1.

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

(A) IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY, (B) NATURE OF MATTER AND (C) PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR MEASUREMENT 1. What is matter? In what physical states can it exist? 2. What are the different classes into which matter can be classified? 3. What are homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures? 4. What is the SI unit of mass? How is it defined? 5. Define (a) matter, (b) element, (c) compound, (d) mixture, (e) homogeneous solution (f) heterogeneous mixture. 6. Label each of the following compounds as a substance, heterogeneous mixture or a solution:(i) Sea Water (ii) Phosphorous (iii) Air (iv) Bromine (v) Concrete 7. (a) What is a physical property? What is a chemical property? What is the chief distinction between physical and chemical properties? (b) Identify the following as either a physical or a chemical property. (i) Diamond is one of the hardest known substances. (ii) Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. (iii) Soap is slippery. (iv) Silver tarnishes (v) Gold does not trust. (vi) Carbon dioxide freezes at -78C. (vii) Tin is a shiny, gray metal. (viii) Sulphur burns in air. (ix) Aluminium has a low density. 8. Define mass and weight. How are they measured? 9. The water level in a metric measuring cup is 0.75 L before the addition of a pebble weighing 150 g. The water level after submerging the pebble is 0.82 L. Determine the density of the pebble. 10. What is the smallest particle used to identify (a) an element and (b) a compound? 11. An important step in the scientific method is observation. The observations are broadly characterized into which two categories? 12. What is a pure substance? How is it different from a mixture? 13. Differentiate between physical and chemical properties of a substance. 14. A gold-colored metal object has a mass of 365 g and a volume of 22.12 cm3. Is the object composed of pure gold? 15. What Fahrenheit temperature corresponds to a Celsius temperature of 86C? (D) UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT 16. What is the difference between 5.0g and 5.00g? 17. A sample of nickel weighs 6.5425g, density of 8.8g cm-3. What is the volume? Report the answer to correct decimal place. 18. What is the weight in pounds of a gold bar 12.0 in long, 6.00 in wide and 3.00 in thick? The density of gold is 19.3g cm-3. (Given 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1lb = 453.6 g). 19. A jug contains 2 L of milk. Calculate the volume of milk in m3. 20. Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the surface. The SI unit of pressure, pascal is as shown: 1 Pa = 1 N m -2. If the mass of air at sea level is 1034 g cm-2, calculate the pressure in pascal. (NCERT)

21. 22.

23.

24.

25. 26.

27.

28.

29.

What do you mean by significant figures? (NCERT) Express the following in scientific notation: (NCERT) (a) 0.0045 (b) 234,000 (c) 8008 (d) 500.0 (e) 6.0012 How many significant figures are present in the following? (NCERT) (a) 0.0025 (b) 208 (c) 5005 (d) 126,000 (e) 500.0 (f) 2.0034 Round off the following up to three significant figures: (NCERT) (a) 34.216 (b) 10.4107 (c) 0.04597 (d) 2808 8 -1 If the speed of light is 3.0 10 m s , calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns. (NCERT) Convert the following into basic units: (NCERT) (a) 28.7 pm (b) 15.15 pm (c) 25365mg How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations? (NCERT) 0.02856 298.15 0.112 (a) (b) 55.364 (c) 0.0125 + 0.7865 + 0.0215 0.5785 Define the term significant figures. How many significant figures do the following measured quantities have? (a) 37.53 cm (b) 37.240 cm (c) 202.0 g (d) 0.00024 kg (e) 0.07080 m (f) 2400 mL (a) Suppose a length had been reported to be 31.24 cm. What is the minimum uncertainty implied in this measurement? (b) Perform the following arithmetic and round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures. Include the correct units with the answers. (i) 0.0023 m 315 m (ii) 84.25 kg 0.01075 kg 184.45g 94.45g 23.4g 102.4g 0.003g (iii) (iv) 31.4mL 9.9mL 6.478mL (v) (313.44 cm 209.1 cm) 8.2234 cm If the total volume of fresh water on the earth is V = 5.57 10 17 m3, calculate the volume in L and km3. Write the equation that defines density. Identify the symbols in the equation. Acetone, the solvent in some nail polish removers, has a density of 0.791 g mL-1. What is the volume of 25.0 g of acetone? Silver has a density of 10.5 g cm-3. Express this as an equivalence between mass and volume for silver. Write two conversion factors that can be formed from this equivalence for use in calculations. Perform the following conversions. (a) 32.0 dm s-1 to km h-1 (b) 8.2 mg mL-1 to g L-1 (c) 75.3 mg to kg (d) 137.5 mL to L (e) 0.025 L to mL (f) 342 pm2 to dm2 Express the following numbers in scientific notation (one digit to the left of the decimal point): (a) 157, (b) 0.157, (c) 0.0300, (d) 40,000,000 (two significant figures), (e) 0.0349, (f) 32,000, (g) 32 billion, (h) 0.000771, (i) 2340.

