FM Global 1 54 Roof Loads For New Construction

FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
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July 2011 Page 1 of 81
ROOF LOADS FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION
Table of Contents
Page 1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Changes .......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 4 2.1 Use of Other Codes and Standards .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Roof Loads and Load Combinations ............................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Roof Live Load Reduction ................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Snow Loads ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.3.2 Snow Load Notation .............................................................................................................. 5 2.3.3 Ground Snow Loads ............................................................................................................. 6 2.3.4 Snow Density ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.3.5 Flat-Roof Snow Loads ........................................................................................................... 7 2.3.6 Minimum Snow Loads for Low-Sloped Roofs ....................................................................... 7 2.3.7 Sloped-Roof Snow Loads ..................................................................................................... 7 2.3.8 Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads ............................................................................................. 8 2.3.9 Hip and Gable Roofs .............................................................................................................. 8 2.3.10 Curved and Domed Roofs ................................................................................................... 9 2.3.11 Valley Roofs ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.12 Drifts on Lower Roofs Snow Loads .............................................................................. 11 2.4 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge ............................................................................................................... 18 2.5 Rain Loads .................................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.5.2 Bases for Design Rain Loads ............................................................................................. 18 2.5.3 Designing for Stability Against Ponding ............................................................................... 20 2.5.4 Roof Drainage ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Other Roof Loads and Roof Overloading ..................................................................................... 41 2.7 Use of Eurocode ............................................................................................................................ 41 2.7.1 Eurocode for Snow Loads ................................................................................................... 41 2.7.2 Eurocode for Roof Live Load (Imposed Load) .................................................................... 42 2.7.3 Eurocode for Rain Loads ..................................................................................................... 42 2.8 Use of ASCE 7 for Snow Loads ..................................................................................................... 43 2.8.1 Factors .................................................................................................................................. 43 2.8.2 Hip and Gable Roofs ............................................................................................................ 43 2.9 Plan Review and Submissions ....................................................................................................... 44 2.9.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 44 2.9.2 Other Codes and Standards ................................................................................................ 45 3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 45 3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.1 Use of Other Codes and Standards .................................................................................... 45 3.1.3 Siphonic Drainage ................................................................................................................ 46 4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 47 4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Others ............................................................................................................................................ 47 APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 47 A.1 Roof Loads and Drainage ............................................................................................................. 47 A.1.1 Controlled Roof Drains ........................................................................................................ 47 A.1.2 Design Roof Line ................................................................................................................ 47
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Roof Loads for New Construction

A.1.3 Ponding and Ponding Cycle ............................................................................................... 47 A.1.4 Dead Load .......................................................................................................................... 48 A.1.5 Live Load ............................................................................................................................ 48 A.1.6 Total Load ........................................................................................................................... 48 A.1.7 Tributary Loaded Area (TA) ................................................................................................ 49 A.1.8 Roof Strength ...................................................................................................................... 49 A.1.9 Safety Factor ....................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION .................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX E ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES AND JOB AIDS ................................................................... 65 E.1 Snow Loading Illustrative Examples ............................................................................................. 65 E.2 Roof Drainage and Rain Loading Illustrative Examples ............................................................... 68 E.3 Job AidsSnow and Rain Loads and Drainage .......................................................................... 75
List of Figures
Fig. 1. Snow loads for hip and gable roofs. ................................................................................................... 9 Fig. 2a. Snow loads for curved and dome roofs. ........................................................................................ 10 Fig. 2b. Unbalanced snow load distribution on dome roofs ........................................................................ 11 Fig. 3. Snow loads for valley roofs .............................................................................................................. 11 Fig. 4a. (To be used with Table 3) Snow loads for lower roofs. ................................................................. 12 Fig. 4b. Snow drift intersection at lower roofs. ............................................................................................ 12 Fig. 5. Snow loads for lower roof of adjacent structures ............................................................................ 16 Fig. 6. Sliding snow load for lower roofs (upper roof snow load not shown) ............................................. 17 Fig. 7. Snow load at roof projections ........................................................................................................... 17 Fig. 8a. Typical primary and overflow systems for pitched roofs ................................................................ 19 Fig. 8b. Typical primary and overflow drainage systems for flat roofs ....................................................... 20 Fig. 9. Flat and sloped roofs with interior roof drains ................................................................................. 29 Fig. 10. Sloped roof with roof edge drainage .............................................................................................. 29 Fig. 11. Diagram of Siphonic Roof Drain System ......................................................................................... 37 Fig. 12. Elevation View of Siphonic System and Disposable (Available) Head ......................................... 38 Fig. 13. Siphonic Roof Drain [photo courtesy of Jay R. Smith Mfg. Co.] ................................................... 39 Fig. 14. Siphonic Roof Drain for Gutters (without dome strainer or debris guard) ..................................... 39 Fig. 15. Typical tributary loaded areas for primary and secondary members ............................................ 49 Fig. 16a. Ground snow load (Pg) in psf for Western United States. ........................................................... 51 Fig. 16b. Ground snow load (Pg) in psf for Eastern United States. (To obtain kN/m2, multiply by 0.048) . 52 Fig. 17a. Ground Snow Load (Pg) in kN/fm2 for Western China ................................................................. 57 Fig. 17b. Ground Snow Load (Pg) in kN/m2 for Eastern China ................................................................... 58 Fig 18. Roof Live load reduction Flow Chart/Decision Tree ....................................................................... 59 Fig. 19. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for the western United States (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4.) ........................................................................................... 60 Fig. 20. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for the central and eastern United States (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4. ...................................................................... 61 Fig. 21a. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for Puerto Rico (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4. ............................................................................................................. 62 Fig. 21b. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for Hawaiian Islands (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4). ........................................................................................................... 63 Fig. 22. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for Alaska (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4). ............................................................................................................................ 64 Fig. E1.1. Design snow loads for Example 1 .............................................................................................. 65 Fig. E1.2. Design snow loads for Example 2 .............................................................................................. 66 Fig. E1.3. Design snow loads for Example 3 (Leeward Drifting) ................................................................ 67 Fig. E1.4. Design snow loads for Example 4 (Windward Drifting) .............................................................. 68 Fig. E1.5.1 Flat roof plan for Example 5 ..................................................................................................... 69 Fig. E1.5.2 Sloped roof plan for Example 5 ................................................................................................ 70 Fig. E1.5.3 Sloped Roof Section for Example 5 ......................................................................................... 71 Fig. E1.6. Roof plan for Example 6 ............................................................................................................. 72
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Fig. E1.7. Roof plan for Example 7. ............................................................................................................ 73
List of Tables
Table 1. Ground Snow Load (Pg) versus Balanced Flat-Roof Snow Load (Pf), Density (D), and Height of Balanced Snow Load (hb) for Flat and Low-sloped Roofs ............................................. 7 Table 2. Roof Slope Factor Cs ...................................................................................................................... 8 Table 3. Ground Snow Load (Pg) versus Balanced Snow Load (Pf), Density (D), Balance Snow Load Height (hb), Drift Height (hd), Max Drift Load (Pd) and Max Load (Pd+Pf) ......................... 14 Table 3, Continued. Ground Snow Load (Pg) versus Balanced Snow Load (Pf), Density (D), Balance Snow Load Height (hb), Drift Height (hd), Max Drift Load (Pd) and Max Load (Pd+Pf) ............... 15 Table 4. Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load ..................................................................................................... 18 Table 5. Flow Capacity for Roof Drains and Pipinga .................................................................................. 25 Table 6. Hydraulic Head Versus Flow Capacity for Roof Scuppers(Depth of water over invert versus flow of water through scupper) ................................................................................. 26 Table 7. Conversion of Rainfall Intensity to Flow Rate and Rain Load per Unit Area ............................... 27 Table 8. Hydraulic Head versus Roof Drain Flow ...................................................................................... 27 Table 9. Rainfall Intensity Conversion Rates ............................................................................................... 40 Table 10. Schedule 40 Pipe Dimensions and Geometric Properties .......................................................... 40 Table 11. Standard Atmospheric Pressure at Various Elevations ................................................................ 41 Table 12. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Alaskan Locations, psf (kN/m2) ....................................................... 53 Table 13. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in Korea, psf and kPa .................................................... 53 Table 14. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in Japan, psf and kPa ..................................................... 54 Table 15. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in China* ........................................................................ 55 Table 15. Continued ..................................................................................................................................... 56
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1.0 SCOPE This loss prevention data sheet presents recommendations principally for snow and rain loadings and drainage for the design of new roofs of buildings and other structures. In general, it is the function of this data sheet to present background details and guidelines for building designers to use in carrying out the requirements or intent of typical building and plumbing codes regarding design roof loads and roof drainage. It should be noted that the various recommendations presented here are not based on the worst conditions possible, or even the worst conditions recorded. A probabilistic approach is used to establish design values that reduce the risk of a snow-load-induced or rain-load-induced roof collapse to an acceptably low level. 1.1 Changes July 2011. Corrections were made to Table 12, Ground Snow Load for Alaskan Locations. 2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1 Use of Other Codes and Standards Refer to Sections 2.7 and 2.8 for the use of the Eurocode and ASCE 7, respectively. 2.2 Roof Loads and Load Combinations Design the roof to resist the effects of dead loads in combination with the more demanding of the following roof live or environmental (e.g., rain or snow) loads: a) The balanced (uniform) or unbalanced snow loads, including snow drift surcharge and rain-on-snow surcharge where applicable, in accordance with Section 2.3 b) The rain loads in accordance with Section 2.5 and precluding (i.e., ruling out in advance) instability from ponding c) Superimposed roof live loads, as specified, to account for the use and maintenance of the roof and the occupancy of the building/structure d) A minimum roof live load of 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) for flat roofs, sloped roofs less than 4 in./ft (18.4 degrees) and curved roofs with rise less than 18 of span, except when a reduction in the minimum roof live load is appropriate, as described in Section 2.2.1. 2.2.1 Roof Live Load Reduction 2.2.1.1 Reductions in the minimum unfactored (characteristic) roof live load of 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) for lightweight roof constructions (lightweight roof constructions include metal roofs, insulated steel deck, boards-on-joists, plywood diaphragm, and similar constructions), when permitted by applicable building codes and standards, are only allowed whenever both of the following conditions are met: a) The roof slopes at least 14 in./ft (1.2 degrees or 2%), and b) The roof snow load is zero, or the supported combined unfactored (characteristic) dead load plus resultant roof live load (reduced) is at least 28 psf (1.4 kN/m2). See Figure 18 for a roof live load reduction flow chart. Note that for purposes of foundation design only (e.g., footings, grade beams, piles, and caissons), the use of roof live loads and live reduction techniques as permitted by applicable building codes and standards are acceptable without revision or exception. Do not use roof live load reduction for the following:

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1) Roofs that can have an occupancy function such as roofs on which an assembly or congregation of people is allowed or intended (e.g., some roof gardens (vegetated green roofs); or roofs that function as a balcony, elevated terrace, or viewing platform). 2) Roof used for storage, including car parking garage roofs. 3) Roofs where the code-required unfactored (characteristic) live load is greater than 75 psf (3.6 kPa). 2.2.1.2 Where roof live load reduction is permissible under Section 2.2.1.1, use the following roof live load reduction procedure (where TA = Tributary Area): 1) TA 200 ft2 (19 m2): No roof live load reduction allowed; use 20 psf (1.0 kPa). 2) 200 ft2 (19 m2) < TA = < 600 ft2 (56 m2): Roof live load (psf) = (1.2 - 0.001(TA))(20 psf) or Roof live load (kPa) = (1.2 - 0.0108(TA)) (1.0 kPa) 3) TA > 600 ft2 (56 m2): Roof live load = 12 psf (0.6 kPa) For example, if TA = 400 ft2 (37.5 m2), then the minimum reduced roof live load is 0.8 x 20 psf (1.0 kPa) = 16 psf (0.8 kPa). For a continuous structural roof system, such as a concrete slab, use a tributary length equal to the span (use the lesser span for a two-way slab system), and use a tributary width not greater than 1.5 x tributary span; in other words: TA = 1.5 (tributary span)2. The same technique can be used for one-way systems such as metal roof deck, standing seam roofs, of lap seam roofs; however, based on typical spans, the TA will generally be less than 200 ft2 (19 m2) and therefore will not be eligible for roof live load reduction. 2.3 Snow Loads 2.3.1 General Determine roof snow loads in accordance with the guidelines of this section; however, ensure the roof loads are not less than the minimum live loads or snow loads designated by the applicable building code, nor less than the rain loads covered in Section 2.5. For roofs of unusual shape or configuration, use wind-tunnel or analytical modeling techniques to help establish design snow loads. 2.3.2 Snow Load Notation Ce = exposure factor Cs = slope factor Ct = thermal factor D = snow weight density (pcf [kN/m3]) of drifted snow hb = height of balanced uniform snow load (ft [m]) (i.e., balanced snow load Pf or Ps divided by D) hc = clear height from top of balanced snow load (ft [m]) to the closest point(s) on adjacent upper roof; to the top of parapet; or to the top of a roof projection hd = maximum height of snow drift surcharge above balanced snow load (ft [m]) hr = difference in height between the upper roof (including parapets) and lower roof or height of roof projection (ft [m]) Pd = maximum intensity of drift surcharge load (psf [kN/m2 or kPa]) Pf = flat-roof snow load (psf [kN/m2 or kPa]) Pg = ground snow load (psf [kN/m2 or kPa]) Ps = sloped-roof snow load (psf [kN/m2 or kPa]) S = separation distance between buildings (ft [m])
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Wb = horizontal distance of roof upwind of drift (ft [m]), but not less than 25 ft (7.6 m). Wb equals the entire upwind distance of roofs with multiple elevation differences, provided the predicted drift height at each elevation difference exceeds hc Wd = width of snow drift surcharge (ft [m]) Wp = width of rooftop projection (ft [m]) Ws = width of sloped upper roof, from ridge to eave (ft [m]) = roof slope from horizontal (degrees, rise: run, in./ft) 2.3.3 Ground Snow Loads Ground snow loads (Pg) used in determining design snow loads for roofs are given in the two-part map for the contiguous United States in Figures 16a and 16b. The maps are provided in the publication Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures by the American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute (ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05). The maps present snow-load zones with estimated ground snow loads based on a 50-year MRI and provide the upper elevation limit for the presented ground snow loads. At locations where the elevation exceeds that indicated on the ground snow load maps, and in areas zoned as CS (where the amount of local variation in snow loads is substantial enough to preclude meaningful mapping; these include mountainous locations and areas close to large water bodies), site-specific Case Studies (CS) are needed to determine accurate ground snow conditions. The local office of the National Weather Service, local building codes, or the building authority or official having jurisdiction (AHJ), should be contacted for locations where site-specific Case Studies (CS) are applicable. Use ground snow loads based on a 50-year MRI. Approximate multiplication factors for converting from lesser MRI ground snow loads to 50-year MRI ground snow loads are: 50-year 50-year 50-year 50-year = = = = 2.25 1.82 1.20 1.15 x x x x 5-year 10-year 25-year 30-year
Ground snow loads are zero for Puerto Rico and most of Hawaii, although for mountainous regions in Hawaii, consult local building officials to verify ground snow load conditions. Ground snow loads (Pg) for Alaska are presented in Table 12 for specific locations only and generally do not represent appropriate design values for other nearby locations. In Alaska, extreme local variations preclude statewide mapping of ground snow loads. 2.3.3.1 Ground Snow Loads in China Use a snow load Importance Factor (l) of 1.2 for ground snow loads in China. Apply the 1.2 Importance Factor to the ground snow load values (Pg) from Figures 17a and 17b China Ground Snow Load. Figures 17a and 17b represent the 50-year ground snow loads. Note that the Pg values for the various cities in Table 15 Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in China include the 1.2 Importance Factor. For example, for Dalian: From Figure 17b, Pg = 0.53 kN/m2; and from Table 15, Pg = 0.64 kN/m2. 2.3.4 Snow Density Determine bulk snow (weight) density (to evaluate the heights of roof snow loads) (D) as a function of the ground snow load (Pg) according to Table 1 or the following formulas: English Units: D (pcf) = 0.13 Pg + 14 30 where Pg in psf Metric Units: D (kN/m3) = 0.43 Pg + 2.2 4.7 where Pg in kN/m

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2.3.5 Flat-Roof Snow Loads To determine the balanced (uniform) snow load (Pf) on an unobstructed flat roof, including any roof with a slope less than 5 (1 in./ft or 8%), use Table 1 or the following formulas: Pf = Pg where Pg 20 psf(1.0 kN/m2) Pf = 0.9 Pg 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) where 20 psf < Pg 40 psf (1.0 < Pg 1.9 kN/m2) Pf = 0.8 Pg 36 psf (1.7 kN/m2) where Pg > 40 psf (1.9 kN/m2) 2.3.6 Minimum Snow Loads for Low-Sloped Roofs The minimum allowable snow loads are the balanced snow loads (Pf) of Section 2.3.5 or Table 1 and applied to shed, hip and gable roofs with slopes less than 15, and curved roofs where the vertical angle (see Fig. 2a) from the eave to the crown is less than 10. The formulas in Section 2.3.5 satisfy the following minimum snow load guidelines: for locations where the ground snow load (Pg) is 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) or less, the flat roof snow load (Pf) for such roofs is not less than the ground snow load (Pg); in locations where the ground snow load (Pg) exceeds 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2), the flat-roof snow load (Pf) for such roofs is not less than 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2). In building codes, minimum roof live loads and live load reductions do not apply to snow loads. Snow loads greater than such live loads govern the determination of design loads.
Table 1. Ground Snow Load (Pg) versus Balanced Flat-Roof Snow Load (Pf), Density (D), and Height of Balanced Snow Load (hb) for Flat and Low-sloped Roofs English Units Ground Snow Load, Pg (psf) Balanced Flat-Roof Snow Load, Pf (psf) 10 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 23 27 32 36 40 48 56 64 Density D, (pcf) Balanced Flat-Roof Snow Load Height, hb, (ft) 15.3 16.6 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.2 20.5 21.8 23.1 24.4 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 Metric Units Ground Snow Load, Pg (kN/m2) Balanced Flat-Roof Snow Load, Pf (kN/m2) 0.25 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.0 3.0 4.0 0.25 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.7 2.4 3.2 Density D, (kN/m3) Balanced Flat-Roof Snow Load Height hb (m) 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.9 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pg Pf D hb
5 5 14.7 0.3
90 72 25.7 2.8
100 80 27.0 3.0
Pg Pf D hb
5.0 4.0 4.4 0.9
Note: Linear interpolation is appropriate.
2.3.7 Sloped-Roof Snow Loads Determine balanced (uniform) snow load (Ps) on sloped roofs, such as shed, hip, gable, and curved roofs, by multiplying the flat-roof load (Pf) by the roof slope factor (Cs): Ps = Cs x Pf Values of Cs are given in Table 2. Use cold roof values. The exception is warm roof values that apply for un-insulated glass or metal panel, plastic (e.g., acrylic or reinforced plastic panels), and fabric roofs with R-value less than 2.0 ft2hr.F/Btu (0.4 m2-K/W) of buildings continuously heated above 50F (10C); note that to take advantage of warm roof slope factor values, ensure the building has a maintenance technician on duty at all times and a temperature alarm system battery back-up is in place to warn of heating failures. Use slippery surface values only where the sliding surface is metal (aluminum, copper, galvanized or enameled steel panels, such as on all-metal buildings) and is unobstructed with sufficient space below the eaves to accept all sliding snow; if it is reasonable to assume snow guards could be installed (e.g., where a sloped roof overhangs a sidewalk) consider the roof obstructed. Note that for curved and dome roofs the vertical angle (see Fig. 2a) is measured from the eave to the crown.
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Table 2. Roof Slope Factor Cs Cs Values Roof Slope, degrees (Rise:Run) 5 (1:12) 14 (3:12) 18.4 (4:12) 26.6 (6:12) 30 (7:12) 33.7 (8:12) 45 (12:12) 60 70 Unobstructed Slippery Surfaces Cold Roof Warm Roof 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.94 0.74 0.79 0.62 0.73 0.57 0.66 0.52 0.46 0.36 0.19 0.14 0 0
1,2
All Other Surfaces Cold Roof Warm Roof 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.91 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.25 0 0
1. Use cold roof and all other surfaces values unless conditions in Section 2.3.7 apply. 2. Linear interpolation is appropriate within any column.
2.3.8 Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads Consider balanced and unbalanced snow loads as separate load cases. Consider winds from all directions when establishing unbalanced snow loads. For design purposes, unbalanced and drifting snow due to orthogonal wind directions (90 to each other) are considered to occur simultaneously; however, winds from opposite directions, 180, are not considered to occur simultaneously. 2.3.9 Hip and Gable Roofs 2.3.9.1 Unbalanced Snow Load Consider the balanced snow load case for all roof slopes. The unbalanced snow load case need only be considered for roof slopes between 5 and 70 (1 on 12, and 33 on 12 slopes) inclusive. Balanced and unbalanced snow loading diagrams appear in Figure 1. Apply no reduction in snow load for roof slopes up to and including 15 (i.e., Cs = 1.0 and therefore Ps = Pf) and the snow surface above the eave need not be at a higher elevation than the snow surface above the ridge. Determine snow depths by dividing the snow loads by the appropriate snow density (D) from Table 1.

