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Steel
Fe: Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. Like other group 8 elements, it exists in a wide range of oxidation states. Iron and iron alloys (steels) are by far the most common metals and the most common ferromagnetic materials in everyday use. Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in air.
wikipedia
Steel Making
El Fe es un material alotrpico
Cambios alotrpicos
1538
1394
austenite
912
770
Phase Diagrams
Diagrama Hierro-Carbono
Nombres comunes de las fases
Austenita
Aceros Hipoeutectoides
Microstructuras
Aceros Hipereutectoides
Microstructuras
Diagrama Hierro-Carbono
Hierro puro y Fe3C (6.67%C en Fe)-compuesto intersticial. Fe3C es una fase metastable (se descompondra en Fe y grafito)
Figure 4.12 Phase diagram for the iron-carbon system with graphite (instead of cementite) as the stable phase. Note that this figure is an extended version of Fig. 4.8.
(b)
(c)
Figure. Microstructure for cast irons. Magnification: 100X. (a) Ferritic gray iron with graphite flakes. (b) Ferritic Ductile iron (nodular iron), with graphite in nodular form. (c) Ferritic malleable iron; this cast iron solidified as white cast iron, with the carbon present as cementite, and was heat treated to graphitize the carbon. Source: ASM International.
(a) A standard tensile-test specimen before and after pulling, showing original and final gage lengths. (b) A typical tensile-testing machine.
Stress-Strain Curve
A typical stress- strain curve obtained from a tension test, showing various features.
E (GPa)
6979 105150 14 4145 330360 180214 190200 80130 350400
Y (MPa)
35550 761100 14 130305 802070 1051200 2051725 3441380 550690
UTS (MPa)
90600 1401310 2055 240380 902340 3451450 4151750 4151450 620760
Elongation in 50 mm (%)
454 653 509 215 4030 605 652 257 0
Nonmetallic materials
Ceramics 701000 1402600 0 Diamond 8201050 Glass and porcelain 70-80 140 Rubbers 0.010.1 Thermoplastics 1.43.4 780 10005 Thermoplastics, reinforced 250 20120 101 Thermosets 3.517 35170 0 Boron fibers 380 3500 0 Carbon fibers 275415 20003000 0 Glass fibers 7385 35004600 0 Kevlar fibers 62117 2800 0 Note: In the upper table the lowest values for E, Y, and UTS and the highest values for elongation are for pure metals. Multiply gigapascals (GPa) by 145,000 to obtain pounds per square in. (psi), megapascals (MPa) by 145 to obtain psi.
Hardness Tests
General characteristics of hardness-testing methods and formulas for calculating hardness. The quantity P is the load applied. Source: H. W. Hayden, et al., The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III (John Wiley & Sons, 1965).
Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels Ultra Light Steel Auto Body Project (ULSAB)