30. 31. 32.

33.

34.

35.

36. 37. 38. 39.

40.

41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

The brightest star in the night sky in the northern hemisphere is Sirius. Its distance from the earth is estimated to be 8.7 light years. A light-year is the distance light travels in one year. Light travels at a speed of 3.00 108 m s-1. Calculate the distance from the earth to Sirius in miles. (1mile = 5280 ft.) (a) Two strips of metal each weighing 100 g are placed into a cylinder containing water. The volume of water displaced is 8.8 mL in one case and 37.0 mL in the other case. Identify the two metal strips. Metal Au Fe Al Pb Ag Density (g mL-1) 19.3 7.9 2.7 11.3 10.5 -3 (b) A steel sphere has a radius of 2.34 cm. If the density of steel is 7.88 g cm , calculate the mass of the sphere. What is the mass (in grams) of an aluminium block whose dimensions are 2.0 in 3.0 in 4.0 in and whose density is 2.7 g cm-3? (Given that 1 in = 2.54 cm). The interatomic distance in the hydrogen molecule is given as 0.74 . What is this distance in nanometers, micrometers and millimeters? State the rules to follow in rounding off a number. Express the result of the following calculations to the appropriate number of significant figures. 0.000314 3.24 0.08666 (a) 0.0820 (b) (c) 943 0.00345 + 101 0.02165 5.006 The mass of precious stones is expressed in terms of carat. Given that 1 carat = 3.168 grains and 1 g = 15.4 grains, calculate the total mass of a ring in grams and kilograms which contains 0.500 carat diamond and 7.00 g gold. What is the number of significant figures in 1.050 104? How many base units are in the metric system? Express 62.138 to four significant figures. Which quantities are expressed as units of the metric system? What are two types of pure substances? Why is air sometimes considered as a heterogeneous mixture? How many seconds are there in two days? What do you understand by unit conversion factor? How does it help to convert height in feet to height in meters? Briefly explain the difference between precision and accuracy. What does symbol SI signify? Name the seven basic SI units. What is a compound and a mixture? List the main points of difference between a compound and a mixture. What do you understand by dimensional analysis? Discuss its application in converting units of a physical quantity with a suitable example. Identify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures and suggest a technique for separating their components? (a) Alcohol and water (b) Chalk and table salt (c) Pigments in a bucket of paint

(E) LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS AND (F) DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

54. 55.

56.

57. 58.

59.

60.