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Fig. 1. Snow loads for hip and gable roofs.
2.3.9.2 Ice Dam Load For typical heated building structures that drain water over their overhanging roof eaves, and where the roof assembly has an R-value of less than 25 ft2hr.F/Btu (4.4 m2K/W), apply a uniform snow load of 2Pf to the overhanging roof eaves; if the R-value of the roof assembly cannot be verified, assume that the load 2Pf is applicable. The load 2Pf is intended to account for the effects of ice dams along the overhanging roof eave, and need not be combined with any design load other than the dead load of the roof. 2.3.10 Curved and Domed Roofs Consider unbalanced snow loads for slopes where the vertical angle from the eave to the crown is between 10 and 60. Consider portions of curved roofs having a roof slope exceeding 70 free of snow; consider the point at which the roof slope exceeds 70 the eave for such roofs. Unbalanced loading diagrams, Cases I, II, and III, for curved roofs with roof slopes at the eave of less than 30, 30 to 70, and greater than 70, appear in Figure 2a. If another roof or the ground surface abuts a Case II or III curved roof at or within 3 ft (0.9 m) of the eave, ensure the snow load is not decreased between the 30 roof slope point and the eave, but remains constant at 2.0 Ps as shown by the dashed line.
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For domed roofs, see Fig. 2b for unbalanced snow load distribution with a single wind orientation. Note that since unbalanced snow loads due to orthogonal (90 degree) wind directions are assumed to act concurrently, consider also the load distribution with the unbalanced snow load on one-half the roof (180 degrees), two linearly decreasing to zero snow zones of 22.5 degrees each, and the remaining area (135 degrees) free of snow. Determine the governing orientation of the unbalanced snow load based on the maximum demand on the structure.
Fig. 2a. Snow loads for curved and dome roofs.
2.3.11 Valley Roofs Valleys are formed by multiples of folded plate, gable, saw-tooth, and barrel vault roofs. No reduction in balanced or unbalanced snow load is allowed for any roof slope (i.e., Cs = 1.0 and Ps = Pf). For valleys formed by roof slopes of 5 (1 on 12) and greater, consider unbalanced snow loads. The unbalanced snow load should increase from one-half the balanced load (0.5 Pf) at the ridge (or crown) to two times the balanced load at the valley (2.0 Pf) (see Fig. 3). The snow surface above the valley, however, need not be at a higher elevation than the snow surface at the ridge (or crown). Determine snow depths by dividing the snow loads by the appropriate snow density (D) in Table 2. The above snow load methodology is also applicable to multiple gable and barrel vault roofs.

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Fig. 2b. Unbalanced snow load distribution on dome roofs
Fig. 3. Snow loads for valley roofs
2.3.12 Drifts on Lower Roofs Snow Loads In areas where the ground snow load (Pg) is less than 5 psf (0.25 kN/m2) or the ratio hc/hb is less than 0.2, drift loads on lower roofs need not be considered. Otherwise, design lower levels of multilevel roofs to sustain localized loads from snow drifts caused by wind over upper roofs of the same structure, adjacent structures, or terrain features within 20 ft (6 m) (leeward drifting); sliding snow; or snow drifts formed on lower roofs by windblown snow across the lower roof (windward drift). Examine the following three load cases when determining the maximum demand placed on the supporting structure of the lower roof: a) Balanced Snow + Leeward Drift b) Balanced Snow + Windward Drift c) Balanced Snow + Sliding Note that drift load need not be combined with sliding snow load.
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Note that more than one load case may govern the structural design. For example, for a low roof joist spanning perpendicular to the line of the roof step (i.e., parallel to the worst-case wind direction for drifting), load case (a) may produce maximum shear, but load case (c) may produce maximum bending. 2.3.12.1 Drift Load Take the drift load on lower roofs as a triangular surcharge loading superimposed on the balanced roof snow load (Pf), as shown in Figure 4a. Note that the upper roof may be flat or sloped. For upper roof slopes less than 30-degrees, use an upwind distance (Wb) equal to the upper roof width parallel to the wind direction (e.g., eave to eave distance for a sloped roof). For upper roof slopes of 30-degrees or greater, use an upwind distance (Wb) equal to 85% of the upper roof width. Where intersecting snow drifts of lower roofs due to perpendicular wind directions are possible, at the theoretical drift intersection the larger snow drift governs; the two drift loads need not be superimposed to create a combined (additive) drift load. See Figure 4b. Note that parapet walls on high roofs will not substantially reduce leeward drifting on adjacent low roofs; therefore, do not credit high roof parapets as a method of reducing low roof leeward drifting.
Fig. 4a. (To be used with Table 3) Snow loads for lower roofs.
Fig. 4b. Snow drift intersection at lower roofs.
Determine maximum drift height (hd) in ft (m) from Table 3 or the following formulas:

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English Units: hd (ft) = 0.43 Wb Pg+10 1.5 hc where Pg in psf; Wb and hc in ft Metric Units: hd (m) = 0.42 Wb Pg+0.48 0.457 hc where Pg in kN/m2; Wb and hc in meters Drift surcharge load (maximum intensity), Pd = (hd D) (hc D) Maximum snow load (at wall) = (Pd + Pf) (hr D) The drift surcharge load (Pd) and the maximum snow load at the wall (see Fig. 4a) may also be determined by Table 3, provided the product of the density (D) and hc or hr does not govern. Drift width (Wd) is equal to 4 hd except for rare cases when the calculated hd exceeds hc . For these cases, the minimum Wd is established so that the cross-sectional area of the drift (0.5 Wd hc) is equal to the cross-sectional area of the hypothetical drift (0.5hd 4hd = 2hd2) that would be computed if hd were less than hc; however, Wd cannot be less than 6 hc and need not be greater than 8 hc. Thus, Wd = 4 hd, 2 except when hd > hc , then Wd = 4 hd
hc
3 4
3
(but 8hc Wd 6hc)
If Wd exceeds the width of the lower roof (this occurs frequently with canopy roofs), truncate the drift at the far edge of the roof and do not reduce it to zero.
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Table 3. (To be used with Figure 4a) Ground Snow Load (Pg) versus Balanced Snow Load (Pf), Density (D), Balance Snow Load Height (hb), Drift Height (hd), Max Drift Load (Pd) and Max Load (Pd+Pf) English Units: Ground Snow Load, Pg (psf) Balanced Snow Load, Pf (psf) 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 20 23 27 32 36 40 48 Density, D (pcf) Balanced Snow Load Height, hb (ft) 16.6 17.3 17.9 18.6 19.2 20.5 21.8 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 Drift Height, hd (ft)a Max. Drift Load, Pd (psf)a Max. Load at Wall, Pd + Pf (psf)a 1.44 1.56 1.66 1.76 1.84 2.00 2.14 24 27 30 33 35 41 47 44 50 57 65 71 81 95 2.21 2.35 2.48 2.60 2.71 2.91 3.08 37 41 44 48 52 60 67 57 64 71 80 88 100 115 3.17 3.35 3.52 3.67 3.81 4.05 4.27 53 58 63 68 73 83 93 73 81 90 100 109 123 141 4.39 4.62 4.83 5.01 5.19 5.50 5.78 73 80 86 93 100 113 126 93 103 113 125 136 153 174 5.24 5.50 5.74 5.96 6.16 6.51 6.83 87 95 103 111 118 133 149 107 118 130 143 154 173 197 5.91 6.20 6.46 6.71 6.92 7.32 7.67 98 107 116 125 133 150 167 118 131 143 157 169 190 215 6.48 6.80 7.08 7.34 7.58 8.00 8.37 108 118 127 137 146 164 182 128 141 154 169 182 204 230 6.99 7.32 7.62 7.89 8.14 8.59 8.99 116 127 136 147 156 176 196 136 150 163 179 192 216 244 7.84 8.21 8.54 8.84 9.11 9.61 10.0 130 142 153 164 175 197 219 150 165 180 196 211 237 267 8.56 8.98 9.31 9.64 9.93 10.5 10.9 142 155 167 179 191 215 238 162 178 194 211 227 255 286
Pg Pf
5 5
10 10
15 15
70 56
80 64
90 72
100 80
D hb Upwind Distance Wb (ft) 25 hd Pd Pd+Pf 50 hd Pd Pd+Pf 100 hd Pd Pd+Pf 200 hd Pd Pd+Pf 300 hd Pd Pd+Pf 400 hd Pd Pd+Pf 500 hd Pd Pd+Pf 600 hd Pd Pd+Pf 800 hd Pd Pd+Pf 1000 hd Pd Pd+Pf
14.7 0.3
15.3 0.7
16.0 0.9
23.1 2.4
24.4 2.7
25.7 2.8
27.0 3.0
0.97 14 19 1.61 24 29 2.42 36 41 3.44 51 56 4.15 61 66 4.72 69 74 5.20 76 81 5.62 83 88 6.34 93 98 6.94 102 107
1.16 18 28 1.85 28 38 2.72 42 52 3.82 58 68 4.59 70 80 5.20 80 90 5.72 88 98 6.17 94 104 6.94 106 116 7.59 116 126
1.31 21 36 2.04 33 48 2.96 47 62 4.12 66 81 4.94 79 94 5.58 89 104 6.13 98 113 6.61 106 121 7.43 119 134 8.11 130 145
2.26 52 108 3.24 75 131 4.47 103 159 6.02 139 195 7.11 164 220 7.97 184 240 8.70 201 257 9.34 216 272 10.4 241 297 11.4 262 318
2.37 58 122 3.38 82 146 4.65 113 177 6.25 153 217 7.37 180 244 8.26 202 266 9.01 220 284 9.67 236 300 10.8 264 328 11.7 286 350
2.47 63 135 3.51 90 162 4.81 124 196 6.45 166 238 7.60 195 267 8.52 219 291 9.29 239 311 9.97 256 328 11.1 286 358 12.1 311 383
2.57 64 144 3.62 98 178 4.96 134 214 6.64 179 259 7.82 211 291 8.76 237 317 9.55 258 338 10.3 278 358 11.4 308 388 12.4 335 415
Note: Linear interpolation is appropriate. a The drift height (hd), maximum drift load (Pd), and maximum load at wall (Pd + Pf) are limited to hc, (hc D), and (hr D) respectively.

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Table 3, Continued. (To be used with Figure 4a) Ground Snow Load (Pg) versus Balanced Snow Load (Pf), Density (D), Balance Snow Load Height (hb), Drift Height (hd), Max Drift Load (Pd) and Max Load (Pd+Pf) Metric Units: Ground Snow Load, Pg (kN/m2) Balanced Snow Load, Pf (kN/m2) 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.0 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.7 Density, D (kN/ cu m) Balanced Snow Load Height, hb (m) 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 Drift Height, hd (m)a Max. Drift Load, Pd (kN/m2)a Max. Load at Wall, Pd + Pf (kN/m2)a .46 .51 .53 .59 .66 .67 1.14 1.34 1.38 1.66 1.97 2.07 1.74 2.24 2.38 2.92 3.67 3.77 .59 .65 .67 .74 .82 .83 1.47 1.70 1.75 2.08 2.45 2.53 2.07 2.60 2.75 3.34 4.15 4.23 .86 .94 .97 1.06 1.15 1.16 2.15 2.45 2.52 2.96 3.44 3.61 2.75 3.35 3.52 4.22 5.14 5.31 1.10 1.2 1.23 1.34 1.44 1.46 2.76 3.13 3.20 3.74 4.33 4.54 3.36 4.03 4.20 5.00 6.03 6.24 1.51 1.63 1.67 1.8 1.94 1.96 3.77 4.25 4.34 5.04 5.81 6.08 4.37 5.15 5.34 6.30 7.51 7.78 1.63 1.76 1.80 1.94 2.09 2.11 4.08 4.59 4.69 5.44 6.26 6.55 4.68 5.49 5.69 6.70 7.96 8.25 1.79 1.94 1.98 2.13 2.29 2.31 4.48 5.03 5.14 5.96 6.86 7.17 5.08 5.93 6.14 7.22 8.56 8.87 1.93 2.09 2.13 2.29 2.46 2.49 4.83 5.42 5.54 6.41 7.37 7.71 5.43 6.32 6.54 7.67 9.07 9.41 2.02 2.18 2.22 2.39 2.56 2.59 5.05 5.66 5.78 6.68 7.58 8.03 5.65 6.56 6.78 7.94 9.38 9.73 2.38 2.56 2.61 2.80 3.00 3.03 5.94 6.65 6.79 7.84 8.99 9.40 6.54 7.55 7.79 9.10 10.69 11.10
0.25 0.25
0.5 0.5
3.0 2.4
4.0 3.2
5.0 4.0
2.3 0.1 Upwind Distance Wb (m) 10 hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf hd Pd Pd+Pf .37 .85 1.10 .49 1.13 1.38 .74 1.69 1.94 .96 2.20 2.45 1.32 3.05 3.30 1.44 3.30 3.55 1.58 3.64 3.89 1.71 3.93 4.18 1.79 4.11 4.36 2.11 4.86 5.11
2.4 0.2
3.5 0.7
3.9 0.8
4.4 0.9
15
30
50
100
120
150
180
200
300
.43 1.04 1.54 .56 1.35 1.85 .83 1.99 2.49 1.07 2.56 3.06 1.46 3.51 4.01 1.58 3.80 4.30 1.74 4.18 4.68 1.88 4.51 5.01 1.96 4.70 5.20 2.31 5.54 6.04
.77 2.68 5.08 .91 3.18 5.58 1.31 4.58 6.98 1.63 5.72 8.12 2.18 7.62 10.02 2.34 8.17 10.57 2.56 8.96 11.36 2.75 9.62 12.02 2.86 10.01 12.41 3.34 11.70 14.10
.85 3.30 6.50 1.03 4.03 7.23 1.42 5.55 8.75 1.77 6.91 10.11 2.35 9.16 12.36 2.52 9.84 13.04 2.76 10.75 13.95 2.96 11.53 14.73 3.08 12.00 15.20 3.59 14.00 17.20
.91 4.02 8.02 1.11 4.89 8.89 1.52 6.69 10.69 1.89 8.30 12.30 2.49 10.97 14.97 2.68 11.78 15.78 2.92 12.85 16.85 3.13 13.78 17.78 3.26 14.34 18.34 3.8 16.71 20.71
Note: Linear interpolation is appropriate. a The drift height (hd), maximum drift load (Pd), and maximum load at wall (Pd + Pf) are limited to hc, (hc D), and (hr D) respectively.
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2.3.12.2 Adjacent Structures and Terrain Features Apply a drift load to lower roofs or structures sited within 20 ft (6 m) of a higher structure or terrain feature (i.e., tanks, hills) as shown in Figure 5. Determine the drift load using the methodology of Section 2.3.12.1; apply the factor 1-(S/20) with S in ft (1-[S/6] with S in meters) to the maximum intensity of the drift Pd to account for the horizontal separation between structure S, expressed in ft (m). Drift loads need not be considered for separations greater than 20 ft (6 m).
Fig. 5. Snow loads for lower roof of adjacent structures
2.3.12.3 Sliding Snow For lower roofs located below slippery roofs having a slope greater than 1.2 (14 on 12), or below other (nonslippery) roofs having a slope greater than 9.5 (2 on 12), consider a sliding snow surcharge load (psf) of 0.4PfWs/15 where Pf is psf, and Ws is feet (sliding surcharge load [kN/m2] of 0.4PfWs/4.6 where Pf is kN/m2, and Ws is meters); except that hs needs to exceed hc. Determine hs by dividing the snow surcharge load by the appropriate snow density (D). Note that Ws is the horizontal distance from the ridge to the eave of the upper roof. See Figure 6. Apply sliding snow surcharge load to the balanced snow load (Pf) of the lower roof. For consideration of the sliding snow surcharge, slippery roof surfaces are defined as metal (aluminum, copper, galvanized or enameled steel panels such as are used on all-metal buildings); rubber or plastic membranes; bituminous or asphalt without granular surfacing; or slate, concrete, clay tile, composite, or similar shingles without granular surfacing. Other (non-slippery) roof surfaces are defined as all surfaces not defined here as slippery. Sliding snow need not be considered if the lower roof is separated a distance S greater than hr, or 20 ft (6 m), whichever is less.

