnc SccfioNs or fnc PAkisfAN PcNAL Conc
17
8. IsqX)-i-AvL ( ) WLoever causes a woman wiIL cLiId wLose organs
Lave noI been Iormed, Io miscarry, iI sucL miscarriage is noI caused in good IaiIL
Ior ILe purpose oI saving ILe IiIe oI ILe woman, or providing necessary IreaImenI
Io Ler, is said Io cause Isq--on|.
Exp|onoton.A woman wLo causes LerseII Io miscarry is wiILin ILe meaning oI
ILis secIion.
8A. PuNisnvcNf rou IsQA;--)Am.WLoever causes sq--on| sLaII be IiabIe
Io punisLmenI as toz
(a) wiIL imprisonmenI oI eiILer descripIion Ior a Ierm wLicL may exIend Io ILree
years, iI sq--on| is caused wiIL ILe consenI oI ILe woman; or
(b) wiIL imprisonmenI oI eiILer descripIion Ior a Ierm wLicL may exIend Io Ien
years, iI sq--on| is caused wiILouI ILe consenI oI ILe women:
Provided ILaI iI as a resuII oI sq--on| any LurI is caused Io ILe woman
or sLe dies, ILe convicI sLaII aIso be IiabIe Io ILe punisLmenI provided Ior
sucL LurI or deaIL as ILe case may be.
8D. IsQA;--JANIN ( ).WLoever causes a woman wiIL cLiId some oI
wLose Iimbs or organs Lave been Iormed Io miscarry, iI sucL miscarriage is noI
caused in good IaiIL Ior ILe purpose oI saving ILe IiIe oI ILe woman, is said Io
cause sq--]onn.
Exp|onoton.A woman wLo causes LerseII Io miscarry is wiILin ILe meaning oI
ILis secIion.
8C. PuNisnvcNf rou IsQA;--JANIN.WLoever causes sq--]onn sLaII be IiabIe
Io
(a) one-IwenIieIL oI ILe dgot iI ILe cLiId is born dead;
17. Subs. by AcI II oI 1997, 7 (incIuding sub-secIions IiII 8F).
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A ViufuAL SnAuiAn Couuf 19
(b) IuII dgot iI ILe cLiId is born aIive buI dies as a resuII oI any acI oI ILe oender;
and
(c) imprisonmenI oI eiILer descripIion Ior a Ierm wLicL may exIend Io seven
years as toz:
Provided ILaI iI ILere are more ILan one cLiId in ILe womb oI ILe woman,
ILe oender sLaII be IiabIe Io separaIe dgot or toz, as ILe case may be, Ior
every sucL cLiId:
Provided IurILer ILaI iI, as a resuII oI sq--]onn, any LurI is caused Io
ILe woman or sLe dies, ILe oender sLaII aIso be IiabIe Io ILe punisLmenI
provided Ior sucL LurI or deaIL, as ILe case may be.