What mass of silver nitrate will react with 5.85 g of sodium chloride to produce 14.35 g of silver chloride and 8.5 g of sodium nitrate, if the law of conservation of mass is true? When 2.16 g of copper metal was treated with nitric acid followed by ignition of the nitrate, it gave 2.70 g of copper oxide. In another experiment, 1.15 g of copper oxide upon reduction with hydrogen gave 0.92 g of copper. Show that the above data illustrate the law of definite proportions. Elements X and Y form two different compounds. In the first, 0.324 g of X is combined with 0.471 g of Y. In the second, 0.117 g of X is combined with 0.509 g of Y. Show that these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions. Two oxides of a metal contain 27.6% and 30.0% of oxygen respectively. If the formula of the first oxide is M3O4, find that of the second. Phosphorous trichloride contains 22.57% of phosphorous, phosphine (PH3) contains 91.18% of phosphorous, while hydrogen chloride gas contains 97.23% of chlorine. Prove by calculations, which law is illustrated by these data. Ammonia contains 82.35% of nitrogen and 17.65% of hydrogen. Water contains 88.90% of oxygen and 11.10% of hydrogen. Nitrogen trioxide contains 63.15% of oxygen and 36.85% of nitrogen. Show that these data illustrate the law of reciprocal proportions. The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form different compounds. Mass of Dinitrogen Mass of Dioxygen (i) 14 g 16 g (ii) 14 g 32 g (iii) 28 g 32 g (iv) 28 g 80 g (a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data? Give its statement. (b) Fill in the blanks in the following conversions: (i) 1 km = _________ mm = _________ pm (ii) 1 mg = __________ kg = __________ ng (iii) 1 mL = __________ L = __________dm3. (NCERT) In your own word, describe how Daltons theory explains the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions. Which one of Daltons assumptions is now known to be an error? How did Daltons theory explain the following: (a) Structure of atom (b) Difference between atoms of different elements Describe what you need to do in the laboratory to test (a) the law of conservation of mass, (b) the law of definite proportions and (c) the law of multiple proportions. What does the conservation of atoms in a chemical reaction tell us about what must happen to the atoms during the reaction? State Avogadros law and illustrate how it explains Gau Lussacs law using the following reactions: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

61. 62.

63. 64. 65.

66. 67.

68. 69.

70.

71.

72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.

If 6.3 g of NaHCO3 are added to 15.0 g of CH3COOH solution, the residue is found to weigh 18.0 g. What is the mass of CO2 released in the reaction? 6.488 g of lead combine directly with 1.002 g of oxygen to form lead peroxide (PbO2). Lead peroxide is also produced by heating lead nitrate and it was found that the percentage of oxygen present in lead peroxide is 13.38%. Use these data to illustrate the law of constant composition. Copper gives two oxides. On heating 1.0 g of each in hydrogen gad, 0.888 g and 0.799 g of the metal are produced. Show that the results agree with the law of multiple proportions. Nitrogen forms the five compounds with oxygen in which 1.0 g of nitrogen combines with 0.572 g, 1.14 g, 1.73 g, 2.28 g and 2.85 g of oxygen respectively. Show that these figures agree with law of multiples proportions. Carbon dioxide contains 27.27% of carbon, carbon disulphide contains 15.79% of carbon and sulphur dioxide contains 50% of sulphur. Are these figures in agreement with the law of reciprocal proportions? Suppose 61.8 g of A combine with 80 g of B and 30.9 g of A combine with 106.5 g of C. If B and C combine to form compound CB2, show that the law of reciprocal proportions is obeyed. (Given that atomic masses of C and B are, respectively, 35.5 u and 6.6 u). Why is Gay-Lussacs law not obeyed if any reactant or product is not a gas? Define atomicity of an elementary substance. Which two laws served as the experimental foundation for the atomic theory? Give one experiment involving a chemical reaction to prove that the law of conservation of mass is true. Nitrogen forms a number of oxides. Write their formulas and give their names. Giving appropriate calculations, explain the law that follows from it. What are the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory? How do the laws of chemical combination follow from it? In an experiment, 5.0 g of CaCO3 on heating gave 2.8 g of CaO and 1120 mL of CO2 at STP. Show that these results are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass. An element X forms four oxide having percentages of X equal to 77.4%, 63.2% 69.6% and 72.0%. Verify law of multiple proportions. What is Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes? Illustrate its application with a suitable example.

(G) ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES 81. What is the difference between the mass of a molecule and gram molecular mass? 82. The average molar mass of a mixture of methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H4) present in the ratio of a: b is found to be 20.0 g mol-1. If the ratio were reversed, what would be the molar mass of the mixture? 83. Calculate the molecular mass of the following: (a) H2O (b) CO2 (c) CH4 (NCERT) 84. Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data: (NCERT) Isotope % Natural Abundance Molar Mass 35 Cl 75.77 34.9689 37 Cl 24.23 36.9659 85. How are 0.50 mol Na2CO3 and 0.50 M Na2CO3 different? (NCERT)

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93. 94. 95. 96.