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Fig. 6. Sliding snow load for lower roofs (upper roof snow load not shown)
2.3.12.4 Roof Projections and Parapets Projections above lower roofs, such as high bays or higher roofs of the same building, or penthouses and mechanical equipment, can produce windward drifting on the lower roof as depicted in Figure 7. Calculate such drift loads on all sides of projections having horizontal dimensions (perpendicular to wind direction) exceeding 15 ft (4.6 m) using the methodology described in this section, even though the surcharge loading shape may be quadrilateral rather than triangular. To compensate for a probable lower drift height, 75% of the drift height (hd) is used, based on a value of Wb taken as the maximum distance upwind from the projection to the edge of the roof. Compute drift loads created at the perimeter of the roof by a parapet wall using 75% of the drift height (hd), with Wb equal to the length of the roof upwind of the parapet. Where the width of the roof projection (Wp) is 10 ft (3.0 m) or greater, consider leeward drift on the low roof adjacent to the roof projection in accordance with Section 2.3.12.1; however, if the length of the projection (perpendicular to Wp) is less than 13 of hc , leeward drift need not be considered. Leeward drift load is superimposed on balanced snow load; it need not to be added to the windward drift load.
Fig. 7. Snow load at roof projections
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2.4 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge For locations where the ground snow load (Pg) is 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2) or less, but not equal to zero, use a uniform rain load surcharge of 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2) in combination with the balanced snow load, depending on the roof slope (see Table 4). Note that the rain-on-snow surcharge load need not be used in combination with unbalanced, drifting, or sliding snow loads.
Table 4. Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load W (ft) 30 45 60 90 120 150 180 240 300 360 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Roof Slope Rise: Run Degrees 18: 12 0.6 3/16: 12 0.9 14: 12 1.2 38: 12 1.8 12: 12 2.4 58: 12 3 34: 12 3.6 1: 12 4.8 1 : 12 6 1 12: 12 7.2 W (m) 9 14 18 27 37 46 55 73 91 110
in./ft 0.125 0.1875 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5
% 1.0 1.6 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.2 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6
Notes: 1. For roof slopes less than those shown in the table, add a uniform design surcharge load of 5 psf (0.24 kN/m2)to the uniform design snow load. 2. The 5 psf surcharge load need not be applied where the 50-year ground snow load is greater than 20 psf (0.96 kN/m2). 3. The 5 psf surcharge load need not be applied where the 50-year ground snow load is zero. 4. The 5 psf surcharge load is applicable to balanced snow load cases only, and need not be used in combination with drift, sliding, or unbalanced snow load. 5. W = the horizontal distance from the roof ridge or valley to the eave.
2.5 Rain Loads 2.5.1 General Determine design rain loads in accordance with the recommendations in this section; however, ensure the governing design roof loads are not less than the minimum live loads or snow loads designated by the applicable building code, nor less than the minimum roof live loads and snow loads covered in Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4 of this data sheet. Rain loads cannot be determined until the primary and secondary roof drainage systems have been designed. 2.5.2 Bases for Design Rain Loads 2.5.2.1 Design rain loads: Design each section of the roof structure to sustain the load from the maximum depth of water that could accumulate if the primary drainage system is blocked, including the depth of water ABOVE the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow. Determine this design rain load (load due to the depth of water [total head]) by the relative levels of the roof surface (design roof line) and overflow relief provisions, such as flow over roof edges or through overflow drains or scuppers. If the secondary drainage system contains drain lines, ensure they are independent of any primary drain lines. (See Figures 8a and 8b.) 2.5.2.2 The general expression given below for the design rain load for roof supporting members is the total head times the weight of the water. Total head is measured from the design roof line to the maximum water level (overflow discharge), as illustrated in Figures 8a and 8b. The total head includes the depths of water from the design roof line to the overflow provision plus the hydraulic head corresponding to either an overflow drain or scupper. In addition, have the roof framing designer prepare calculations substantiating that the roof design precludes roof instability due to ponding. Total head = maximum water depth from design roof line to overflow discharge level, including any hydraulic head.

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English Units: Design rain load (psf) = total head (in.) 5.2 15 psf for dead-flat roofs, and 30 psf at low-point of sloped roofs. Metric Units: Design rain load (kN/m2) = total head (mm) 0.01 0.7 kN/m2 for dead-flat roofs, and 1.4 kN/m2 at lowpoint of sloped roofs. 2.5.2.3 Minimum design rain loads: Design structural roof support members to support at least a 3 in. (75 mm) depth of water on dead-flat roofs, or at least a 6 in. (150 mm) depth of water at the low point of drains and scuppers on sloped roofs, but not less than the total head. The actual rain load distribution to the structural members will depend on any roof slope and the overflow relief provisions. These minimum rain loads are included in the above equation. 2.5.2.4 Ponding instability: Design roofs with a slope less than in./ft (1.2 degrees) to preclude (i.e., ruling out in advance) instability from ponding with the primary drainage system blocked. Use the larger of the rain or snow loads. 2.5.2.5 Controlled drainage provisions: Provide roofs with controlled flow drains with an overflow drainage system at a higher elevation that prevents rainwater buildup on the roof above that elevation, except for the resulting hydraulic head (see typical roof drains in Fig. 8a). Design such roofs to sustain the load of the maximum possible depth of water to the elevation of the overflow drainage system, plus any load due to the depth of water (hydraulic head) needed to cause flow from the overflow drainage system. Consider roof instability due to ponding in this situation. Likewise, ensure the overflow drainage system is independent of any primary drain lines.
Fig. 8a. Typical primary and overflow systems for pitched roofs
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Fig. 8b. Typical primary and overflow drainage systems for flat roofs
2.5.3 Designing for Stability Against Ponding Roof instability due to ponding can be minimized or controlled in the initial roof design by any of the following methods: a) Provide sufficient overflow relief protection to remove the water before it reaches an excessive depth. b) Slope the roof sufficiently to ensure water will flow off the edges of the roof. c) Provide a sufficiently stiff and strong roof to limit the amount of deflection and to withstand ponding as well as the total load. d) Specify camber for roof supporting members (e.g., open web joists, structural shapes, and plate girders of steel). Design standards, such as the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, require that roof systems be investigated by structural analysis to ensure adequate strength under ponding conditions, unless the roof surface is provided with sufficient slope toward points of free drainage or other means to prevent the accumulation of water. The AISC specifications permit a reduction in safety factor to 1.25 (yield) with respect to bending stress due to ponding plus the total load supported by the roof (i.e., design rain and dead loads). See additional information in this section stability against ponding. Analyze roof framing systems according to the following recommendations (as applicable), to ensure instability from ponding does not occur based on the total load (dead plus snow and rain loads) supported by the roof framing before consideration of ponding, or by substantiating that a roof slope is sufficient. a) Dead-flat roofs: Ensure the total load supported is the design rain load plus the dead load of the roof. An acceptable analysis method for ponding of two-way framing systems is presented in the ASD and LRFD Specifications for Structured Steel Buildings, Commentary, Chapters K2, American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). b) Sloped roofs to drains or scuppers: Ensure the total load supported is the design rain loads distributed locally to the low areas, plus the dead load of the roof. An acceptable analysis method, conservative for sloped roofs, is the AISC method given in Part a above using an appropriate equivalent uniform load

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based on the design rain load distribution plus dead load for the total load supported. Also, if the design roof slope is less than 14 in./ft (2%), ensure it is sufficient according to Section 2.5.4.1.13.2. c) Sloped roofs to free drainage over the roof edge: If the design roof slope is less than 14 in./ft (2%), ensure it is sufficient according to Section 2.5.4.1.13.2. 2.5.4 Roof Drainage 2.5.4.1 Conventional (Non-Siphonic) Roof Drainage 2.5.4.1.1 Positive Drainage Design all roofs with positive drainage; however, dead-flat roofs consistent with this data sheet are acceptable. Sloping the roof surface 14 in./ft (2%) toward roof drains or scuppers or points of free drainage (roof edge) should be sufficient for positive drainage. If a slope of less than 14 in./ft (2%) is desired for positive drainage, use the analysis methods presented in Section 2.5.7. 2.5.4.1.2 Secondary Drainage Provide secondary (overflow or emergency) roof drains or scuppers where blockage of the primary drains, if any, allows water to accumulate. This includes when roof gutters or other drains are located behind a parapet. 2.5.4.1.3 Design Rainfall Intensities Design primary and secondary roof drainage to handle no less than the rainfall intensity (in./hr or mm/hour) based on a duration of 1-hr and frequency (MRI) of 100-years. For locations outside the United States, except as noted below, use the greater of the rainfall intensities determined using this data sheet or local codes and rainfall intensity maps. Rainfall intensity maps are in Appendix C. Linear interpolation is appropriate between rainfall intensity lines. The US maps are identical to those in the 2003 and 2006 International Plumbing Codes. Note: The rainfall intensities will not necessarily correspond along the common boundary of the Western and Central United States because the Central and Eastern United States map is newer (1977 vs. 1961). The values expressed in inches are the most intense 60-min duration rainfalls having a 1% probability of being exceeded in one year. This is commonly designated as the 100-year, 1-hour rainfall. Calculate rainfall intensity (i) for locations in Canada by multiplying the values tabulated by the Atmospheric Environment Service (Ontario, Canada) in Appendix C of the 2005 National Building Code of Canada by a factor of 4. The tabulation presents the probable rainfall intensity in millimeters for a 15-min duration and a 10-yr return period or 10-yr, 15-min rainfall. To convert millimeters to inches, divide by 25. The 4.0 multiplier is a slightly conservative conversion from the 10-yr, 15-min rainfall basis of the Canadian Code to the 100-year, 1-hour rainfall of this data sheet. In areas outside those covered by the maps and tabulation, or in local areas of intense rainfall history, obtain the rainfall intensities from local meteorological stations based on a 1-hr duration rainfall and a 100-yr MRI. Reasonable, but not exact, multiplication factors for converting a 1-hr duration rainfall of 30-yr and 50-yr MRI to a 100-yr MRI are 1.2 and 1.07, respectively. 2.5.4.1.4 Design Drainage Area Use the roof area along with one-half (12) the area of any vertical walls that drain to the roof area in sizing drains and determining roof loads and stability from ponding. 2.5.4.1.5 Roof Loads The roof primary and secondary drainage systems must be designed before the roof loads can be determined.
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2.5.4.1.6 Existing roofs Provide existing roofs (especially lightweight roof constructions) that have severely inadequate primary drainage and no overflow relief protection with additional drainage provisions. Determine the need for overflow drainage in conjunction with an evaluation of existing conditions. 2.5.4.1.7 Roof Drains and Scuppers Roof drains may be used for conventional, or controlled-flow drainage systems. Roof drains and scuppers may be used separately or in combination for primary or overflow drainage systems. The following sections, when referring to drains, apply to conventional or controlled-flow drainage systems. 2.5.4.1.7.1 Quantity Provide at least two roof drains or scuppers for total roof areas of 10,000 ft2 (930 m2) or less. For larger roof areas, provide a minimum of one drain or scupper for each 10,000 ft2 (930 m2) of roof area. The roof area may be increased to 15,000 ft2 (1400 m2) with a minimum drain diameter of 6 in. (150 mm) or scupper width of 8 in. (200 mm). 2.5.4.1.7.2 Drain Sizes Provide roof drains and vertical leaders in sizes of 4 to 8 in. (100 to 200 mm) diameter inclusive, except for areas less than 2500 ft2 (230 m2), such as canopies, where 3 in. (75 mm) diameter drains may be used. It is usually impractical to use larger than 8 in. (200 mm) diameter drains because of drainage area limitations and drain flow restrictions imposed by drainage piping and/or water buildup loads. 2.5.4.1.7.3 Drain Strainers Provide strainers extending a minimum of 4 in. (102mm) above the roof surface over all roof drains. Use strainers with an available inlet area not less than one and one-half times the area of the conductor or leader connected to the drain. Flat-surface strainers with an inlet area not less than two times the area of the conductor can be used on flat decks, including parking decks and sun decks. 2.5.4.1.7.4 Placement The placement of (primary) roof drains or scuppers are influenced by the roof structures support columns and walls, expansion joints, roof equipment, and other projections. When possible, locate roof drains at mid-bay low points, or within 20% of the corresponding bay spacing from the low points in each direction. If roof drains or scuppers are located at points of little deflection, such as columns and walls, slope the roof surface toward them at least 18 in./ft (1%) to compensate for minimum deflections at these locations. In general, do not locate interior (non-perimeter) drains more than 50 ft (15 m) from the roof perimeter, nor more than 100 ft (30 m) apart. Exception: Distances of 75 ft (23 m) from the perimeter and 150 ft (46 m) apart, may be used with a minimum drain diameter of 6 in. (150 mm). Place primary scuppers level with the roof surface in a wall or parapet as determined by the roof slope and the contributing area of the roof, but not located more than 50 ft (15 m) from a roof juncture, nor more than 100 ft (30 m) apart along the roof perimeter, except 60 ft (18 m) and 125 ft (38 m), respectively, may be used with a minimum scupper width of 8 in. (200 mm). Careful consideration of the above during the design phase is essential to provide adequate and uniform drainage of each roof section. 2.5.4.1.7.5 Secondary Drainage Provide secondary drainage for both dead-flat and sloped roofs to prevent any possibility of water overload. The overflow relief provision establishes the maximum possible water level based on blockage of the primary drainage system. Ensure the provision is in the form of minimal height roof edges, slots in roof edges, overflow scuppers in parapets or overflow drains adjacent to primary drains (see Figures 8a and 8b). Ensure the overflow relief protection provides positive and uniform drainage relief for each roof section, with drainage areas preferably not exceeding those of the primary drainage or the drainage area limits in Section 2.5.4.1.7.1. Do not consider flow through the primary drainage system when sizing overflow relief drains and scuppers.

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Ensure the inlet elevation of overflow drains and the invert elevation (see sketches in Table 6) of overflow scuppers are not less than 2 in. (50 mm) nor more than 4 in. (100 mm) above the low point of the (adjacent) roof surface unless a safer water depth loading, including the required hydraulic head to maintain flow, has been determined by the roof-framing designer. 2.5.4.1.7.5.1 Secondary drainage discharge: Discharge roof overflow drain or scupper drainage systems using vertical leaders, conductors, or piping separate from the primary drainage system and to an abovegrade location normally visible to building occupants. Discharge to points of free drainage, such as over-the-roof edges or through relief openings atop conductors, if this isnt practical. 2.5.4.1.8 Scuppers and Gutters Use three-sided channel-type roof scuppers whenever possible. For parapet walls, use the four-sided perimeter, closed-type scuppers (see sketch with Table 6). Provide scuppers and leaders or conductors with minimum dimensions of 6 in. (150 mm) wide by 4 in. (100 mm) high and 5 in. (125 mm) diameter or equivalent, respectively. Ensure the height of the closed-type scupper is at least 1 in. (25 mm) higher than the estimated water buildup height (hydraulic head) developed behind the scupper (see Table 6). Provide a watertight seal between gutters and the underside of the roof to ensure that rainwater will not enter the building, nor breach the buildings weather tight envelope, due to wind-driven rain or gutter overflow. 2.5.4.1.9 Downspouts Provide downspouts that are protected or truncated above the highest expected level of snow banks and potential impacting objects (truck docks, etc.) or are of open-channel design. 2.5.4.1.10 Inspection Inspect roofs and their drainage inlets after roof construction, prior to the start of the rainy or tropical cyclone seasons, and following storms, or at least every three months. Clear obstructions or accumulations of foreign matter as frequently as necessary. Inspects gutters to ensure that they are properly sealed at the underside of roofing to prevent rainwater from entering the building. 2.5.4.1.11 Drainage System Sizing Determine the rainfall intensity for a given location using Section 2.5.4.1.3 and Appendix C, then calculate the number and sizes of roof drains and/or scuppers for the primary drainage system, as well as the sizes of vertical leaders or conductors and horizontal drainage piping as follows: Secondary drain sizing: Where provided, size secondary drains at least equivalent to the maximum capacity of the primary roof drains or scuppers as stated in Tables 5 and 6. For example, if the primary drainage system consists of six 6 in. (150 mm) drains each flowing 540 gpm (2044 L/min) and scuppers are used for the secondary drainage system, then the maximum drainage capacity of all scuppers should be equivalent to the 3,240 gpm (12,260 L/min) maximum drainage capacity of the primary roof drains. Total scupper capacity = 6 x the 540 gpm (2044 L/min) maximum capacity of each 6 in. (150 mm) drain per Table 5 = 3,240 gpm (12,260 L/min) 1. Sizing Conventional Roof Drains/Vertical Leaders and Scuppers a. Determine the total number of roof drains or scuppers needed: Equation 1.1 n= English Units
A ; or n = (for 6 in. dia. drains and A 10,000 15,000 8 in. wide scuppers per Section 2.5.4.1.7.1)
Where n = number of drains needed (nearest higher whole no. 2) A = total roof drainage area (ft2)
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Equation 1.2 n= A 930
Metric Units ; or n = A 1400 (for 150 mm dia. drains and 200 mm wide scuppers per Section 2.5.4.1.7.1)
Where n = Number of drains needed (nearest higher whole no. 2) A = Total roof drainage area (m2) b. Determine the flow rate needed per roof drain, leader, or scupper: Equation 2.1 English Units
Q = 0.0104 i A (See Note below) n Where Q i A n = drain, leader or scupper flow needed (gpm) = rainfall intensity (in./hr), Section 2.5.4.1.3 = total roof drainage area (ft2) = number of drains needed (Equation 1.1) Metric Units
Equation 2.2
Q = 0.0167 i A (See Note below) n Where Q i A n = drain, leader or scupper flow needed (dm3/min) = rainfall intensity (mm/hr), Section 2.5.4.1.3 = total roof drainage area (m2) = number of drains needed (Equation 1.2)
Note: The above coefficients (0.0104 or 0.0167) times i convert the rainfall intensity to an (average) flow rate per unit area (see Table 7); however, these coefficients may vary for controlled drainage systems (see Sizing Controlled Roof Drain/Vertical Leaders below). c. Determine the size needed for roof drains, leaders, or scuppers: Drains and vertical leaders Apply the flow, Q, needed per drain or vertical leader to Table 5 and select a drain or vertical leader diameter that provides adequate flow capacity. Scuppers Apply the flow, Q, needed per scupper to Table 6 and select a scupper type and size that provides adequate flow capacity. 2. Sizing Controlled Roof Drains/Vertical Leaders a) Use the methodology in this section for controlled drainage systems by converting the rainfall intensity to the design peak flow rate rather than to the (average) flow rate. b) The design peak flow rate is usually approximated at twice the average flow rate for a controlled drain age system.

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Table 5. Flow Capacity for Roof Drains and Pipinga Diameter of Drain or Pipe (in.) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 Diameter of Drain or Pipe (mm) 75 100 125 150 200 255 305 380
a
Roof Drains and Vertical Leaders (gpm) 90 180 360 540 1170b Roof Drains and Vertical Leaders (L/min) 340 680 1360 2040 4420b
English Units Horizontal Drainage Piping, gpm Slopes (in. per ft)
1 8
Slope
1 4
Slope
12
Slope
34 48 69 78 110 157 139 197 278 223 315 446 479 679 958 863 1217 1725 1388 1958 2775 2479 3500 4958 Metric Units Horizontal Drainage Piping, L/min Slopes (percentages) 1 Slope 130 295 525 845 1815 3265 5255 9385 2 Slope 180 415 745 1190 2570 4605 7410 13,245 4 Slope 260 595 1050 1690 3625 6530 10,500 18,770
To ensure these flow capacities are achieved, roof drains must be placed at mid-bay or the roof surfaces must be sloped toward the roof drains). Design flow of this capacity is impractical; water must build up approximately 4.5 in. (113 mm) to achieve this flow.
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Table 6. Hydraulic Head Versus Flow Capacity for Roof Scuppers (Depth of water over invert versus flow of water through scupper)
English Units Scupper Flows (gpm) Water Buildup H, in. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 18 50 90 140 194 255 321 393 Channel Type h H Width b, in. 8 24 66 120 186 258 340 428 522 12 36 100 180 280 388 510 642 786 24 72 200 360 560 776 1020 1284 1572 6 Closed Type Height h = 4 in. 8 12 (see channel type) Width b, in. 24 6 Height h = 6 in. 8 12 (see channel type) 24
177 206 231 253
236 354 274 412 308 462 338 506 Metric Units Scupper Flows L/min Height h = 100 mm
708 824 924 1012
303 343
404 456
606 686
1212 1372
Water Buildup H, mm 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 150 63 178 327 505 705 927 1168 1427
Channel Type h H Width b, mm 200 84 237 437 673 940 1236 1558 1903 300 126 356 656 1009 1411 1854 2337 2855 500 210 595 1093 1682 2351 3090 3894 4758 150
Closed Type Height h = 150 mm Width b, mm 500 150 200 300 (see channel type) 500
200 300 (see channel type)
642 749 841 923
856 998 1121 1230
1284 1497 1681 1846
2141 2495 2802 3076
1105 1249
1474 1665
2211 2498
3684 4163
Notes: Whenever h H for a closed-type scupper, the scupper flows under channel-type scuppers are appropriate. Interpolation is appropriate.

