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The force acting on a vibrating object is usually external to the system and independent of the motion. However, there are systems in which the exciting force is a function of the motion variables (displacement, velocity or acceleration) and thus varies with the motion it produces (called coupling). Friction-induced vibration (in vehicle clutches and brakes, vehicle-bridge interaction) and flow-induced vibration (circular wood saws, CDs, DVDs, in machining, fluid-conveying pipelines) are examples of self-excited vibration Example 1: a mass supported by a spring is carried by a moving belt through friction.
x m v0
The friction coefficient at the mass and belt interface is a function of the relative velocity between the mass and the belt as
gradiant (>0)
or
0 + kx = 0 (1 + m x mgx v0 ) mg
Example 2: a solid oscillating in a fluid can interact with the fluid and produce interesting behaviour. The relative airflow against the oscillating solid modifies the velocity vector and thus the lift and drag force acting on the solid.
Due to vibration of the cylinder, the lift coefficient is no longer a constant because of shedding of vortices. It may be expressed as
C L = CL0 sin t
(C
L0
for cylinder)
and
=
2 ksV d
Vd > 1000
where
ks
Re =
ks 0.21 .
So when
V = d 2 ks k d = n m 2 ks
the cylinder vibrates violently (in resonance) in the flow. When flow velocity becomes high enough, the flow becomes turbulent, and the lift force becomes random. Flutter is a phenomenon of self-excited vibration.
V G
V L
Vertical motion:
+ kx = L cos D sin m x
where
L=
and
2 C 2 )lcC L = (V 2 + x 2 )lc L (V + x 2 2
x = arctan( ) V x V cos 1 2 V 2 V2 +x
D=
2 C 2 )lc D (V + x 2
= 0
then
+ kx = m x
finally
+ m x
dC dC D dC + kx = V 2lc L 0 Vlc( L + 0 ) x 2 d d 2 d
V O
2 2 dC V lc CM = V 2 lc L (0 + ) 2 2 d dC M M = V 2lc 2CM = V 2 lc 2 (0 + ) 2 2 d
L=
lc(
dCL dCM e+ c) d d