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Chapter 1 Biology In the 21st Century 1.1 The Study of Life I.

. Biology is the study of all forms of life A. Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. i. The biosphere includes all living things and all the places they are found 1. biosphere everywhere life exists ii. Every part of the biosphere is connected with every other part. iii. The biosphere includes many environments. 1. land environments 2. saltwater and freshwater environments 3. portions of the atmosphere iv. Biodiversity is the variety of life 1. Biodiversity generally increases from the poles to the equator. 2. Biodiversity is greater in areas with consistently warm temperatures a. Biodiversity is greater closer to the equator v. A species is one particular type of living thing. 1. Members of a species can interbreed to reproduce. 2. There are about 2 million different living species have been identified. B. All organisms share certain characteristics. i. Biology is the scientific study of all forms of life. ii. An organism is any individual living thing. 1. All are made of one or more cells. 2. All need energy for metabolism 3. All respond to their environment 4. All have DNA that they pass on to offspring.
SECTION

1.1

THE STUDY OF LIFE

Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. The term biosphere refers to the parts of Earth that contain a. freshwater environments. b. living things. c. land masses. d. greater biodiversity.
2. Which phrase best describes Earths biodiversity? a. greater in consistently warm areas b. greater toward Earths poles c. greater according to energy needs d. greater where temperatures are most variable

3. An individual living thing is called a(n) a. species. b. cell. c. atom. d. organism. 4. Which of these characteristics is shared by all living things? a. They are made up of one or more cells. b. They make their own chemical energy. c. They have similar responses to light. d. They reproduce when one cell divides into two. 5. The basic unit of life is a. the cell. b. an atom. c. DNA. d. a species

1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology II. Unifying themes connect concepts from many fields of biology A. All levels of life have systems of related parts i. .A system is an organized group of interacting parts. 1. A cell is a system of chemicals and processes. 2. A body system includes organs that interact. 3. An ecosystem includes living and nonliving things that interact. ii. Biologists study many different systems. B. Structure and function are related in biology. i. Structure determines function. 1. Proteins with different structures perform different functions. 2. Heart muscle cells have a different structure and function than stomach muscle cells. 3. Different species have different anatomical structures with different functions. C. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. i. Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions. 1. Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative feedback. 2. Negative feedback systems return a condition to its normal (set) point. ii. Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain homeostasis. D. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. i. Evolution is the change in living things over time. 1. The genetic makeup of a population of a species changes 2. Evolution can occur through natural selection of adaptations. 3. Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are passed to future generations. E. Evolution accounts for both the diversity and the unity of life.

SECTION

1.2

UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY

Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. At all levels of life, when related parts interact to form a whole they form a a. biosphere. b. species. c. cell. d. system.
2. Which statement best explains why the shape of teeth differs according to the

diet of a species? a. Individual parts must work together. b. Organisms interact with other organisms. c. Structure and function are related in biology. d. Organisms must maintain homeostasis.
3. The maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism is known as a. homeostasis. b. negative feedback. c. structure specialization. d. adaptation. 4. Which aspects of life on Earth are accounted for by evolution? a. diversity and unity b. interaction and conflict c. lack of genetic and physical change d. divergence of structure and function 5. A beneficial inherited trait that is passed on to future generations is a(n) a. stimulus. b. adaptation. c. system. d. homeostatic mechanism.

1.3 Scientific Thinking and Processes III. Science is a way of thinking, questioning and gathering evidence. A. Like all science, biology is process of inquiry i. Scientists make careful and systematic observations ii. Scientists record observations as data iii. Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible answer to a question iv. Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their data 1. observing 2. forming hypotheses 3. testing hypotheses 4. analyzing data 5. evaluating data B. Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses

i. Observational studies allow scientists to describe a phenomenon ii. Experimentals allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon 1. Independent variables are manipulated 2. Dependent variables are observed and measured Independent variable AFFECTS dependent variable 3. Constants are conditions that are kept the same. C. A theory explains a wide range of observations i. Theories explain a wide range of observations and experimental results ii. A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence iii. Theories can change based on new evidence
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1.3

SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES

Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Which word best describes a scientific hypothesis? a. provable b. theoretical c. testable d. quantifiable
2. At which stage of scientific inquiry would scientists find out if their hypotheses

were supported by their data? a. observing b. testing hypotheses c. analyzing data d. evaluating results
3. In an experiment, the condition that is manipulated by a scientist is the a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. constant. d. control condition. 4. Which of the following is an important characteristic of a scientific theory? a. proven by more than one scientist b. unchanged by new evidence c. accepted by the public d. supported by much evidence 5. One way in which experimental research differs from observational research

is that only experimental research can a. test a hypothesis. b. produce scientific results. c. support a theory. d. show cause and effect.

1.4 Biologists Tools and Technology IV. Technology continually changes the way biologists work. A. Imaging technologies provide new views of life. i. A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. 1. Light microscopes (LM) 2. Scanning electron microscopes (SEM). 3. Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) ii. Imaging technology is used in medicine. 1. X-rays 2. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3. functional MRI (fMRI) B. Complex systems are modeled on computers. i. Computer models are used to study systems that cannot be studied directly. 1. heart attacks 2. effect of medicines on the human body 3. movement of water molecules into and out of a cell 4. spread of a disease through a population ii. Computer models are used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical. C. The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. i. A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information. ii. Through our understanding of DNA, we can study genetics on a molecular level. 1. molecular genetics 2. genomics
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1.4

BIOLOGISTS TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY

Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. An electron microscope would be the best choice for viewing a. live bacteria. b. human ligaments. c. details of cell structure. d. a persons brain activity.
2. An injury that affects a ligament rather than a bone is likely to be examined using a. magnetic resonance imaging. b. x-rays. c. computer modeling. d. transmission electron microscopy. 3. Complex studies, such as those that investigate disease transmission in humans,

often use which of the following methods? a. multiple lab experiments b. computer modeling

c. magnetic resonance imaging d. human testing 4. Which phrase best defines a gene? a. basic unit of life b. segment of DNA c. slice of a specimen d. inherited trait 5. Data mining contributes to the field of genomics by finding a. specimens on which to experiment. b. images of organisms. c. models of complex systems. d. patterns within data.

1.5 Biology and Your Future V. Understanding biology can help you make informed decisions A. Your health and the health of the environment depend on your knowledge of biology i. Knowledge of biology helps you understand your health. 1. food allergies 2. potential effects of obesity 3. cancer 4. effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs ii. Knowledge of biology can help you understand environmental issues. 1. interactions in ecosystems 2. pollution 3. biodiversity B. Biotechnology offers great promise but also raises many issues. i. Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes. 1. DNA testing in medicine and forensics 2. transgenic (genetically modified) crops 3. transgenic bacteria ii. Questions are raised about the use of biotechnology. 1. safety of genetically modified crops 2. spread of undesirable genes 3. decrease in biodiversity 4. ethical considerations C. Biology presents many unanswered questions. i. Over the past 50 years, biological knowledge has greatly increased. ii. There are still many questions to answer in biology. 1. How are memories stored in the brain? 2. How do viruses mutate? 3. Does life exist on planets other than Earth?
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1.5
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE

Section Quiz

Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Knowledge of biology can promote advances by helping all people make a. strong opinions. b. informed decisions. c. profitable products. d. individual values.
2. The use and application of living things and biological processes is known as a. medical research. b. human biology. c. epidemiology. d. biotechnology. 3. Which of the following is an example of transgenic organisms? a. bacteria that produce human insulin b. microorganisms that produce cheese c. yeast used to produce bread d. algae that produce hydrogen gas 4. Biotechnology raises ethical questions, primarily concerning the a. safety of eating transgenic plants. b. wisdom of continuing to use technology. c. ways in which knowledge should be used. d. best use of funds for biological research. 5. Which is a true statement about biologys unanswered questions? a. unlikely to change anything b. many remain unasked c. few existed in the past d. rarely depend on technology

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