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Table 7. Conversion of Rainfall Intensity to Flow Rate and Rain Load per Unit Area Rainfall Intensity (in./hr) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 100 200 300
Note: Interpolation is appropriate.
English Units Flow Rate (gpm/ft2) .0104 .0156 .0208 .0260 .0312 .0364 .0416 .0468 .0520 .0572 .0624 .0728 .0832 .0936 .1040 Metric Units Flow Rated (L/min per m2) 0.42 0.5 0.58 0.67 0.75 0.83 0.92 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 3.3 5.0
Rain Load/hr (psf) 5.2 7.8 10.4 13.0 15.6 18.2 20.8 23.4 26.0 28.6 31.2 36.4 41.6 46.8 52.0 Rain Load/hr (kilonewtons [kN] per m2) .25 .29 .34 .39 .44 .49 .54 .59 .69 .79 .88 .98 1.96 2.94
Table 8. Hydraulic Head versus Roof Drain Flow Hydraulic Head(Approx. Water Depth Over Inlet) 1.0 in. (25 mm) 1.5 in. (38 mm) 2.0 in. (50 mm) 2.5 in. (63 mm) 3.0 in. (75 mm) 3.5 in. (88 mm) 4.0 in. (100 mm) 4.5 in. (113 mm)
Note: Interpolation is appropriate.
4 in. (100 mm) 80 (300) 120 (450) 170 (640) 180 (680)
Drain Diameter 6 in. (150 mm) Approximate Flow in gpm (L/min) 100 (380) 140 (530) 190 (720) 270 (1020) 380 (1440) 540 (2040)
8 in. (200 mm) 125 (470) 170 (640) 230 (870) 340 (1290) 560 (2120) 850 (3220) 1100 (4160) 1170 (4430)
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c) The peak flow rate is the limited (controlled) flow rate required to maintain a predetermined depth of water on a roof and drain the roof within a 24-hour or 48-hour period. It varies according to the controlled drainage design criterion, rainfall intensity, and roof slope configuration. 3. Sizing Horizontal Drainage Piping a) Determine the flow, Qp, needed per horizontal drainage pipe section: Qp = Q times the number of drains serviced by the pipe section. b) Determine the size of horizontal drainage piping needed: Apply the flow, Qp, needed per pipe section to Table 5 and select the pipe diameter and slope that provide adequate flow capacity. 2.5.4.1.12 Rain Loads with Drains and/or Scuppers 2.5.4.1.12.1 Hydraulic head: Determine the water depth needed to cause flow out of overflow drainage systems as follows: a) Roof edges: Ignore the negligible hydraulic head needed to cause flow across a roof and over its edges. b) Overflow roof drains: Use Table 8 with the needed flow rate Q (Section 2.5.4.1.11), under an appropriate drain diameter and determine the approximate depth of water over the drains inlet (by interpolation when necessary). c) Overflow roof scuppers: Use Table 6 with the needed flow rate, Q (Section 2.5.4.1.11) under an appropriate scupper type and size, and determine the approximate depth of water over the scupper s invert (by interpolation when necessary). 2.5.4.1.13 Roof Slope 2.5.4.1.13.1 Roofs with interior drains: To ensure the points of maximum sag are no lower than the roof surface between these points and the drains of roofs with interior drainage provide a positive drainage slope of at least 14 in./ft (2%). In Figure 9 this is illustrated in the sloped roof detail where ponding occurs locally at the origin, whereas in the flat roof detail ponding occurs in every bay. If a slope less than 14 in./ft (2%) is desired, use deflection analysis to determine the needed slope. If water must flow across one bay into another, relatively complicated two-way deflection analysis is involved. The recommendations in Section 2.5.4.1.13.2 for roof slope with edge drainage are appropriate. Have the roof framing designer prepare calculations according to these recommendations, or other appropriate method, to substantiate that the design slope is sufficient to prevent roof instability due to ponding.

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Fig. 9. Flat and sloped roofs with interior roof drains
2.5.4.1.13.2 Roofs with edge drainage: If interior drains are not provided and drainage is accomplished by causing the water to flow off the perimeter of the roof, sufficient roof slope is vital; at least 14 in./ft (2%). Under these circumstances, sufficient slope is needed to overcome the deflections caused by the dead load of the roof plus the weight of the 1-hour design storm less the effect of any specified camber. This is achieved when the actual downward pitch of the roof surface exceeds the upward slope for all deflected roof framing at or near their downward support column (or wall) (see Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Sloped roof with roof edge drainage
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If a design roof slope (Sd) less than 14 in./ft (2%) is desired, have the roof framing designer prepare calculations according to the following recommendations or other appropriate method, to substantiate that the design slope is sufficient to prevent roof instability due to ponding: a) Ensure the actual slope (Sa) under the dead load of the roof less the upward camber, when specified is at least 18 in./ft (1%). b) Ensure the actual slope (Sa), from the perimeter of the roof, under the dead load of the roof plus 1-hour of rain load (see Table 7), less the upward camber, when specified is greater than zero (i.e., upward positive slope, not flat). c) Ensure all primary and secondary members perpendicular to the roof edge, for the entire roof slope, have actual slopes (Sa), calculated by the roof designer, meeting the slope criteria of (a) and (b) as follows: English Units:
Sa (%) = Sd (%) + 240 (Camber) (D.L.) L3 1% L 1.44 24 E I
3
Sa (%) = Sd (%) + 240 (Camber) (D.L. + 5.2 i) L 0% L 1.44 24 E I
Where: Sa and Sd = the actual and design roof slopes in percent, respectively. D.L. = the roofs dead load in psf Camber = upward camber in inches when it is specified (not optional) by fabrication specifications (see Part e). I = rainfall intensity in in./hr L = span length of member in inches E = modulus of elasticity of members material, psi I = effective moment of inertia of member, (in.)4 per inch of (tributary loaded) roof width To convert roof slope (percent) to in./ft multiply percent by 0.12 Metric Units:
Sa (%) = Sd (%) + 0.24 (Camber) L (D.L.) L 24 E I
3
1%
3 Sa (%) = Sd (%) + 0.24 (Camber) (D.L. + 0.01 i) L > 0% L 24 E I
Where: Sa and Sd = the actual and design roof slopes in percent, respectively. D.L. = Roofs dead load in kN/m2 Camber = upward camber in mm when it is specified not optional by fabrication specifications (see Part e). I = rainfall intensity, in mm/hr L = span length of member in meters E = modulus of elasticity of members material, in kN/m2 I = effective moment of inertia of member, in (m)4 per meter of (tributary loaded) roof width d) If secondary members are parallel to relatively stiff perimeter walls (e.g., masonry or metal panel walls), increase the actual roof slope to compensate for maximum deflection (adjusted for any specified camber) of the secondary member closest to the wall. Adjust the actual slope computed in the equations of Part c above by a decrease as follows: Sa Decrease (%) = (Max. Deflection of secondary member) 100 (Distance secondary member from wall) Where: deflection and distance are in the same units (e.g., in. or mm)

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e) The following are cambers specified in the Standard Specifications of the Steel Joist Institute (SJI) for LH-Series (Longspan) and DLH-Series (Deep Longspan) Joists and Joist Girders:
Top Chord Length ft (m) 20 (6) 30 (9) 40 (12) 50 (15) 60 (18) >60 (>18) Approximate Camber in. (mm) 14 (6) 38 (10) 58 (16) 1 (25) 112 (38) See SJI Specifications
Do not assume the above cambers for K-Series (Open Web) Joists because they are optional with the manufacturer. 2.5.4.2 Siphonic Roof Drainage 2.5.4.2.1 Restrictions 2.5.4.2.1.1 For roofs with internal drains distributed throughout the roof , do not use siphonic roof drainage in hurricane-prone, tropical cyclone-prone, or typhoon-prone regions as defined in FM Global Data Sheet 1-28. This recommendation does not apply to roofs with siphonic drains located only in eave (perimeter) gutters or valley gutters. 2.5.4.2.1.2 Do not use siphonic roof drainage for roofs that will be prone to debris accumulation - such as roofs with nearby or overhanging vegetation where leaves, pine needles, or other vegetation is prone to substantially restrict roof drains flows or clog the siphonic piping system. Keep vegetation at least 50 ft (15 m) offset horizontally from the roof perimeter and no higher than the elevation of the lowest roof parapet. Ensure that a program is in place to control vegetation. 2.5.4.2.1.3 Do not use siphonic roof drainage for gravel covered or stone ballasted roof, or for vegetated (green) roofs. 2.5.4.2.2 Design Rainfall Intensity, Duration, and Frequency Rainfall intensity (i) is the rate that rainfall accumulates over time, is frequently expressed in inches or millimeters per hour (in/hr or mm/hr), and is a function of both duration (minutes or hours) and frequency (or return period, in years) for a given location and climate. For example, if the 100-year 2-minute rainfall is 10-inches (254 mm) per hour, then: Intensity (i) = 10 in./hr (254 mm/hr) Duration (D) = 2 minutes Frequency (F) = 100 years 2.5.4.2.2.1 Determine the flow rate (Q [gpm or liter/min]) needed per roof drain, leader or scupper in the same manner as for gravity roof drainage, but with any adjustments as noted to the rainfall intensity (i). 2.5.4.2.3 Acceptable Drainage Designs and Design Assumptions 2.5.4.2.3.1 Acceptable Design Options Note that the recommendations in Section 2.5.4.2.3.2, General Design Assumptions and Requirements, apply to all acceptable design options. Option 1: Primary siphonic drainage designed for the 2-year 2-min rainfall intensity. Secondary conventional (non-siphonic) drainage designed for the 100-year 15-min rainfall intensity, with primary drainage completely blocked. Option 2: Primary siphonic drainage designed for the 100-year 2-min rainfall intensity.
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Secondary siphonic drainage designed for the 100-year 2-min rainfall intensity, with primary drainage completely blocked. Roof structure designed to adequately support the 100-year 24-hour rainfall depth, unless depth reductions are appropriate where rainwater can freely overflow the roof area by gravity alone (e.g., at roof perimeter without parapets). This rain load may be considered an extreme design load, and therefore the use of a lower than normal rain load factor (partial safety factor), or net safety factor, is appropriate, provided that the resultant safety factor against structural material yielding or fracture/crushing (whichever occurs at the lower load) is not less than 1.25 when considering total load. Include ponding instability analysis under these conditions. 2.5.4.2.3.2 General Design Assumptions and Requirements 2.5.4.2.3.2.1 The design life of the drainage systems should not be less than the design life of the building, nor less than 50 years. 2.5.4.2.3.2.2 Primary and secondary drainage must be completely independent systems for all acceptable roof drainage options. 2.5.4.2.3.2.3 For secondary gravity drainage and scupper details (minimum sizes, inlet elevations) follow the recommendations in Section 2.5.4.1 (the conventional drainage section) of DS 1-54. 2.5.4.2.3.2.4 The siphonic drainage system must be designed to operate properly at all flow rates and rainfall intensities, up the maximum design flow rate and rainfall intensity. Ensure that the water depths on the roof or in the roof gutters will not exceed depths occurring at the maximum design flow rate and rainfall intensity. 2.5.4.2.3.2.5 All secondary siphonic drainage systems should be designed to operate properly at the design rainfall intensity based on the following assumptions: a) All secondary siphonic roof drains are operating as designed (no clogging or blinding). b) At least one secondary siphonic drain per roof, but not less than 5% of the total secondary drains on a roof, are completely clogged or blinded with the blocked or blinded secondary drains arranged to place the most demand on the roof drainage and roof structure. 2.5.4.2.3.2.6 Do not credit any temporary storage of water on roofs or in gutters for the siphonic drainage design. 2.5.4.2.3.3 Roof Load Arrange the secondary drain high enough above the primary drain so that water will reach a sufficient depth to ensure the primary drainage system operates properly but not so high that water reaches a depth that will overload the roof structure. 2.5.4.2.4 Roof Slope, Positive Drainage, and Stability against Ponding Follow the recommendations for gravity drainage in Section 2.5.4.1 except as noted in Section 2.5.4.2.1 (Restrictions in hurricane-prone locations). 2.5.4.2.5 Roof Drains 2.5.4.2.5.1 Quantity (minimum number of drains per roof area): Follow the recommendations for gravity drainage in Section 2.5.4.1. 2.5.4.2.5.2 Drain Strainers (Debris Guards): Provide domed drain strainers extending at least 4-inches (100 mm) above the roof surface for all siphonic roof drains, including those placed in roof gutters. Ensure that the open area of the strainer is at least three-times (3x) the cross-sectional area of the drain outlet or tailpipe, whichever is larger. Ensure that the hydraulic performance properties for the roof drain account for the presence of the drain strainers. 2.5.4.2.5.3 Drain Baffle (Anti-Vortex Plate): All siphonic drains must have a baffle to prevent air entrainment into the siphonic system and allow for full-bore siphonic flow. Ensure that the baffle is clearly and permanently marked with a warning not to remove the baffle. 2.5.4.2.5.4 Sump Bowl or Drainage Basin: Roof drains on flat and low sloped roof (2% slope or less) should have a sump bowl or drainage basin to allow for siphonic flow while minimizing water depth on the roof.

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2.5.4.2.5.5 Provide roof drains with the manufacturer name and model number, drain outlet size (in2 [mm2]), and hydraulic resistance coefficient (e.g., K value), clearly and permanently marked on the drain body where it will be legible in its installed condition to an observer on the roof. 2.5.4.2.6 Design Validation 2.5.4.2.6.1 Siphonic design and analysis must be performed by a plumbing engineer licensed to practice in the project location. The design calculations, including computerized calculations and results, must be signed and stamped by the licensed plumbing engineer. 2.5.4.2.6.2 The hydraulic properties and performance of manufactured roof drains used in the siphonic system must be based on physical test results from a testing program established in a nationally-recognized standard (such as ASME A112.6.9) and tested by a laboratory that has been verified to be qualified to perform the testing. Using roof drains with hydraulic performance based on calculation alone or based on calculated hydraulic performance taken from test results of a different, albeit similar, roof drains is not acceptable. 2.5.4.2.7 Disposable (Available) Head 2.5.4.2.7.1 Use the Design Disposable Head (HD), also known as the Design Available Head, as the vertical distance in ft (m) from the inlet (rim) of the roof drain to highest elevation (i.e., least vertical distance) of: a) Grade elevation at discharge inspection chamber(s) or manhole(s) b) Flood elevation c) Elevation of siphonic break (for discharge above grade) Refer to Figure 12, Elevation View of Siphonic System and Disposable (Available) Head 2.5.4.2.7.2 Use the Theoretical Disposable Head (HT) as the vertical distance in ft (m) from the water level directly upstream of the roof drain to the centerline of siphonic discharge pipe at or below grade. 2.5.4.2.7.3 Ensure that either HT or HD, whichever provides for the more demanding condition, has been used when determining the properties or performance of the siphonic drainage system. For example, when determining if the siphonic drainage system has adequate capacity to drain the roof based on the design rainfall intensity (i), or to determine the maximum depth of water build-up on the roof based on the design rainfall intensity, use HD. However, when determining the minimum pressure or maximum velocity to compare to allowable values, use HT. 2.5.4.2.7.4 Ensure that HD is at least 10% greater than the sum of the residual velocity head (at the last section of siphonic pipe just before the point of discharge) and the head losses. 2.5.4.2.7.5 Ensure that the calculated head losses account for pipe roughness values for both new and aged conditions, and that those roughness values which results in the most demanding condition are used. 2.5.4.2.7.6 Ensure that the designer s calculated imbalance in head at the design flow rate between any two roof drains with a common downpipe (stack) and the point of discharge is not greater than 1.5 ft (0.46 m), or 10% of HD, whichever is less. 2.5.4.2.8 Minimum and Maximum Pressure 2.5.4.2.8.1 Operating Pressure 2.5.4.2.8.1.1 The operating pressure (gage) should not exceed 13 psig (90 kPa), or 30 ft (9.2 m) of water column head pressure. 2.5.4.2.8.1.2 The operating pressure (gage) should be no less than: (3.5 psi [24.2 kPa]) (local atmospheric pressure [Patm] accounting for site elevation) For example: a) At sea level Patm = 14.7 psi (101.6 kPa), therefore the minimum operating gage pressure is: 3.5 psi (24.2 kPa) 14.7 psi (101.6 kPa) = -11.2 psig (-77.4 kPa) b) At 3000 ft (915 m) above sea level, Patm = 13.2 psi (91.1 kPa), therefore the minimum operational gage pressure is: (3.5 psi [24.2 kPa]) 13.2 psi (91.1 kPa) = -9.7 psig [-67.0 kPa]
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2.5.4.2.8.1.3 Minimum operating pressures are intended to prevent cavitation, air infiltration at pipe fittings and joints, and pipe overload (buckling or collapsing). 2.5.4.2.8.1.4 See the recommendation for maximum velocity which relates to the minimum operational pressure limits above. 2.5.4.2.8.2 Rated Pressure for Air Infiltration Pipe joints and fitting shall be rated to prevent air infiltration when subjected to negative (gage) pressure of -12.3 psig (-85.0 kPa) for 1-hour. 2.5.4.2.9 Minimum and Maximum Velocity 2.5.4.2.9.1 At the design flow rate, ensure that the velocity in tailpipes and horizontal collector pipes is at least 3.3 ft/sec (1 m/sec). 2.5.4.2.9.2 At the design flow rate, ensure that velocity in downpipes 6-inch (150 mm) or smaller is at least 7 ft/sec (2 m/sec). 2.5.4.2.9.3 The maximum velocity in the siphonic system should be based on maintaining allowable minimum pressures (maximum negative gage pressures) in the system. Generally, the velocity at design flow should not exceed 20 ft/sec (6 m / s) for the given minimum operational pressure. 2.5.4.2.9.4 Ensure that the velocity at the discharge pipe is limited to no more than approximately 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec). This can be accomplished by increasing the pipe diameter to break the siphonic flow. The increase in pipe diameter should be at a point at least 10 pipe (siphonic) diameters from the discharge point. 2.5.4.2.10 Priming The siphonic drainage system should be designed to prime (i.e., to begin full-bore siphonic flow) at not more than 12 the duration associated with the design rainfall intensity. A reasonable estimation can be made by determining the time required to fill the siphonic system based on the following equation: Tf = 1.2(Vp)(qt) 60 seconds Where: Tf = time to fill the system (seconds) qt = the flow capacity (cfs or liter/sec) of all the contributing tailpipes when assumed to be acting siphonically, but also independently, and discharging to atmospheric pressure at the collector pipe. Vp = the volume (cubic feet or liters) of the downpipe (to the point of theoretical siphonic discharge) and the contributing collector pipes. 2.5.4.2.11 Siphonic Discharge 2.5.4.2.11.1 Discharge the siphonic drainage system to the open atmosphere either to a below-grade inspection chamber (manhole), or to an above grade trench or swale to break the siphonic action. 2.5.4.2.11.2 Below-Grade Inspection Chamber (Manhole): Provide a vented cover for the chamber (manhole) that is at least 50% open area, or where the total open area of the vented cover is not less than three times (3x) the cross-sectional area of the siphonic discharge pipe, whichever is greater. 2.5.4.2.11.3 Keep the manhole cover clear or snow, ice and debris. Provide bollards or similar protective devices to keep materials, vehicles, etc from blocking the manhole cover. 2.5.4.2.11.4 Avoid the use of vermin guards on discharge pipes since they could collect debris and block proper siphonic flow. The preferred alternative is to conduct frequent visual inspections to ensure that discharge pipes remain free of debris. See the Inspection and Maintenance section for additional details. 2.5.4.2.12 Pipe Strength, Details and Materials 2.5.4.2.12.1 Piping and Fittings General 2.5.4.2.12.1.1 Use metal pipe such as cast iron, galvanized steel, stainless steel, or copper rather than plastic pipe for better long-term durability and performance. Ensure that pipe and associated joints, fittings, couplings, etc meet or exceed nationally recognized plumbing materials standards such as those by ASTM, CSA, BS, or DIN.