Use the data given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally occurring argon isotopes: (NCERT) Isotope Isotopic Molar Mass Abundance 36 -1 Ar 35.96755 g mol 0.34% 38 -1 Ar 37.96272 g mol 0.06% 40 -1 Ar 39.9624 g mol 99.60% Where in an atom is nearly all of its mass concentrated? Explain your answer in terms of the particles that contribute to this mass. Calculate the percentage by mass of chromium in each of the following oxides: (a) CrO (b) Cr2O3 (c) CrO3 The chemical substance in natural gas is a compound called methane. Its molecules are composed of carbon and hydrogen, and each molecule contains four atoms of hydrogen and one atom of carbon. In this compound, 0.33597 g of hydrogen is combined with 1.0000g of carbon-12. Use this information to calculate the atomic mass of the element hydrogen. (a) Naturally occurring zinc is 48.6% 64Zn atoms (63.9291 u), 27.9% 66Zn atoms (65.9260 u), 4.1% 67 Zn atoms (66.9721 u), 18.8% 68Zn atoms (67.9249 u) and 0.6% 70Zn atoms (69.9253 u). Calculate the atomic mass of zinc. (b) Identify the element that contains atoms that have an average mass of 28.086 u. Elements X and Y form a compound in which there is one atom of X for every four atoms of Y. When these elements react, it is found that 1.00g of X combines with 5.07 g of Y. When 1.00 g of X combines with 1.14 g of O, it forms a compound containing two atoms of O for each atom of X. Calculate the atomic mass of Y. (a) Emeralds are gem quality forms of the mineral beryl, Be3Al2 (SiO3)6. Calculate the percentage by mass of silicon in beryl. (b) The oxygen carrying protein known as hemoglobin is 0.335% Fe by mass and contains four Fe atoms per hemoglobin molecule. Calculate the molecular weight of this protein. Naturally occurring Boron consists of two isotopes whose atomic masses are 10.01 u and 11.01 u. The atomic mass of natural boron is 10.81. Calculate the percentage of each isotope in natural boron. To account for atomic mass of nitrogen as 14.0067 u, what should be the ratio of 15N and 14N atoms in natural nitrogen? (Atomic mass of 14N 14.00307 u and 15N = 15.001 U). Why are atomic masses of most of the elements fractional? Define one atomic mass unit. How will you define gram molecular mass?

(H) MOLE CONCEPT AND MOLAR MASSES 97. Calculate the mass of (a) 0.1 mol of KNO3, (b) 1 1023 molecules of methane and (c) 112 cm3 of hydrogen at STP. 98. Arrange the following in order of their increasing masses in grams: (a) One atom of silver; (b) one gram atom of nitrogen; (c) one mole of calcium; (d) one mole of oxygen molecules; (e) 1023 atoms of carbon and (f) one gram of iron 99. Calculate the number of molecules present in 22 g of CO2. 100. Calculate the volume occupied by 1022 molecules of a gas at 300 K and 760 mm Hg pressure.

101. The mass of 350 cm3 of a diatomic gas at 273 K at 2 atm pressure is 1 g. Calculate the mass of one atom of the gas. 102. How many molecules approximately do you expect to be present in (a) a small sugar crystal which weighs 10 mg and (b) one drop of water with 0.05 cm3 volume? 103. If 9.7 1017 atoms of iron weigh as much as 1 cm3 of H2 at STP, then what is the atomic mass of iron? 104. The cost of table salt (NaCl) and table sugar (C2H22O11) is Rs. 2 per kg and Rs. 6 per kg, respectively. Calculate their costs per mole. 105. Chlorophyll the green coloring matter of plants responsible for photosynthesis, contains 2.68% of magnesium by weight. Calculate the number of magnesium atoms in 2.0 g of chlorophyll. 106. Commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 38% HCL by mass. (a) What is the molarity of this solution? The density is 1.19 g cm-3. (b) What volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid is required to make 1.00 L of 0.10 M HCL? 107. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na 2SO4) (NCERT) 108. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when (a) one mole of carbon is burnt in air (b) one mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen, (c) two moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g dioxygen. 109. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 M aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol-1. (NCERT) 110. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per liter in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL-1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%. (NCERT) 111. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4)? (NCERT) 112. In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following: (a) Number of moles of carbon atoms (b) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms (c) Number of molecules of ethane (NCERT) 113. What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L-1 if 20 g of the sugar are dissolved in enough water to make a final volume up to 2 L? (NCERT) 114. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L-1, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution? (NCERT) 115. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCL 3, supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass) (a) Express this in percent by mass (b) Determine the molarity of chloroform in the water sample. (NCERT)