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2.5.4.2.12.1.2 If plastic pipe cannot be avoided, then use Schedule 40 pipe or better (or an SI equivalent, based on the minimum ratio of pipe wall thickness to mean pipe diameter See Table 10) for all piping components of the siphonic drain system. Ensure that plastic pipe (such as ABS, HDPE, or PVC) meets or exceeds applicable, nationally recognized plumbing materials standards such as those by ASTM, CSA, BS, or DIN. 2.5.4.2.12.1.3 If plastic pipe is used, then take care to address the issues associated with thermal expansion, expansion joints, and pipe supports and restraints and provide the necessary detailing to prevent damage. 2.5.4.2.12.2 Expansion Joints Avoid the use of expansion joints in siphonic systems wherever possible since proper connection detailing and adequate long-term performance can be difficult to achieve. If the use of expansion joints cannot be avoided, then ensure that all of the following are met: a) Thermal expansion and contraction are based on temperature extremes associated with the local climate, building type, and location of building expansion joints; and b) Expansion joints are rated, with a minimum safety factor not less than 3.0, for both the maximum and minimum siphonic piping operating pressures, and with a critical buckling strength no less than that required of the adjacent siphonic piping; and c) The expansion joint and connections have smooth inner bores to prevent the accumulation of debris/ sediment and to avoid cavitation. 2.5.4.2.12.3 Tailpipe To initiate adequately rapid priming, maintain full-bore siphonic flow, and reduce the likelihood of cavitation, ensure that: a) The diameter of the tailpipe is not greater than the diameter of the roof drain outlet. b) Pipe increasers are used only in the horizontal portion of the tailpipe, not in the vertical portion; and that only eccentric (not concentric) increasers are used with the crown (top) of the pipes set flush and the maximum offset at the pipe invert. c) 90-degree bends are used where transitioning from the vertical to the horizontal portion of the tailpipe (45-degree bends, or substantial slopes in the horizontal portion of the tailpipe, are not acceptable). 2.5.4.2.12.4 Horizontal Collector Pipe Ensure that all reducers or increasers are eccentric (not concentric) with the crown (top) of the pipe set flush and the offset at the pipe invert. 2.5.4.2.12.5 Downpipe (Stack) 2.5.4.2.12.5.1 Ensure that the downpipe diameter is no greater than the diameter of the horizontal collector pipe. 2.5.4.2.12.5.2 At the top of the downstack, where the collector pipe connection is made, use either two (2) 45-degree bends, or a 90-degree bend with a minimum centerline bend radius equal to the pipe diameter. 2.5.4.2.12.5.3 If a reducer is used just after an elbow, use an eccentric reducer with the pipes set flush at the outside radius of the elbow. 2.5.4.2.12.6 Minimum Pipe Size Use pipe with an inside diameter of at least 1.6 in. (40 mm). 2.5.4.2.12.7 Critical Buckling Strength of Pipe (Pcrit) All pipe sections used in siphonic systems must withstand a resultant (net) critical buckling pressure of at least three atmospheres based on all of the following conditions: a) Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level b) An assumed minimum out-of-roundness (maximum diameter minimum diameter), or ovality, of one-half the pipe wall thickness
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c) Buckling strength based on the creep modulus of elasticity (Ec) d) Assumed operating temperatures from 40F (4C) to 90F (32C)* That is, ensure that Pcrit 3 atm (44.1 psi [304.8 kPa]) when considering the conditions listed above. *For piping that will be heat traced, ensure that the pipe temperature will be within these assumed operating temperatures. 2.5.4.2.12.8 Pipe Supports and Bracing 2.5.4.2.12.8.1 Provide pipe supports and bracing as needed based on engineering analysis when accounting for all applicable conditions including, but not limited to: Gravity loads, deflections, and material creep; siphonic pipe pressures; operational vibrations and fatigue; thermal expansion/contraction; and seismic bracing when located in an active earthquake zone based on FM Global Data Sheet 1-2, Earthquakes (50-, 100-, 250-, and 500-year zones). 2.5.4.2.12.8.2 For plastic pipe, provide pipe supports as described in the previous paragraph, but also ensure that the pipe supports and bracing conform to the following minimum requirements: a) Provide pipe supports every 4 ft (1.2 m) or less b) Provide pipe supports at every change in direction (e.g., at pipe elbows) c) Provide lateral bracing at every 30 ft (9.1 m) or less d) Provide lateral bracing at every change in pipe direction 2.5.4.2.13 Icing, Freeze-up, and Impact and Environmental Damage 2.5.4.2.13.1 Keep roof drains free of ice and snow. 2.5.4.2.13.2 Use heat tracing on siphonic drain bodies and outlets exposed to freezing temperatures. 2.5.4.2.13.3 Where siphonic drainage piping is used in an unheated building or is installed at the exterior of a building (e.g., downpipe attached to the building faade), and is exposed to freezing temperature, install heat tracing at all the exposed piping. 2.5.4.2.13.4 Use only noncombustible metallic materials for drain components that are to be heat traced. 2.5.4.2.13.5 Position above-grade secondary discharge pipes above the maximum expected snow level (including drift) and take special precaution to protect them from crushing or impact (such as protective bollards) when exposed to car parks or storage areas. 2.5.4.2.13.6 Protect exposed siphonic drainage piping from ultra-violet radiation and other environmental sources of degradation. 2.5.4.2.14 Testing and Handover 2.5.4.2.14.1 The siphonic system must be verified as being clean and free of debris. Since it is very difficult to perform an in-situ operational test of the siphonic system, other means such as video verification can be used to ensure that the system is not clogged and will operate as designed. 2.5.4.2.14.2 Verify that all roof drains have baffles (anti-vortex plates) and securely attached debris guards. 2.5.4.2.14.3 Pressure test the siphonic system to 50% greater than the maximum pressure at design conditions but not less than 13 psig (89.9 kPa) or 30 ft (9.0 m) water column. Ensure the system holds the test pressure of at least 1-hour. 2.5.4.2.15 Inspection and Maintenance Ensure that facilities personnel visually inspect the roof drains and discharge pipes at least once every 3 months and keep a written log of the inspections. Inspect each roof drain to ensure that the debris guard and baffle plate is intact and that there is no debris clogging the opening around the baffle plate. Inspect each discharge pipe to ensure that the pipe is free of debris. Facilities personnel should remove any scattered debris on the roof that could clog or otherwise degrade the performance of the roof drains.

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Fig. 11. Diagram of Siphonic Roof Drain System
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Fig. 12. Elevation View of Siphonic System and Disposable (Available) Head

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Fig. 13. Siphonic Roof Drain [photo courtesy of Jay R. Smith Mfg. Co.]
Fig. 14. Siphonic Roof Drain for Gutters (without dome strainer or debris guard) [photo courtesy of Jay R. Smith Mfg. Co.]
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Table 9. Rainfall Intensity Conversion Rates in./hr 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.1 7.8 8.5 9.2 9.9 10.6 11.3 (l/sec-m2 ) x 141.7 = in./hr (mm/min) x 2.362 = in./hr where l = liter Table 10. Schedule 40 Pipe Dimensions and Geometric Properties Nominal Size (inch) (mm) 1.5 38 2 51 2.5 64 3 76 3.5 89 4 102 5 127 6 152 8 203 10 254 12 305 Nominal Size (inch) (mm) 1.5 38 2 51 2.5 64 3 76 3.5 89 4 102 5 127 6 152 8 203 10 254 12 305 Schedule 40 (Standard Weight) Pipe Wall Thickness (t) Inside Diameter Mean Diameter (DM) (DI) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) 0.145 3.7 1.610 40.9 1.755 44.6 0.154 3.9 2.067 52.5 2.221 56.4 0.203 5.2 2.469 62.7 2.672 67.9 0.216 5.5 3.068 77.9 3.284 83.4 0.226 5.7 3.548 90.1 3.774 95.9 0.237 6.0 4.026 102.3 4.263 108.3 0.258 6.6 5.047 128.2 5.305 134.7 0.28 7.1 6.065 154.1 6.345 161.2 0.322 8.2 7.981 202.7 8.303 210.9 0.365 9.3 10.020 254.5 10.385 263.8 0.375 9.5 12.000 304.8 12.375 314.3 Cross Sectional (Open) Area (in2) (ft2) (mm2) (m2) 2.03 0.0141 1313 0.0013 3.35 0.0233 2164 0.0022 4.79 0.0332 3087 0.0031 7.39 0.0513 4767 0.0048 9.88 0.0686 6375 0.0064 12.72 0.0884 8209 0.0082 20.00 0.1389 12900 0.0129 28.88 0.2005 18629 0.0186 50.00 0.3472 32259 0.0323 78.81 0.5473 50848 0.0508 113.04 .7850 72929 0.0729 t/DM (t/DM)3 x1000 0.5640 0.3334 0.4385 0.2845 0.2147 0.1718 0.1150 0.0859 0.0583 0.0434 0.0278 Rainfall Intensity (i) mm/min 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 l/sec-m2 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08
Note:
0.0826 0.0693 0.0760 0.0658 0.0599 0.0556 0.0486 0.0441 0.0388 0.0351 0.0303

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Table 11. Standard Atmospheric Pressure at Various Elevations Elevation Above Pressure Sea Level Head* Pressure (ft) (m) (ft) (m) (psi) (kPa) (atm) 0 0 34.0 10.37 14.7 101.6 1.00 1500 457 32.2 9.82 14.0 96.2 0.95 3000 915 30.5 9.30 13.2 91.1 0.90 4500 1372 28.8 8.78 12.5 86.0 0.85 6000 1829 27.2 8.29 11.8 81.3 0.80 7500 2287 25.7 7.84 11.1 76.8 0.76 *Pressure Head is feet (ft) or meter (m) of water column, with an assumed water density of 62.4 Lb/ft3 (999.6 kg/m3). Linear interpolation is appropriate.
2.6 Other Roof Loads and Roof Overloading 2.6.1 Reinforce existing roofs that are overloaded and subject to collapse from snow loading. Where reinforcing is impractical, use snow removal teams (as part of the emergency response team) to remove excessive snow. Determine the safe maximum snow depth for the roof areas. Have snow removal teams clear snow from the roofs when one-half of the safe maximum snow depth is reached. 2.6.2 Evaluate and analyze existing roofs that have roof-mounted or roof-suspended equipment and structures added or modified. Include the supporting roof framing, columns and bearing walls in the analysis. Ensure the analysis and design of any needed reinforcing is performed by a qualified structural engineer. 2.6.3 Design suspended or otherwise supported ceilings that allow access for maintenance workers for appropriate concentrated and uniform live loads based on the anticipated maintenance work. 2.6.4 Indirect roof overloading: The overloading and collapse of the primary vertical support elements of the roof structure, such as columns and bearing walls, is another cause of roof collapse. Columns adjacent to traffic aisles for fork-lifts and other trucks are vulnerable to upset if not adequately protected from impact. Ensure the base plates of these columns are anchored to their foundations with a minimum of four (4) 1 in. (25 mm) diameter anchor bolts, and protected with concrete curbing, steel guard rails, or concrete-filled pipe bollards to resist and/or prevent impact loads from vehicles. Ensure walls, particularly masonry walls, are not be laterally loaded as a result of having bulk materials (e.g., sand, salt, grain) or rolled products (e.g., carpets or paper) placed against them, unless the wall and roof structure are designed to resist the resulting lateral loads. Likewise, ensure rack storage structures or vertical stays for confining rolled products in storage are not secured to the roof-framing system unless the framing and bracing systems are designed to resist the resulting laterally-induced loads. 2.7 Use of Eurocode For use by European Committee for Standardization (CEN) member nations that have adopted, and comply with, the Eurocode as the national standard. 2.7.1 Eurocode for Snow Loads Eurocode 1 (Eurocode 1, Actions on Structures, Part 1-3: General Actions Snow Loads [EN 1991-1-3: 2003]) may be used in CEN (European Committee for Standardization) member nations for snow load determination where it has been approved as the national standard, provided that the following recommendations are adhered to: 2.7.1.1 Snow Density a) For locations where the 50-year ground snow load is greater than 1.8 kN/m2 (38 psf): In Equation 5.8, Section 5.3.6, Roof Abutting and Close to Taller Construction Works (leeward drifts on lower roofs) of Eurocode 1, use an upper limit bulk weight snow density of no less than 3 kN/m3 (18.9 lb/ft3). In Equation 6.1, Section 6.2, Drifting at Projections and Obstructions (windward drift at projection or parapet) of Eurocode 1, use an upper limit bulk weight snow density of no less than 3 kN/m3 (18.9 lb/ft3).
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b) For locations where the 50-year ground snow load is less than or equal to 1.8 kN/m2 (38 psf), use an upper limit bulk weight snow density of not less than 2 kN/m3 (12.6 lb/ft3) for windward and leeward snow drifts as recommended in Eurocode 1 (see Sections 5.3.6 and 6.2 of Eurocode 1). 2.7.1.2 Hip and Gable (Pitched) Roofs For hip or gable sloped roofs (pitched roofs) of lightweight construction (metal roof, insulated steel deck, boards-on-joists, plywood diaphragm, and similar constructions) with slopes greater than or equal to 5 degrees or slopes less than 60 degrees (5 <60); apply a factor of 1.25 to the pitched roof shape coefficient (1.25 1) to determine the uniform snow drift on the leeward (downwind) roof slope; see Case ii or Case iii in Figure 5.3 of Eurocode 1. Note that the shape coefficient for the windward (upwind) roof slope remains as recommended in Eurocode 1 without change (0.5 1) for all roof slopes. 2.7.1.3 Ground Snow Load Maps Use the ground snow load maps in the appropriate National Annex to Eurocode 1 provided the maps are based on 50-year mean recurrence interval (50-year MRI) ground snow load (Pg) and account for regional conditions. 2.7.1.4 Load Classification Consider roof snow and snow drift loads based on 50-year ground snow loads to be characteristic values of Variable Actions for use in Persistent/Transient design situations. 2.7.1.5 Coefficients As recommended in Eurocode 1, use an exposure coefficient (Ce), and thermal coefficient (Ct), of not less than 1.0. 2.7.2 Eurocode for Roof Live Load (Imposed Load) 2.7.2.1 Minimum Roof Live Load a) Where the dead load (characteristic value of a Permanent Action) of the roof is greater than or equal to 1.5 kN/m2 (31 psf), use a minimum roof live load (characteristic value of a Variable Action) of not less than 0.6 kN/m2 (12 psf) applied uniformly over the entire roof; however, where the National Annex recommends a minimum roof live load larger than 0.6 kN/m2 (12 psf), use the larger value. Do not reduce the roof live load to less than 0.6 kN/m2 (12 psf) for any reason, regardless of tributary area or number of building stories. b) Where the dead load (characteristic value of a Permanent Action) of the roof is less than 1.5 kN/m2 (31 psf), use the roof live load provisions of this data sheet (see Section 2.2). Note that for purposes of foundation design only (e.g., footings, grade beams, piles, and caissons), the use of roof live (imposed) loads and live reduction techniques as recommended in the Eurocode are acceptable without revision or exception; that is, the recommendations in Section 2.2.1 of this data sheet may be waived for the purposes of foundation design. 2.7.2.2 Load Classification Consider roof live loads (imposed loads) to be Variable Actions for use in Persistent/Transient design situations. 2.7.3 Eurocode for Rain Loads This section is applicable only to conventional (non-siphonic) roof drainage. For siphonic roof drainage recommendations, refer to Section 2.5.4.2 Siphonic Roof Drainage. European Standards EN 12056-1 Gravity Drainage Systems Inside Building Part 1: General and Performance Requirements, and EN 12056-3 Gravity Drainage Systems Inside Buildings Part 3: Roof Drainage, Layout, and Calculation, may be used in CEN (European Committee for Standardization) member nations for rain load and roof drainage, with the following exceptions and changes: 2.7.3.1 Use design rainfall intensity based on adequate statistical data from a nationally recognized source or agency, where the rainfall intensity is based on frequency (return period or recurrence interval, in years) and duration (in minutes). If there is any doubt regarding the adequacy or validity of the rainfall data, then apply the risk factors from Table 2 of Section 4.2 of EN 12056-3 with the following restrictions:

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For eave gutters, use a risk factor of at least 1.5 For all other cases, use a risk factor of at least 3.0 2.7.3.2 Effective Rainfall Intensity 2.7.3.2.1 Ensure that the primary drainage system is adequate for the 100-year 60-min rainfall intensity assuming that the secondary drainage system is completely blocked. 2.7.3.2.2 Ensure that the secondary drainage system is adequate for the 100-year 60-min rainfall intensity assuming that the primary drainage system is completely blocked. 2.7.3.2.3 Ensure that the secondary drainage system capacity is not less than the primary drainage system capacity. 2.7.3.3 Do not use the following sections from EN 12056-3: 6.2 Siphonic Systems 6.3 Drains 6.4 Connection to Sanitary Pipework 7 Layout 2.7.3.4 Follow the recommendations in Sections 2.5.2 through Section 2.5.4.1.13 of this data sheet, which include, but are not limited to, independence of primary and secondary drainage systems, minimum design rain depths, ponding instability requirements, roof slope requirements, minimum roof drain quantities (maximum roof drainage area per drain), drain placement, minimum drain sizes, drain strainers (debris guards), inlet elevations of secondary drains or scuppers relative to primary drain inlet elevations, and downspout recommendations (height above snow level, impact protection, freeze-up protection). 2.7.3.5 Design Rainfall Intensities for Several Nations Germany: Use DIN EN 12056 and DIN 1986-100, including their rain intensity maps and tables, to determine the rainwater runoff for the primary and secondary drainage systems. These require independent secondary drainage systems for all flat roofs and roofs with internal drains with discharge to a free unobstructed location. United Kingdom: Use BS EN 12056-3:2000, including their rainfall intensity maps, to determine rainwater runoff for the primary and secondary drainage systems. France, Netherlands, and Switzerland: Use EN 12056-3:2000 with applicable rainfall intensity maps subject to the following minimum rainwater intensities noted in EN 12056-3:2000, Annex B, to determine the rainwater runoff for the primary and secondary drainage systems. Minimum intensities: France 0.05 L/s/m2; Netherlands and Switzerland 0.03 L/s/m2. 2.8 Use of ASCE 7 for Snow Loads The provisions in Chapter 7 of ASCE 7-02 or ASCE 7-05 (ASCE/SEI 7-02 or 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures) may be used for the determination of snow loads provided the following recommendations are adhered to: 2.8.1 Factors Importance factor (I) not less than 1.1 Exposure Factor (Ce) not less than 1.0 Thermal Factor (Ct) not less than 1.2 for unheated structures or structures intentionally kept below freezing; and not less than 1.1 for other buildings. 2.8.2 Hip and Gable Roofs For unbalanced snow load on hip and gable roofs, use the provisions of ASCE 7-02 with the minimum factors given in Section 2.8.1.
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2.9 Plan Review and Submissions 2.9.1 General During initial design of buildings insured by FM Global, have the building designer submit the following information to the appropriate FM Global Operations office for confirmation that the design loads and drainage of each roof are in accordance with the recommendations in this data sheet (if the design does not follow the guidelines of this data sheet, proposed exceptions should be identified and compared): a) Roof framing and drainage system plans, sections and details b) The applicable building and plumbing codes and/or standards c) Identification, where a minimum roof live load of 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) governs, of reductions taken in the minimum roof live load for any primary or secondary members and their respective design dead and live loads d) The ground snow load, the mean recurrence interval (MRI), snow density, and the source, if different from the recommendations in this data sheet e) The balanced, unbalanced, drift, and sliding surcharge snow loads and drift length, and rain-on-snow surcharge loads as appropriate for the roof configurations, showing loading diagrams and denoting any differences from the recommendations in this data sheet. Focus on areas such as low roofs at roof steps, and roof projections, where substantial snow drifting can occur; verify that more substantial roof construction is provided at these areas. f) All roof drainage (both conventional [non-siphonic], and siphonic): The rainfall intensity for the recommended duration (e.g., 60-minute, 15-minute, or 2-minute), frequency (mean recurrence interval [MRI], for example 100-year or 2-year), and the source, if different from the recommendations in this data sheet Primary drains and/or scuppers: type, size, maximum drainage area and flow rate, roof surface slope to drainage point or dead-flat, and whether drains are located at mid-bay Overflow drainage provisions: whether over the roof edge, or overflow scuppers or drains; type, size, maximum drainage area and flow rate for scuppers and drains; height to roof edge, invert (scuppers) or inlet (drains) from the (adjacent to) design roof line; and roof surface slope to overflow point or dead-flat For conventional (non-siphonic) systems, maximum hydraulic head and total head for primary and overflow drains and scuppers; hydraulic head versus discharge rates for specific drains or scuppers to be used Maximum design rain load for dead-flat roofs and for the low points of sloped roofs Analysis method for dead-flat roofs and source used to substantiate that the roof is stable based on the design rain load and ponding recommendations in this data sheet. Roof slope for roofs with drainage over the edge or sloped to drains or scuppers. If the slope is less than 14 in./ft (2%), substantiate with calculations that the design slope is sufficient based on Sections 2.5.2.4, 2.5.3, and 2.5.4.1.13. g) Siphonic drainage: Siphonic drainage calculations and construction documents stamped and signed by a licensed professional engineer. Verification that the hydraulic properties and performance of the manufactured roof drains have been determined based on physical test results, from a qualified testing laboratory, in conformance with a nationally recognized standard (such as ASME A112.6.9). Verification that the primary and secondary drainage systems are independent of each other. Verification that all piping has adequate critical buckling strength for the full range of assumed operating temperatures.

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Verification that expansion joints (if used) are properly detailed, are rated with an adequate safety factor, and have adequate critical buckling strength for the full range of assumed operating temperatures. Verification that the design disposable head (HD) is at least 10% greater than the sum of the residual velocity head and the head losses. Verification that the minimum and maximum operating pressures are in accordance with the recommended ranges. Verification that adequate priming is provided, as indicated by the calculated time to fill (Tf). Ensure that HD is appropriate based on the elevations differences between the roof height and discharge points. Ensure that the roof drain strainers (debris guards), and vented inspection chamber covers, have adequate open areas. Ensure that the minimum pipe size (inside diameter) is not less than of 1.6 in. (40 mm). Ensure that adequate pipe supports and bracing are provided. 2.9.2 Other Codes and Standards When submitting a project that is in conformance with Section 2.1 of this data sheet, in addition to the recommendations in Sections 2.7 and 2.8, include the following: a) Edition/version of code and standard, including the date [for example, the 2005 edition of ASCE 7 (ASCE 7-05)]; the load classification (e.g., Variable Action for Persistent/Transient design for Eurocode); the loads factors; and applicable coefficients (e.g., Ce, Ct, and I). This information will typically be located on the general notes or structural notes sheet(s) of the construction drawings. b) For Eurocode-specific projects, verify the minimum roof dead load of 1.5 kN/m2 (31 psf) if a reduced roof live (imposed) load is used per Section 2.7.2.1.a. 3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 General 3.1.1 Use of Other Codes and Standards 3.1.1.1 Eurocode The thirty CEN (European Committee for Standardization) member nations include the following (as of late 2007): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom. Consult the National Annex for additional guidelines and provisions. 3.1.1.1.1 Snow Loads For the snow load provisions, refer to Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures Part 1-3: General Actions Snow Loads (EN 1991-1-3). EN 1991-1-3 uses 50-year ground snow loads, and a recommended minimum snow density of 2 kN/m3 (12.6 pcf) 3.1.1.1.1.1 Return Period for Ground Snow Loads Eurocode 1 ground snow maps are based on a return period of 50 years. However, there may be a country-specific code or annex that uses a lesser return period; in these cases, an appropriate factor should be applied to obtain equivalent 50-year ground snow loads (see Section 2.3.3). 3.1.1.1.1.2 Design Situations and Load Combinations Eurocode 1 (and Eurocode 0, Basis of Structural Design) allow for several types of Design Situation classifications for load combinations that include snow loads. The recommendation to consider 50-year snow and
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snow-drift loads to be characteristic values of Variable Actions for use in Persistent/Transient design situations, not Accidental or Exceptional design situations, will provide an acceptable design condition. 3.1.1.1.1.3 Exposure and Thermal Coefficients The use of exposure coefficient (Ce) and thermal coefficient (Ct) not less than 1.0 (the recommended minimum values in Eurocode 1) should adequately address most reasonable unexpected design conditions; for example, where power and heating are lost in a building, or where a building becomes more sheltered due to future adjacent development. 3.1.1.2 ASCE 7 (ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures) with exceptions ASCE 7-02 and 7-05 ground snow loads (Pg) are based on a 2% annual probability of being exceeded (50-year MRI). The recommendations to use several minimum factors (Importance Factor of not less than 1.1, Thermal Factor of not less than 1.1, and Exposure Factor of not less than 1.0), when allowing the use of ASCE 7-02 or ASCE 7-05 for the determination of snow loads will ensure the balanced snow loads will be adequate and sufficiently similar to the specific design snow loads recommended in this data sheet. 3.1.2 Rainfall Intensity, Duration, and Frequency used for Roof Drainage Intensity (i) Intensity (i) is the rainfall rate, typically recoded as in./hr, mm/hr, or liter/sec-m2. See Table 9 for conversion rates. Duration Duration is the time over which the peak rainfall intensity is averaged. Duration for roof drainage is typically recorded in 2-min, 5-min, 15-min, or 60-min time intervals. Durations as much as 24 hours to 96 hours can be used for site/civil drainage analysis associated with flood events. The shorter the duration, the higher the rainfall intensity (2-min > 5-min > 15-min > 60-min intensity) for a given frequency. Frequency Frequency is the same as the return period or MRI (mean recurrence interval) of the event. For example, the 100-year event has a probability of annual exceedance of approximately 1%, while the 5-year event has a probability of annual exceed of approximately 20%. 3.1.3 Siphonic Drainage Conventional (atmospheric, or non-siphonic) roof drainage systems use the hydraulic head above the roof drain, which is typically no more that several inches, to create flow through the roof drain, and sloped horizontal piping to maintain flow to the vertical leaders or downpipes. A siphonic drainage system uses the head of the entire drainage system in theory, from the elevation of the water directly upstream of the roof drain, to the discharge point at or below the grade elevation which can be many ft (m), as the energy to drive drainage flow. A siphonic systems horizontal runs of the piping generally are not sloped. A conventional drainage system operating at capacity could have roughly 20% to 30% of the cross-sectional area of the piping filled with water; however, a siphonic drainage system operating at capacity will be close to 100% full (full-bore flow). Since siphonic systems use the energy associated with the head of the entire drainage system, design velocities are achieved without pitching or sloping the horizontal pipe runs. Siphonic systems operate with full-bore flow velocities of roughly 10 ft/sec to 20 ft/sec (3 m/s to 6 m/s), while gravity systems operate with effective velocities of roughly 2 ft/sec to 5 ft/sec (0.6 m/s to 1.5 m/s). Conventional drainage systems operate at or near atmospheric pressure (gage pressure near zero). However, siphonic systems experience pressures less than atmospheric pressure so that the operating negative gage pressure can be substantial. These negative operating pressures present a much more challenging task to the design engineer and installation contractor, as compared to a gravity drainage system, due to the concerns with air infiltration, pipe buckling and crushing, and overall performance and design sensitivity. The Design Disposable Head (HD) is based on the reasonable assumption the manhole or inspection chamber will experience surcharge from surface flow or site / storm drainage quite often over the life of the building.

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4.0 REFERENCES 4.1 FM Global Data Sheet 1-35, Green Roof Systems Data Sheet 1-55, Weak Construction and Design 4.2 Others American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Allowable Stress Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Commentary K, Chapter K2. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Commentary K, Chapter K2. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCE/SEI 7-02 and 7-05. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Eurocode 0, Basis of Structural Design. EN 1990:2002 with 2005 Amendment. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Eurocode 1, Actions on Structures Part 1-1: General Actions: Densities, Self-weight, Imposed Loads for Buildings. EN 1991-1-1:2002. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Eurocode 1, Actions on Structures Part 1-3: General Actions: Snow Loads. EN 1991-1-3:2003. EN 12056-1. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Gravity Drainage Systems Inside Buildings, Part 3: Roof Drainage, Layout and Calculation. EN 12056-3:2000. International Code Council (ICC). International Plumbing Code. 2003 and 2006 editions. Steel Joist Institute (SJI). Standard Specifications for LH-Series (Longspan), DLH-Series (Deep Longspan) Joists and Joists Girders and K-series (Open Web) Joists. APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS The following discussion of terms will facilitate use of this data sheet. When using building and plumbing codes, use the interpretations they provide. A.1 Roof Loads and Drainage A.1.1 Controlled Roof Drains The design of controlled roof drains is similar to conventional roof drains. The difference is that controlled drains are equipped with restrictive devices to accurately set the flow characteristics to the controlled drainage requirements. The purpose of controlling roof drains is to have the roof serve as a temporary storage reservoir of rainwater (e.g., to prevent flooding of storm sewers). A.1.2 Design Roof Line The design roof line is an imaginary line established during the design stage as either dead-flat or sloped by setting elevations at points of support (i.e., columns or walls) for roof framing members. The design roof line is not the actual roof line because framing members sag under the dead weight of the roof system, and sag additionally under super-imposed live loads such as snow and rain. (See Figs. 8a and 8b.) A.1.3 Ponding and Ponding Cycle Ponding refers to the retention of water due solely to the deflection of relatively flat roof framing (see Figs. 8a and 8b). The deflection permits the formation of pools of water. As water accumulates, deflection increases, thereby increasing the capacity of the depression formed. This phenomenon is known as the ponding cycle. The amount of water accumulated is dependent upon the flexibility of the roof framing. If the roof framing members have insufficient stiffness, the water accumulated can collapse the roof.
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A.1.4 Dead Load The dead load of the roof is the weight of its permanent or fixed components, including supporting members, deck, insulation, roof covering, gravel, and suspended or supported ceilings or equipment, such as heaters, lighting fixtures, and piping, which were anticipated at the time of design. In some cases, dead loads that were not anticipated are added to existing buildings, or an allowance for future dead loads was included in the design dead load. For the purposes of this data sheet, any portion of the dead load exceeding the design dead load should be subtracted from the design snow, rain, or live load; any unused portion of the design dead load may be added to the design snow, rain, or live load. Dead load is normally expressed in pounds per square foot (lb/ft2 or psf), kilonewtons per square meter (kN/ m2) or kilopascal (kPa). A.1.5 Live Load The live load of the roof is the weight allowance for temporary or movable loads, such as construction materials, equipment, and workers. In some cases, where roofs are accessible to building occupants or the general public, and where is it possible for people to congregate (such as a balcony, or rooftop deck or terrace) an occupancy live load (e.g., 100 psf [4.8 kPa] for balcony or assembly areas) is required to be considered as part of the total design load. In other cases, for example the top level of an exposed (uncovered) parking garage, an applicable vehicle live load must be considered. In cases where an occupied or accessible interior floor level or walkway (e.g., catwalk or maintenance platform) is be suspended from the roof framing, the live load of the occupied level (e.g., 60 psf [2.9 kPa] for an elevated walkway) must be considered. For occupancy or vehicle live loads, most codes and standards allow for reduction in the live load based on a function of the tributary area for each structural member, or for a reduction in live load as part of the total design load combination. However, the reduction of minimum roof live load (typically 20 psf [1.0 kN/m2]) are only allowed when permitted by the local building code, and the reduced roof live load used for design purposes must not be less than that recommended in this data sheet. The live, snow, or rain load represents the superimposed weight that the roof system can support, within allowable design parameters, beyond its own dead load. In cases where re-roofing materials or equipment or structures that were not included in the design dead load are added to the roof system, their weight should be subtracted from the design rain or snow load. Most building codes and design standards permit reductions in minimum roof live loads, excluding snow or rain loads, based on the tributary loaded areas supported by roof members (joists, beams, etc.). This data sheet restricts live load reductions for lightweight roof constructions. Usually the minimum roof live load is 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) with a reduction to 12 psf (0.6 kN/m2) for members supporting a tributary area equal to or greater than 600 ft2 (56 m2) and with reduced roof live loads values based on a linear relationship for tributary areas from 200 ft2 (19 m2) to 600 ft2 (56 m2). For example, for a tributary area of 400 ft2 (37 m2), the design roof live load (reduced) is 16 psf (0.8 kN/m2). This means that roofs assumed to have a 20 psf (1.0 kN/m2) live load capacity, as commonly stated on the roof plan drawings, may actually only have an effective load capacity of 12 psf (0.6 kN/m2). Usually, only the design calculations identify whether live load reductions have been taken. When code guidelines for live load reductions are followed, the practical result is the construction of very flexible roofs, highly susceptible to ponding and frequently unable to resist rain or unbalanced snow (drifts) loads. It is likely that live load reductions have been applied to minimum design live loads even in new construction, when rain loads due to drainage system blockage are not considered or appropriately understood. Live load is usually expressed in pounds per square foot (lb/ft3 or psf), kilo-newtons per square meter (kN/ m2) or kilo-pascal (kPa). A.1.6 Total Load The total load of the roof is the combination of the dead load plus snow, rain, or live loads, excluding wind and earthquake loads. The design total load should be effectively resisted by each of the structural members of the roof system. Building codes and design standards establish allowable (design) working stresses and deflection limits, and these may only be exceeded when considering dead and snow, rain, or live loads in combination with wind or earthquake loads.

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A.1.7 Tributary Loaded Area (TA) The TA is that area of the roof supported by a roof (supporting) member. Tributary loaded areas for typical primary and secondary members are illustrated in Figure 15. For secondary members, such as joists, the TA is the joist length times the joist spacing. For primary members, such as beams, girders, or trusses usually supporting uniformly spaced joists, the TA is the beam or truss length times its spacing. As a rule of thumb, the TA for primary members is the area of a bay (a layout of four columns constitutes a bay) or precisely the product of the average column spacing in each direction. An exception to the rule of thumb is construction with members framed along exterior column lines or along double column lines at expansion joints; then the TA is the member length times one-half the member spacing plus the roof overhang beyond the column centerline.
Fig. 15. Typical tributary loaded areas for primary and secondary members
A.1.8 Roof Strength Roof strength is the measure of a roof assembly and supporting systems ability to support loads. Total roof strength is the measure of the roof systems ability to support the design dead load plus snow, rain, or live loads without exceeding the allowable design parameters. Roof strengths are expressed in psf, kN/m2 or kPa. Steel roof deck manufacturers often provide allowable uniform total load tables in their catalogs. This can be misleading since the strength of members supporting the deck is governed by the design total load and not the load capacity of the roof deck. The supporting members, because of this difference, will usually collapse well before a failure of the deck occurs. The primary determinant of roof strength, therefore, is the roof supporting members with appropriate adjustment for any live load reductions. A.1.9 Safety Factor The safety factor of a structural member can be defined as the ratio of its strength to its maximum anticipated design stress (working stress). In steel design using elastic-design methods, a design stress equal to two-thirds of the minimum yield stress of the material, is often used. This results in a safety factor for yield equal to 1/0.67 or 1.5. Although the initiation of yield may not entail fracture, once the yield stress in bending
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is reached, the joists and beam will start to deflect significantly (plastic deformation), thereby increasing the potential for substantial ponding and catastrophic failure. While it is helpful to recognize this safety margin, it is equally important to understand that safety factors are provided for the many uncertainties associated with materials, design, fabrication, installation, and unpredicted loads in excess of design values. The building designer should not compromise or use any portion of the safety margin for design purposes except when permitted for ponding analysis and wind or earthquake load combinations. Loads in excess of design values may occur when based on this data sheet, which establishes design values that reduce the risk of load-induced collapse to an acceptably low limit. The implications of such excess loads, however, should be considered. For example, if a roof is deflected at the design snow load so that slope-to-drain is eliminated, excess snow load may cause ponding and perhaps progressive failure. The rain-load to dead-load or snow-load to dead-load ratios of a roof structure are an important consideration when assessing the implications of excess loads. If the design rain or snow load is exceeded, the percentage increase in total load is greater for a lightweight structure (all metal, insulated steel deck, or boards-on-joists roof constructions) than for a heavy structure (concrete deck or plank-on-timber constructions). Thus, the lower the safety margin (expressed as a load), the higher the probability for roof collapse due to snow or rain excess loads. This fact is supported by loss history. APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY January 2011. Minor editoriAl changes were made. A note was added to the China snow maps and tables to eliminate uncertainty regarding rounding/converting. September 2010. The following changes were made for this revision: Added recommendations for Siphonic roof drainage, including new plan review guidance. Added recommendations for using Eurocode provisions for roof drainage. Added recommendations for ground snow loads in China. Added background and guidance on rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency (i-D-F). January 2009. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision. July 2008. Completely revised. The following outlines the major changes: Added section that allows the use (with exceptions and changes) of Eurocode 1 for snow loads and roof live loads. Added section that allows the use (with exceptions and changes) of ASCE 7 for snow loads. Added updated ground snow load maps for the contiguous United States and ground snow load for Alaska. Added ground snow load tables for select cities in Korea and Japan (Tables 10 and 11, respectively). Added recommendations for rain-on-snow surcharge, intersecting snow drifts, drift distribution on dome roofs, and snow/ice load at overhanging eaves. Added flow chart for the use of live load reduction. Revised snow drift loads for hip and gable roofs, valley roofs, and roof projections. Revised sliding snow surcharge on low roofs. Revised the definition of live load to exclude variable loads such as snow and rain loads. Accepted using Eurocode EN 12056-3:2000 and rain intensity maps and data for determining rainwater runoff for France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. September 2006. Minor editorial changes were done for this revision. May 2006. Minor editorial changes done for this revision. September 2004. Minor editorial changes were done for this revision. January 2001. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format. APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