116. Which one of the following will have the largest number of atoms? (NCERT) (a) 1 g Au(s) (b) 1 g Na(s) (c) 1 g Li(s) (d) 1 g of Cl2 (g) 117. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040 (assume the density of water to be 1 g cm-3) (NCERT) 118. What will be the mass of one 12C atom in grams? (NCERT) 119. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following (a) 52 mol of Ar, (b) 52 u of He, (c) 52 g of He. (NCERT) 120. Calculate the mass of oxygen released when enough mercury(II) oxide decomposes to give 25 g of liquid mercury. 2HgO(s) 2Hg(I) + O2(g) 121. Suppose 2.0 mol of H2(g) is mixed with 1.0 mol of O2(g) and allowed to react as shown below: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(I) (a) How many atoms of H and O are initially present? (b) How many atoms of H and O will be there in the product? (c) How many molecules of H2 and O2 were initially present? (d) How many molecules of H2O were formed? 122. Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen dioxide NO2 that could be prepared from 0.35 mol of nitrogen oxide and 0.25 mol of oxygen. 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) Identify the limiting reagent and the excess reagent in the reaction. What would happen to the potential yield of NO2 if the amount of NO were increased? What if the amount of O2 were increased? 123. Calculate the number of moles of phosphorus in 15.95 g of tetraphosphorus decaoxide, P4O10. 124. How many grams of barium chloride (BaCl2) is needed to prepare 100 cm3 of 0.250 M BaCl2 solution? 125. How many years would it take to spend Avogadros number of rupees at the rate of 10 lakh rupees per second? 126. Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. Calculate the minimum molecular mass of insulin. 127. What is the mass of a water molecule in gram? How many molecules are present in one drop of pure water which weighs 0.05g? If the same drop of water evaporates in 1 h, calculate the number of molecules leaving the liquid surface per second. 128. A sample of NaOH weighing 0.40g is dissolved in water and the solution is made to 50.0 cm3 in a volumetric flask. What is the molarity of the resulting solution? 129. What is the mass in grams of one molecule of caffeine (C8H10N4O2)? 130. A sample of NaNO3 weighing 0.38g is placed on a 50.0 mL measuring flask. The flask is then filled with water upto the mark on the neck. What is the molarity of the solution? 131. How many moles of magnesium are present in 0.478 g of the element? 132. Calculate the mass of a molecule of fluorine, which occurs as two atoms per molecule. 133. What is the average mass of molecule of methane? 134. If 9.7 1017 atoms of iron weigh as much as 1 cm3 of H2 at STP, what is the atomic mass of iron?

135. 136. 137. 138. 139.

140. 141. 142. 143.

What is the mass in grams of one molecule of codeine (C18H21NO3)? What is the mass of carbon present in 0.5 mol of K4[Fe(CN)6]? Calculate the mass of (a) an atom of silver (b) a molecule of carbon dioxide. Weighing 3104 carats (1 carat = 200 mg), the Cullinan diamond was the largest natural diamond ever found. How many carbon atoms were present in the stone? A sample of potato starch was ground to give starch-like molecule. The product analyzed was found to be 0.086% phosphorus. If each molecule is assumed to contain one atom of phosphorus, what is the average molecular mass of the material. Discuss Avogadro's hypothesis and its important applications. What is the significance of terms Avogadro's constant and mole? What is kg mol? How many electrons are present in 1 kg mol of carbon dioxide? If 1 1021 molecules are removed from 280 mg of carbon monoxide, calculate the number of moles of carbon monoxide left. An alloy of metals X and Y weighs 12 g and contains atoms X and Y in the ratio of 2:5. The percentage by mass of X in the sample is 20. If atomic mass of X is 40, what is the atomic mass of metal Y?

(I) PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION 144. Fe2 (SO4)3 is used in water and sewage treatment to aid the removal of suspended impurities. Calculate the mass percentage of iron, sulphur and oxygen in this compound. 145. Calculate the percentage composition of the various elements in MgSO4. 146. Calculate the percentage of water of crystallization in the sample of washing soda, Na2CO3 10H2O. 147. An inorganic salt gave the following percentage composition: Na = 29.11, S = 40.51 and O = 30.38. Calculate the empirical formula of the salt. 148. An oxide of nitrogen has the percentage composition: N = 25.94 and O = 74.06. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. 149. A salt containing water of crystallization gave the following percentage composition: Mg = 9.76; S = 13.01; O = 26.01 and H2O = 51.22 Calculate the simplest formula (atomic mass of Mg = 24u). 150. A crystalline salt when heated becomes anhydrous and loses 51.2% of its weight. The anhydrous salt on analysis gave the percentage composition as: Mg = 20.0%; S = 26.66% and O = 53.33%. 151. An organic liquid having carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen was found to contain C = 41.37%; H = 5.75%; N = 16.09% and the rest oxygen. Calculate the molecular formula of the liquid if its vapor density is 43.3. 152. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% dioxygen by mass. (NCERT) 153. Determine the molecular formula of the oxide of iron in which the mass percent of iron and oxygen are 69.9% and 30.1%, respectively. Given that the molar mass of the oxide is 159.69 g mol-1. 154. If 10 volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of water vapor would be produced? 155. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (a) empirical formula, (b) molar

156.

157. 158. 159.

160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168.

mass of the gas, and (c) molecular formula. (NCERT) -Carotene is the pro-vitamin from which nature builds vitamin A. It is widely distributed in the plant and animal kingdoms, always occurring in plants together with chlorophyll. Calculate the molecular formula for -Carotene if the compound is 89.49% C and 10.51% H by mass, and its molecular weight is 536.89 g mol-1. Predict the formula of the compound produced when 1.00 g of chromium metal reacts with 0.923 g of oxygen, O2. Stannous fluoride is added to toothpaste to help prevent tooth decay. What is the empirical formula for stannous fluoride is the compound is 24.25% F and 75.75% Sn by mass? Butyric acid contains only C, H and O. A 4.24 mg sample of butyric acid is completely burned. It gives 8.45 mg of CO2 and 3.46 mg of H2O. The molecular mass of butyric acid was determined by experiment to be 88 u. What is molecular formula? A sample of a salt has the percentage composition: Fe = 36.76%; S = 21.11% and O = 42.14%. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. (Atomic mass Fe = 56, S = 32 and O = 16.) Calculate the empirical formula of gold chloride which contains 35.1% of chlorine. At. mass of Au = 197. On heating 2.38 g of uranium strongly in a current of air, the resulting oxide weighed 2.806 g. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide. (Atomic mass U = 238 u; O = 16 u.) Calculate the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in ethanol (C2H5OH). What do you understand by the percentage composition by mass? What do you understand by empirical formula of a compound? Calculate the percentage by mass of aluminium (Al) in the compound, KAI(SO4)2.12H2O. Naphthalene (compound of C and H) contains 93.71% carbon. If its molar mass is 128 g mol-1, calculate its molecular formula. A compound contains 84.2% boron and 15.7% hydrogen. Its molecular mass was calculated from its vapor density as 76.7 g. What is its molecular formula?

(J) STOICHIOMETRY AND STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS 169. What mass of slaked lime would be required to decompose completely 4 g of ammonium chloride and what would be the mass of each product? 170. Market prices of Al, Zn and Fe scraps per kg are Rs. 20, Rs. 16 and Rs. 3, respectively. If H2 is to be prepared by the reaction of one of these metals with H2SO4, which would be the cheapest metal to use? Which would be the most expensive? 171. Suppose 1.84 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 is strongly heated till no further loss of mass takes place. The residue weighs 0.96 g. Calculate the percentage composition of the mixture. 172. If 1.0 g of mixture of carbonates of calcium and magnesium gave 240 cm3 of CO2 at STP, then calculate the percentage composition of the mixture. 173. Find the Volume of Cl2 at STP produced by the action of 100 Cm3 of 0.2 N HCl on excess of MnO2. 174. A piece of aluminium weighing 2.7 g is heated with 75 mL of H2SO4 (specific gravity 1.18, containing 24.7% H2SO4 by mass). After the metal is carefully dissolved, the solution is diluted to 400 mL. Calculate the molarity of the free H2SO4 in the resulting solution.