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125
120
115
110
105
100
(200) 20
CS
45
(200) 10 (100) 5
(700) 20 (400) 15
CS
CS (1900) 20
(1200) 10
50
(3300) 20
(4000) 20 (3400) 15
(400) 10 (300) 5
(1000) 20 (800) 15 (600) 10
(1500) 15
(2800) 20
CS
(4600) 20
(6000) 15
CS
(4100) 25
(3000) 25
(2600) 30
(2600) 30
40
35
50
60
40
(3600) 20
CS
(500) 5 (300) Zero
(4300) 20 (4100) 15 (3200) 10
(5000) 10
(4800) 25
(4500) 20
CS
(6500) 15
35
(3700) 30
25
50
(3200) 20
40
30
35
45
40
CS (800) 5
(4400) 15
(5000) 10 (4000) 5
(4500) 20
40
(1800) 10 (1300) 5 (800) Zero
(5500) 15
(5400) 20
CS
(4600) 15 (3800) 10
(6000) 25
(6600) 20
(6000) 35 (6000) 30
CS
30
(4500) 20
25
(1500) Zero
(6400) 15
(4800) 10
20
(2400) Zero
(5000) 15
CS
35
(2000) 5 (1500) Zero (2800) 5 (1800) Zero
(3600) 5 (2000) Zero
(6000) 15 (4500) 10 (3600) 5 (2000) Zero
(5200) 20 (4500) 15
CS
CS
15 (5000) 10
40
20
15
20
(5400) 10 (4500) 5 (3000) Zero
(6300) 15 (5400) 10 (4500) 5 (3000) Zero
CS
(6500) 15 (6400) 10 (5000) 5 CS
(6200) 20
(6500) 15 (5000) 10
(4800) 15
CS
20
20
10
35
(1000) Zero
30
(2000) Zero (5000) 10 (3000) (4600) Zero 5 (3500) Zero
(6000) 15
(6000) 10 (5000) 5
CS
(4400) 10 (3200) 5
15
(3600) 10
(5000) 5 (3500) Zero
(4000) Zero
Zero (4500) Zero

(3000) Zero
30
Zero
25
120
115
110
105
100
In CS areas, site-specific Case Studies are required to establish ground snow loads. Extreme local variations in ground snow loads in these areas preclude mapping at this scale. Numbers in perentheses represent the upper elevation limits in feet for the ground snow load values presented below. Site-specific case studies are required to establish ground snow loads at elevations not covered. To convert lb/sq ft to kN/m, multiply by 0.0479. To convert feet to meters, multiply by 0.3048
100 100 0 0 100 200 100 300 200 400 Kilometers 300 Miles
Fig. 16a. Ground snow load (Pg ) in psf for Western United States.
2008 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
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FM Global Property Loss Prevetion Data Sheets
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
(700) 100
(600) 80
50
(700) 40 50 50
(900)
45
(700) 90
100
50
80
70
90
(800) 60
70
CS
60
CS
(1000) 60
(500) 70 (500) 60
(500) 50 (900) 50
CS
60
60
CS (1000) 40
(1000) 40 35 35
(1700) 30
50
45
50
50 40 35
60
40
CS
25
30
35
30
35
30 25
CS
(800) 35 (1700) 30
40
CS
25
25
30 CS
25
CS
20
20
25 (1200) 25
20
20
(900) 30
40
(2500) 20
CS 25
20
15
(2600) 15
(2500) 25
35
15
15
(1800) 10
10
35
10
5
30
5
Zero
Zero
30
25
25
95
90
85
80
75
In CS areas, site-specific Case Studies are required to establish ground snow loads. Extreme local variations in ground snow loads in these areas preclude mapping at this scale. Numbers in perentheses represent the upper elevation limits in feet for the ground snow load values presented below. Site-specific case studies are required to establish ground snow loads at elevations not covered. To convert lb/sq ft to kN/m, multiply by 0.0479. To convert feet to meters, multiply by 0.3048
100 100 0 0 100 200 100 300 200 400 Kilometers 300 Miles
Fig. 16b. Ground snow load (Pg ) in psf for Eastern United States.

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Table 12. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Alaskan Locations, psf (kN/m2) Pg Location Adak Anchorage Angoon Barrow Barter Bethel Big Delta Cold Bay Cordova Fairbanks Fort Yukon lb/ft2 30 50 70 25 35 40 50 25 100 60 60 kN/m2 1.4 2.4 3.4 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.4 1.2 4.8 2.9 2.9 Location Galena Gulkana Homer Juneau Kenai Kodiak Kotzebue McGrath Nenana Nome Palmer lb/ft2 60 70 40 60 70 30 60 70 80 70 50 Pg kN/m2 2.9 3.4 1.9 2.9 3.4 1.4 2.9 3.4 3.8 3.4 2.4 Location Petersburg St Paul Seward Shemya Sitka Talkeetna Unalakleet Valdez Whittier Wrangell Yakutat lb/ft2 150 40 50 25 50 120 50 160 300 60 150 Pg kN/m2 7.2 1.9 2.4 1.2 2.4 5.8 2.4 7.7 14.4 2.9 7.2
Table 13. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in Korea, psf and kPa Cities Seoul Incheon Suwon Cheongju Daejeon Pohang Daegu Ulsan Masan Gwangju Busan Mokpo Icheon Cheonan Youngju Gumi Gunsan Jeonju 50-Year Ground Snow Location LONG (E) 12658 12638 12659 12727 12722 12923 12837 12919 12834 12654 12902 12623 12729 12707 12831 12819 12645 12709 Load for Select Cities in Korea 50-yr Ground Snow Load (kPa) LAT (N) 3734 3728 3716 3638 3622 3602 3553 3533 3511 3510 3506 3449 3716 3647 3652 3608 3600 3549 0.85 0.80 0.70 1.10 1.15 0.90 0.80 0.60 1.00 1.05 0.85 0.95 1.05 0.80 1.10 1.05 0.95 0.80 50-yr Ground Snow Load (psf) 18 17 15 23 24 19 17 13 21 22 18 20 22 17 23 22 20 17
Note: Snow Load is based on a snow weight density of 17.2 lb/ft3 (2.73 kN/m3)
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Table 14. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in Japan, psf and kPa City 50-Year Ground Snow Load for Select Cities in Japan Location Altitude (m) Altitude (ft) 50-yr Ground Snow Load LONG (E) LAT (N) (kPa) 14119.9 4303.4 17 56 4.70 14020.9 3815.2 153 500 2.87 14028.5 3745.4 67 221 1.29 13811.7 3639.6 418 1372 1.70 13952.3 3632.8 119 392 0.72 13613.6 3603.2 9 29 5.85 13903.9 3624.1 112 368 0.96 13923.0 3608.8 30 98 0.89 14028.0 3623.0 29 96 0.66 13645.9 3523.8 13 42 1.21 13658.1 3509.9 51 168 0.55 13833.4 3539.8 273 895 1.02 14051.6 3544.2 20 66 0.29 13743.4 3442.4 32 104 0.12 13946.0 3541.0 7 21 0.95 13939.4 3526.2 39 128 1.11 13228.0 3424.0 4 12 0.45 13510.8 3441.3 58 189 0.25 13531.3 3440.7 23 76 0.40 13022.6 3334.8 3 8 0.41 13125.4 3155.2 6 21 0.07 50-yr Ground Snow Load (psf) 98 60 27 36 15 122 20 19 14 25 12 21 6 3 20 23 9 5 8 8 2
Sapporo Yamagata Fukushima Nagano Utsunomiya Fukui Maebashi Kumagaya Mito Gifu Nagoya Kofu Choshi Hamamatsu Tokyo Yokohama Hiroshima Kobe Osaka Fukuoka Miyazaki
Note: Ground snow loads are based on the recommended unit snow weight densities provided in the guidelines of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ).
Table 15. Ground Snow Load (Pg) for Locations in China*

Cities by Numerical Order City No. City Name 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Urumqi Lhasa Mohe Qiqihar Harbin Jiamusi Ulanhot Hohhot Changchun Jilin Fushun Shenyang Dandong Anshan Jinzhou Dalian Beijing Tianjin Tanggu Zhangjiakou Qinhuangdao Shijiazhuang Xingtai Yinchuan Taiyuan Datong Jinan Weifang Linyi Qingdao Yantai Weihai Xining Lanzhou 1.12 0.48 1.12 0.64 0.80 1.12 0.48 0.32 0.64 0.64 0.96 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.64 0.64 0.80 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.48 0.80 0.80 0.32 0.32 (psf) 23 10 23 13 17 23 10 7 13 13 20 20 17 17 17 13 13 17 13 10 13 13 13 10 13 10 13 13 13 10 17 17 7 7 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Luoyang Hefei Bangbu Anqing Fuyang Lianyungang Xuzhou Sheyang Dongtai Zhenjiang Nanjing Changzhou Nantong Wuxi Suzhou Kunshan Shanghai Jiaxing Hangzhou Ningbo Wenzhou Jinhua Wuhan Yichang Tianmen Changsha Yueyang Changde Jingdezhen Nanchang Jiujiang Ganzhou Shaowu Chengdu City No. City Name 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 0.64 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.96 0.64 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.64 0.80 0.64 0.48 0.80 0.64 0.48 0.48 0.64 0.80 0.64 0.64 0.96 0.80 0.64 0.64 0.80 0.96 0.80 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.48 0.64 0.32 (psf) 13 20 17 17 20 13 13 10 13 13 17 13 10 17 13 10 10 13 17 13 13 20 17 13 13 17 20 17 20 17 17 10 13 7 43 14 42 36 17 9 67 65 51 73 75 16 13 26 48 74 11 44 71 77 58 5 41 8 6 57 10 27 68 61 15 70 39 76 Anqing Anshan Bangbu Baoji Beijing Changchun Changde Changsha Changzhou Chengdu Chongqing Dalian Dandong Datong Dongtai Dujiangyan Fushun Fuyang Ganzhou Guiyang Hangzhou Harbin Hefei Hohhot Jiamusi Jiaxing Jilin Jinan Jingdezhen Jinhua Jinzhou Jiujiang Kaifeng Kunming City No. City Name Cities by Alphabetical Order 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.48 0.64 0.64 0.80 0.80 0.64 0.32 0.32 0.64 0.80 0.48 0.64 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.48 0.48 0.80 0.80 0.96 0.48 1.12 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.96 0.96 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.64 (psf) 17 17 17 10 13 13 17 17 13 7 7 13 17 10 13 7 20 20 10 10 17 17 20 10 23 13 13 13 20 20 17 17 17 13 40 3 69 50 52 59 30 21 4 56 72 12 47 22 54 25 19 18 64 7 1 28 32 60 62 53 37 23 33 46 35 31 63 24 Luoyang Mohe Nanchang Nanjing Nantong Ningbo Qingdao Qinhuangdao Qiqihar Shanghai Shaowu Shenyang Sheyang Shijiazhuang Suzhou Taiyuan Tanggu Tianjin Tianmen Ulanhot Urumqi Weifang Weihai Wenz Wuhan Wuxi Xian Xingtai Xining Xuzhou Yanan Yantai Yichang Yinchuan City No. City Name 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 0.64 1.12 0.80 0.80 0.48 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.64 0.48 0.64 0.96 0.48 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.80 0.64 0.48 1.12 0.64 0.80 0.64 0.80 0.80 0.48 0.64 0.32 0.64 0.48 0.80 0.64 0.48 17 17 10 13 7 13 10 17 13 10 (psf) 13 23 17 17 10 13 10 13 13 10 13 20 10 13 13 13 13 17 13 10 23 13 17 13
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Table 15. Continued

Cities by Numerical Order City No. City Name 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 35 36 37 38 39 Yanan Baoji Xian Zhengzhou Kaifeng 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.80 0.80 (psf) 10 10 10 17 17 74 75 76 77 78 Dujiangyan Chongqing Kunming Guiyang Zunyi City No. City Name 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 0.32 0.32 0.64 0.48 0.32 (psf) 7 7 13 10 7 55 34 2 45 29 Kunshan Lanzhou Lhasa Lianyungang Linyi City No. City Name Cities by Alphabetical Order 50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 0.48 0.32 0.48 0.64 0.64 (psf) 10 7 10 13 13 66 20 38 49 78 Yueyang Zhangjiakou Zhengzhou Zhenjiang Zunyi
2
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City No.
City Name
50-Year Ground Snow Load (kN/m2) 0.96 0.48 0.80 0.64 0.32 (psf) 20 10 17 13 7
* Note that the loads in this table include a snow load Importance Factor (I) of 1.2. Snow load values in psf have been converted and rounded-off from snow load values in kN/m ; therefore, avoid converting from psf to kN/m2 as this can result in round-off error.

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70
75
80
85
Russia
90
95
100
105
45
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
Kyrgyzstan
40
35
30
Nepal India Bhutan

Burma (Myanmar)
25
Ground Snow Load

kN/m
2
Bangladesh
(PSF) 0.00 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.06 1.33 1.60 (0) (6) (8) (11) (14) (17) (19) (22) (28) (33)
Laos
Bay of Bengal
85
90
95
100
Above Snow Load Values are at All Elevations
Note: Snow load values in PSF have been converted and rounded-off from snow load values in kN/m2; therefore, avoid converting from PSF to kN/m2 as this can result in round-off error.
100 100
0 0
100
200 100
300 200
400
Kilometers 300 Miles
Fig. 17a, Ground Snow Load (Pg ) in kN/m 2 for Western China
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115
120
125
130
135
140
Ground Snow Load

kN/m2 (PSF) 0.00 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.80 0.93 1.06 1.33 1.60 (0) (6) (8) (11) (14) (17) (19) (22) (28) (33)
45
40
Above Snow Load Values are at All Elevations
North Korea
Gulf Of Liaodong
Korea Bay
South Korea
35
Yellow Sea
30
East China Sea
25
Taiw an S trait
Taiwan
Pescadore Channel
shi Ba
Ch
n an
el
20
)
Vietnam
100
105
110
115
100 100 0 0 100 200 100 300 200 400
120
Note: Snow load values in PSF have been converted and rounded-off from snow load values in kN/m2; therefore, avoid converting from PSF to kN/m2 as this can result in round-off error.
2
Fig. 17b, Ground Snow Load (Pg ) in kN/m for Eastern China

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Fig 18. Roof Live load reduction Flow Chart/Decision Tree
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130
125
120
115
110
105
100
1.0
45
1.5
1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
AN CE
50
2.5
1.5
PA C
40
IFI CO
1.5
1.5
2.0
45
1.5
2.5
2.0
2.5 2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
3.0
35
1.0
2.0
40
3.0 2.0
1.0 2 .5
30
1.5 1.5 1.5

1.5 2.0
2.5
0 200 Kilometers 400
35
3.0
3.0 2
.5 2.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
25
100
200
300
30
Miles
25 115 110 105 100
100 Year 1 hour duration

Source: U.S.Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 40, 1961
Fig. 19. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for the western United States (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4)
50
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
2 .0
65 45
2.75 2.75
LAKE SUPERIOR
2.5 2.25
2.25 2.25 2.2 2.5 2.25 5 2.5
LAKE MICHIGAN LAKE HURON
2.0 2.25
2.25
RIO ONTA
3.0
2.25
45
2.75
3.25
2.25
2.25
2.5
2.25
LAKE
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.25
2 .5
40
3.0
2.75
2.5 3.0
2.75
2.75 2.75
2 .7 5
40
3.25 3.25
3.75
3.0
2.75
3 .0
3.25 3.5 3.75
4.0
3.25
2.6
ATL AN TIC OC EAN
35
3.25
3.75
35
3.5
3.25
4.0
Legend:
3.25
3.5
3. 75
4.25
3.75
100-YEAR 60-MINUTE PRECIPITATION (INCHES)

* KEY WEST. FLORIDA VALUE REPRESENTATIVE FOR FLORIDA KEYS
30
2.5 2.75 3.0
30
2. 5
2.75
4.25
200 Kilometers
400
3. 0 3.25
3. 5
4.0
4.25
4.75
4.5
4.75
4. 5
100
200 25
300
Miles
4.5
4.5
O F MEXIC GULF O
5.0
4.25
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25
4.28
*
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
Fig. 20. Rainfall Intensity (i) in inches per hour for the central and eastern United States (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4.)
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100-YEAR 1-HOUR RAINFALL (INCHES)
6745
6730
6715
670
6645
6630
6615
660
6545
6530
6515
1845
1845 ATLANTIC OCEAN
1830
4 4 Min Val 3.4 3.5
4.5
4.5
4 4 4.5 5
CULEBRA ISLAND
3.1
1830
1815
MONA ISLAND
4.5 5 6.5 6
1815
5.5 5.5
5.5 4.6
VIEQUES ISLAND
3.1
180
4.5 5 5 4.5 4 4 4.5 5 5.5
180
1745
1745
1730 6745 6730 6715 670 6645 6630 6615 660 6545
0
1730 6530
100 200
6515
300
0
Source: U.S.Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No.42, 1961
200
Fig. 21a. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for Puerto Rico (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4.)
1600'
4 3 5 6
15930'
6 7 5
100-YEAR 1-HOUR RAINFALL (INCHES)

1580' 220'
4 3 4 3 5 6 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5
1570'
2.5 3 4
15630'
1560'
MOLOKAI
5 4 5.5
220'
KAUAI NIHAU
1600' 2008 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
210'
3 3
3 4 56 2.5
7 8
LANAI
2 3
2130' 15930'
6.5
2130'
3
3 2.5 2.5 3
MAUI
5 6 7 8 5 3 4
210'
OAHU
2.5 3
KAHOOLAWE
2030' 1570'
2.5 2.5 2.5
1560'
2.5 3 2 45
15530'
1550'
1580'
15630'
2030' 1560'
6 5 44
5.5 5 6
200'
2.5 2 2.5 3 2.5 2.5 2 4 7 6
200'
160 22
NIHAU KAUAI
159
158
157
156
155 22
1.5
1930'
2.5 2.5 2 2 2.5 4
OAHU
MOLOKAI
1930' 21
1.5 6 5
21
LANAI KAHOOLAWE MAUI
20 190'
3
20
HAWAII
190'
HAWAII
1560' 15530' 1550' 19 19 160 159 158 157 156
0 20 40 Kilometers 10 20 30 Miles
0 0
Source: U.S. Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 43, 1962
20
40
60 40
155
60
Kilometers 10 20 30 Miles
Page 63
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40
Fig. 21b. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for Hawaiian Islands (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4.)
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175
170
165
160
Barrow
0.4
155
150
145
140
135
130
0.4
70
0.5
0.5
Kaktovik
Point Lay
70
.5
Umiat
Kotzebue
0.5
Shungnak
Fort Yukon
0.6
0.6
65
Gambell
0.48
0.7
0.8
Nome
0.8 0.7
Galena 0.9
0.8 Takotna
0.8 0.5
Fairbanks
0.7 0.8
65
0.6 Anchorage 0.6

Northway 0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
Mekoryuk Bethel 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.57 St. Paul
St. George Cold Bay Meshik
1.4
1.2 0.8
0.8 1 Kodiak
1.4 1
Yakutat
60
0.49
1
1.2 1.2 1.2 1
1.4 1 1.2
1.4
King Salmon
1.2
Cordova
60
Juneau
0.6 0.8
0.8 1
1
0.6
Chignik
Ketchikan
0.6 1.2
55
Dutch Harbor 0.88
0.80 0.90 Adar Atka
0.8
1.2
1 Metlakatla
55
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
0
135
100 200
130
300
200
Fig. 22. Rainfall intensity (i) in inches per hour for Alaska (to convert to millimeters per hour multiply by 25.4.)