175. A small amount of CaCO3 completely neutralizes 525 mL of 0.1 N HCl and no acid is left in the end. After converting all calcium chloride to CaSO4, how much plaster of Paris can be obtained? 1 (Plaster of Paris may be taken to be CaSO4 H2O.) 2 176. The weight of 1 L of a sample of ozonized oxygen at STP was found to be 1.5 g. When 100 mL of this mixture at STP were treated with turpentine oil, the volume was reduced to 90 mL; hence, calculate the molecular weight of ozone. 177. A precipitate of AgCl and AgBr weighs 0.4066 g. On heating in a current of chlorine, the AgBr is converted to AgCl and the mixture loses 0.0725 g in weight. Find the % of Cl in original mixture. 178. If 10 mL of HCl solution gave 0.1435 g of AgCl when treated with excess of AgNO 3, find the normality of the acid solution. 179. In a reaction A + B2 AB2, identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures. (a) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B (b) 2 mol A + 3 mol B (c) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B (d) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B (e) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B (NCERT) 180. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the following chemical equation: N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3(g) (a) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 103 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00 103 g of dihydrogen. (b) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted? (c) If yes, which one and what would be its mass? (NCERT) 181. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction, CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl? (NJCERT) 182. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with aqueous hydrochloric acid according to the reaction 4 HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) 2H2O(l) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide? (NCERT) 183. (a) How many grams of NaOH would need to be dissolved in 250.0 mL of solution to produce a 1.25 M solution? (b) A piece of sodium weighing 21.63 g was added to a beaker containing 65.2 mL of water. Write the equation for the reaction and calculate the amount of hydrogen formed in grams if the sodium hydroxide formed weighed 75.23 g. 184. Gastric juice contains about 3.0 g of HCl per liter. If a person produces about 2.5 L of gastric juice per day, how many antacid tablets each containing 400 mg of Al(OH) 3 are needed to neutralize all the HCl produced in one day? 185. A mixture of Fe3O4 when heated in air to a constant weight gains 5% in its mass. Find the composition of the initial mixture.

186. If 5 g of K2SO4 were dissolved in 250 mL of solution, how many mL of this solution should be used so that 1.2 g BaSO4 may be precipitated from BaCl2 solution? 187. A mixture in which the mole ratio of H2 and O2 is 2:1 is used to prepare water by the reaction: 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) The total pressure in the container is 0.8 atm at 20C before the reaction. Determine the final pressure at 120C after the reaction assuming 80% yield of water. 188. What is the mass percent of the solute in the solution by dissolving 5 g of the solute in 50 g of water? 189. What is a balanced equation? 190. Battery acid contains 13% by mass H2SO4. What is the molality of the solution? 191. How can you recognize a limiting quantities problem? 192. Calculate the number of grams of SO2 which can be prepared by treatment of 100 g of Na2SO3 with HCI. 193. A sample of calcium oxide whose mass was 12 g was treated with 46.0 g of water to prepare calcium hydroxide. (a) Which compound was the limiting reactant? (b) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ca(OH)2. 194. What volume of oxygen at STP can be produced by 6.125 g of potassium chlorate according to the reaction. 2KCIO3 2KCI + 3O2 195. For the reaction 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3, 4.80 g of oxygen is used to burn 0.150 mol of iron. What mass of Fe2O3 will be produced? What mass of Fe will be left over at the end of the reaction? What mass of O2 will be left over at the end of the reaction? 196. Lithium oxide is used to remove water from air according to the reaction: Li 2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s). If 72 kg of water is to be removed and 35 kg of Li2O is available, then (a) which reactant is limiting? (b) how many kg of excess reactant is left? 197. A mixture of formic acid and oxalic acid is heated with concentrated H2SO4. The gas produced is collected and on its treatment with KOH solution, the volume of the solution decreases by 1/6th. Calculate the molar ratio of the two acids in the original mixture.