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APPENDIX E ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES AND JOB AIDS E.1 Snow Loading Illustrative Examples The following examples illustrate the methods used to establish design snow loads for most of the roof configurations discussed in this data sheet. Example 1: Determine the balanced and unbalanced design snow loads for a proposed building for Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It has galvanized steel, insulated panels on an unobstructed gable roof, sloped 8 on 12 (see Fig. E1.1).
Fig. E1.1. Design snow loads for Example 1
a) Ground snow load (Pg) from Figure 16b: Pg = 30 psf (1.4 kN/m2) b) Flat-roof snow load (Section 2.3.5) Pf = 0.9 Pg = 0.9 (30) = 27 psf (1.3 kN/m2) c) Sloped-roof (balanced) snow load (Section 2.3.7): Ps = CsPf = 0.66 (27) = 18 psf (0.9 kN/m2) d) Sloped-roof (unbalanced) snow load leeward (Section 2.3.9): 1.5 Ps = 1.5 (18) = 27 psf (1.3 kN/m2) e) Sloped-roof (unbalanced) snow load windward (Section 2.3.9) 0.3 Ps = 0.3 (18) = 5 psf (0.26 kN/m2)
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Example 2: Determine the roof snow load for a proposed (bow-string truss) curved roof building for New Haven, Connecticut. The building has an 80 ft (24 m) clear span and 15 ft (4.6 m) rise, circular arc wood deck roof construction with insulation and built-up roofing (see Fig. E1.2).
Fig. E1.2. Design snow loads for Example 2
a. Ground snow load (Pg) from Figure 16b: Pg = 30 psf (1.4 kN/m2) b. Flat roof snow load (Section 2.3.5): Pf = 0.9 (30) = 27 psf (1.3 kN/m2) = 15 = 0.375 40
c. Vertical angle measured from eave to crown (see Fig. E1.2): Tangent of vertical angle = Vertical angle = 21 d. Sloped-roof (balanced) snow load: Ps = Cs Pf = 1.0 (27) = 27 psf (1.3 kN/m2) where Cs = 1.0 (Table 2 for cold, other surface roof) e. Unbalanced snow loads (Section 2.3.10): Eave slope = 41 (see Fig. E1.2) The 30 point is 30 ft (9.1 m) from the centerline (see Fig. E1.2). Unbalanced load at crown w/slope of 30 (Fig. 2a, Case I): 0.5 Ps = .5 (27) = 14 psf (0.6 kN/m2) Unbalanced load at 30 point (Fig. 2a, Case II): 2 Ps = 2(27) = 54 psf (2.6 kN/m2) Unbalanced load at eave (Fig. 2a, Case II): 2 Ps (1 eave slope 30 ) 40 227 (1 41 30 ) = 39 psf (1.9 kN/m2) 40
1 2
rise span

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Example 3: Determine the design snow loads for the upper and lower flat roofs for a proposed building to be located in Lansing, Michigan. The elevation difference between the roofs is 10 ft (3 m). The upper roof is 200 ft (61 m) wide and the lower roof is 40 ft (12.2 m) wide (see Fig. E1.3).
Fig. E1.3. Design snow loads for Example 3 (Leeward Drifting)
a) Ground snow load (Pg) from Figure 16b: Pg = 35 psf (1.7 kN/m2) b) Flat-roof (balanced) snow load for either roof (Section 2.3.5) Pf = 0.9 (Pg) = 0.9 (35) = 32 psf (1.5 kN/m2) c) Maximum snow load at wall (lower roof) (Section 2.3.12.1): Max. load at wall = Pd + Pf = hr D from Table 3, with Pg = 35 psf and Wb = 200 ft; D = 18.6 pcf and Pd + Pf = 125 psf = 10 18.6 = 186 psf Max snow load (lower roof) = 125 psf (6 kN/m2) d) Drift width (Section 2.3.12.1): Wd = 4 hd when hd hc from Table 3, with Pg = 35 psf and Wb = 200 ft; hd = 5.01 ft Wd = 4 (5.01) = 20 ft (6.1 m) e) See Figure E.1.3 for snow loads on both roofs. Example 4: Determine the design snow loads for the upper and lower flat roofs of the proposed building in Example 3, if the upper roof is 40 ft (12 m) wide and the lower roof is 200 ft (61 m) wide (see Fig. E1.3).
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(Note: This roof configuration forms the greatest snow drift by windblown snow across the lower roof because the lower roof is much wider than the upper roof, see Section 2.3.12.4) a) Items a and b from Example 3 are applicable. b) Maximum snow load at wall (lower roof) (Section 2.3.12.4): Max. load at wall = 34 (Pd) + Pf from Table 3, with Pg = 35 psf and Wb = 200 ft; Pd = 93 psf, Pf = 32 psf Max snow load (lower roof) = 34 (93) + 32 = 102 psf (4.9 kN/m2) c) Drift width Wd = 34 (4hd); from Table 3, with Pg = 35 psf and Wb = 200 ft; hd = 5.01 ft Wd = 34 (45.01) = 15 ft (4.6 m) d) See Figure E1.4 for snow loads on both roofs.
Fig. E1.4. Design snow loads for Example 4 (Windward Drifting)
E.2 Roof Drainage and Rain Loading Illustrative Examples The following examples illustrate the methods used to establish design rain loads and roof drainage for some of the roof drainage systems discussed in the data sheet. Example 5: A proposed building for Dallas, Texas, has a roof 168 ft (57 m) by 336 ft (102 m), with bay dimensions of 28 ft (9 m) by 28 ft (9 m). Joists are spaced 5.6 ft (1.8 m) on center, normal to beams that span from column to column. The roof edge has a continuous cant 3-12 in. (88 mm) high, except a varying height parapet, 10-12 in. (267 mm) max where scuppers are shown. Size the (primary) roof drains and overflow provisions (using roof edges or scuppers as appropriate), denoting the required hydraulic head at the primary drainage device (drains), and the total head at the overflow provisions (roof edges or scuppers) and the design rain load to be used by the roof framing designer, when:

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a) The roof is dead-flat with interior roof drains (at mid-bay) and roof edge overflow relief as shown in Figure E1.5.124a. b) The roof is sloped 14 in./ft (2%) to the low-point line where roof drains are placed. Overflow relief is by scuppers set 3-12 in. (89 mm) above the low-point line at the perimeter of the roof as shown in Figure E1.5.2. Solution (a.) Flat Roof Figure E1.5.1
Fig. E1.5.1 Flat roof plan for Example 5
1. Rainfall intensity (Appendix C): i = 4 in./hr (100 mm/hr) 2. Number of drains needed (Section 2.5.4.1.11): A n= = 168 336 = 3.8 8 (using eight 6 in. [150 mm] dia. drains) 15,000 15,000 3. Flow rate needed per drain (Section 2.5.4.1.11): Q = 0.0104 i A = 0.0104 4 168 336 n 8 Q = 294 gpm (1110 dm3/min) 4. Roof drain size needed (Section 2.5.4.1.11): According to Table 5, with 6 in. dia. drain, Q = 540 = 294 gpm (with 150 mm dia. drain, Q = 2040 1110 dm3/min) 5. Hydraulic head at drain inlet (Table 8): (294 270) Hydraulic head (by linear interpolation) = 2.5 + (380 270) (1/2) Hydraulic head = 2.6 in. (65 mm) < 3.5 in. (88 mm) roof edge height Therefore, overflow relief allows the needed drain flow. 6. Total head at roof edge overflow provision (See Fig. 8b): Total head = Roof edge height
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Total head = 3.5 in. (88 mm) 3 in. minimum head for dead-flat roofs (Section 2.5.2.3) 7. Design rain load (Section 2.5.2.2): Design rain load (psf) = Total head 5.2 = 15 psf. Design rain load = 3.55.2 = 18.2 psf (0.86 kN/m2) 8. The flat roof should support the maximum depth of water of 3.5 in. (88 mm) or 18.2 psf (0.86 kN/m2) over its entirety. The roof framing designer should check the roof for instability due to ponding based on this load. (Note: Snow load should not govern at this location.) Solution (b.) Sloped Roof Fig. E1.5.2
Fig. E1.5.2 Sloped roof plan for Example 5
1. Items 1 through 5 from Solution (a) are applicable. 2. Number of scuppers needed (Section 2.5.4.1.11): A = 3.8 4 (using four 8 in. [200 mm] min. width scuppers) n= 15,000 3. Flow rate needed per overflow scupper (Section 2.5.4.1.11): Q = 0.0104 i A = 0.0104 4 168 336 n 4 Q = 587 gpm (2220 dm3/min) 4. Overflow scupper size needed (Sections 2.5.4.1.11): Size of four overflow scuppers to be equivalent to the eight roof drains Needed flow capacity Q = 8 (540) = 1080 gpm (4090 dm3/min) 4 Select equivalent scupper from Table 6 for needed flow capacity Q (Part 4). Assume a scupper, 7 in. (180 mm) by 24 in. (610 mm) wide with H = h. Flow capacity (under channel type) Q = 1284 = 1080 gpm (4860 = 4080 L/min).

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According to Section 2.5.4.1.8, the scupper height h should be 1 in. (25 mm) higher than the (estimated) water depth H. Check Table 6 for H = 7-1 = 6 in. (150 mm) under channel type (H < h) for the needed flow rate (Part 3): Q = 1020 587 gpm (Q = 3860 2220 L/min) 5. Hydraulic head (H) at scupper (Table 6): Hydraulic head (H) = 4 + 587 560 = 4.1 in. (103 mm) 776 560 6. Total head at scupper overflow provision (see Fig. 8b) w/scupper set 3.5 in (88 mm) above roof surface: Total head = hydraulic head (H) + height to scupper invert Total head = 4.1 + 3.5 = 7.6 in. (190 mm) 6in. (150 mm) minimum head at low points for sloped roofs. (Section 2.5.2.3) 7. Design rain load at low-point line (overflow scuppers) (Section 2.5.2.2): Design rain load (psf) = total head (max) 5.2 30 psf (1.5 kN/m2) Design rain load (max) = 7.6 5.2 = 39.5 psf (1.9 kN/m2) 8. The sloped roof should support a maximum depth of water of 7.6 in. (190 mm) at the low-point line of the roof decreasing to 0.0 psf (0 kN/m2) 30.4 ft (9.27m) away from the drains up the valley of the sloped roof. The roof framing designer should check the roof for instability in the roof valley due to ponding based on the design rain loads. Snow and live loads must be determined and will govern for at least part of this roof.
Fig. E1.5.3 Sloped Roof Section for Example 5
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Example 6: A proposed building to be located in St. Louis, Missouri, has a roof 200 ft (61 m) by 400 ft (122 m) and it has six roof drains (at mid-bay). Overflow drains are placed adjacent to the primary drains and set 3 in. (75 mm) above the roof surface. The roof slopes 14 in./ft (2%) as shown in Figure E1.6. Size the primary and overflow roof drains, denoting the required hydraulic head above the overflow roof drains and the total head and the design rain load to be used by the roof framing designer.
Fig. E1.6. Roof plan for Example 6
a) Rainfall intensity (i) (Appendix C) i = 3.3 in./hr (84 mm/hr) b) Total number of drains (primary and overflow) needed: A n= = 200 400 = 5.3 6 (using six 6 in. dia [150 mm] drains) 15,000 15,000 c) Flow rate needed per drain (primary and overflow): Q = 0.0104 i A = 0.0104 3.3 200 400 n 6 Q = 458 gpm (1730 dm3/min) d) Size of the primary and overflow drains (as equivalent) and their hydraulic heads: Select a 6 in. dia. drain (Table 5); Q = 540 458 gpm (150 mm dia. drain; Q = 2040 1730 L/min) Hydraulic head (Table 8 by interpolation) = 3 + (12) (458 380) (540 380) Hydraulic head = 3.25 in. (83 mm) e) Total head at overflow drains (Fig. 8a): Total head = hydr. head (max) + height to overflow drain inlet Total head (max.) = 3.25 + 3.0 = 6.25 in. (159 mm) 6 in. (150 mm) minimum head at low points for sloped roofs. f) Design rain load at low point of roof:

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Design rain load (psf) = total head (max) 5.2 = 30 psf (1.5 kN/m2) Design rain load (max.) = 6.25 5.2 32.5 psf (1.6 kN/m2) g) In the low areas of the roof, at the roof drains, the design rain load (max.) will be 32.5 psf (1.6 kN/m2), but it will rapidly reduce with the roof slope of 14 in./ft (2%) away from the low areas. The roof designer should check the roof for instability in the low areas due to ponding based on the design rain loads. Example 7: A proposed building to be constructed of tilt-up walls and a plywood diaphragm roof is to be located in Santa Cruz, California. The roof is 150 ft (46 m) by 500 ft (152 m) and it has five roof drains near the perimeter (at mid-bay) and five overflow scuppers in the parapet walls set 4 in. (100 mm) above the low-point of the roof and 2 in. (50 mm) above the adjacent roof surface. The roof slopes 14 in./ft (2%) from a highpoint line along one side of the building to roof drain cricket areas along the opposite side of the building (see Fig. E1.7). Size the (primary) roof drains and overflow scuppers, denoting the required hydraulic heads at the drains and scuppers and the total head and design rain load to be used by the roof framing designer.
Fig. E1.7. Roof plan for Example 7.
a) Rainfall intensity (Appendix C): i = 2 in./hr (50 mm/hr) b) Total number of drains and scuppers needed: A n= (using five 6 in. dia. drains and five 8 in. wide scuppers [150 mm dia. drains and 15,000 200 mm wide scuppers]) c) Flow rate needed per drain and scupper: Q = 0.0104 i A = 0.0104 2 150 500 n 5 Q = 312 gpm (1180 dm3/min) d) Size of (primary) drains and their hydraulic head: Select a 6 in. dia. drain (Table 5); Q = 540 312 gpm (150 mm dia. drain, Q = 2040 1180 L/min) Hydraulic head at drains (Table 8 by interpolation) Hydraulic head at drains = 2.5 + (1/2) (312 270) 380 270 Hydraulic head at drains = 2.7 in. (68 mm)
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e) Size of overflow scuppers, equivalent to the roof drains, and their total head (similar to Fig. 8b): Select an equivalent scupper from Table 6 with flow Q 540 gpm (2040 L/min): A channel scupper, 4 in. (100 mm) high by 24 in. (610 mm) wide: scupper flow capacity Q = 560 540 gpm (2120 2040 L/min). According to Section 2.5.5.6, the scupper height h should be 1 in. (25 mm) higher than the (estimated) water buildup H. Checking Table 6 for h = 4-1 = 3 in. (75 mm) for the needed flow rates: Q = 360 312 gpm (Q = 1360 1180 L/min) f) Hydraulic head (H) at scupper: Hydraulic head (H) = 2 + 312 & 200 = 2.7 in. (68 mm) 360 & 200 g) Total head at low point of roof = hydraulic head (H) + height to scupper from the roofs low-point. Total head at low-point (max.) = 2.7 in. + 4 in. = 6.7 in. (168 mm) Total head adjacent to scuppers = hydr. head (H) + height to scupper from adjacent roof surface. Total head at scuppers = 2.7 in. + 2 in. = 4.7 in. (119 mm) h) Design rain load at roof drains, low-point of roof: Design rain load (psf) = total head (max.) 5.2 30 psf (1.5 kN/m2) Design rain load (max.) at drains = 6.7 5.2 = 34.8 psf (1.7 kN/m2) i) Design rain load at scuppers: Design rain load = total head (max) 5.2 psf (Note: minimum rain load does not apply because scupper is not at roofs low-point.) Design rain load at scuppers = 4.7 5.2 = 24.4 psf (1.2 kN/m2) j) In the low areas at the roof drains, the design rain load will be 34.8 psf (1.7 kN/m2), but it will rapidly decrease with the roof slope of 14 in./ft (2%) away from the low cricket areas. The roof designer should check the roof for instability in the low areas due to ponding, based on the design rain loads.

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E.3 Job AidsSnow and Rain Loads and Drainage Part 1. Roof Projections and Parapets
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Part 2. Roof Rain Loads (New Contruction)

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Part 3. Roof Drains and Scuppers
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Part 4. Roof Drains andScuppers (Continued)

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Part 5. Overflow Relief Provisions
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Part 6. Overflow Relief Provisions (Continued) (Ref Sect 2.5.5.5)

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Part 7. Sloped Roofs

FM Global 1 54 Roof Loads For New Construction

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

ROOF LOADS FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION

Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. E1.7. Roof plan for Example 7. ............................................................................................................ 73

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Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

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Roof Loads for New Construction

100 80 27.0 3.0

5.0 4.0 4.4 0.9

Note: Linear interpolation is appropriate.

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Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. 1. Snow loads for hip and gable roofs.

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Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. 2a. Snow loads for curved and dome roofs.

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Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. 2b. Unbalanced snow load distribution on dome roofs

Fig. 3. Snow loads for valley roofs

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Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. 4b. Snow drift intersection at lower roofs.

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Roof Loads for New Construction

(but 8hc Wd 6hc)

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Roof Loads for New Construction

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Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. 5. Snow loads for lower roof of adjacent structures

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Roof Loads for New Construction

Fig. 7. Snow load at roof projections

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Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.

Roof Loads for New Construction

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Roof Loads for New Construction

Equation 1.2 n= A 930

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Roof Loads for New Construction

2010 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.