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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
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Chapter Presentation
Lesson Starters
Transparencies
Sample Problems
Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 19
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Table of Contents
Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
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Chapter 19 Objectives
Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction
Assign oxidation numbers to reactant and product species.

Define oxidation and reduction.
Explain what an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) is.
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Chapter 19
Oxidation States
The oxidation number assigned to an element in a molecule is based on the distribution of electrons in that molecule. The rules by which oxidation numbers are assigned are summarized on the next slide.
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Chapter 19
Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
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Chapter 19
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
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Chapter 19
Visual Concepts
Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Chapter 19 Oxidation
Reactions in which the atoms or ions of an element experience an increase in oxidation state are oxidation processes. A species whose oxidation number increases is oxidized.
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Chapter 19 Oxidation
Visual Concepts
Visual Concept
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Chapter 19 Reduction
Reactions in which the oxidation state of an element decreases are reduction processes. A species that undergoes a decrease in oxidation state is reduced.
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Chapter 19 Reduction
Visual Concepts
Visual Concept
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Chapter 19
Oxidation and Reduction as a Process

Any chemical process in which elements undergo changes in oxidation number is an oxidationreduction reaction. This name is often shortened to redox reaction.
The part of the reaction involving oxidation or reduction alone can be written as a half-reaction.
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Chapter 19
Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued

Equations for the reaction between nitric acid and copper illustrate the relationship between halfreactions and the overall redox reaction.
Cu Cu
+5 2
+2 2+
+ 2e
+1 2
(oxidation half-reaction)
2NO + 2e + 4H
0 +5 3
+1 +
2NO2 + 2H2O (reduction half-reaction)

+2 2+ +4
+4 2
Cu + 2NO + 4H Cu
+
+ 2NO2 + 2H2O
(redox reaction)
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Chapter 19

Redox Reactions and Covalent Bonds
When hydrogen burns in chlorine, a covalent bond forms from the sharing of two electrons.
The pair of electrons is more strongly attracted to the chlorine atom because of its higher electronegativity.
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
0 0 +1 1
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Chapter 19

Redox Reactions and Covalent Bonds, continued
Neither atom has totally lost or totally gained any electrons. Hydrogen has donated a share of its bonding electron to the chlorine but has not completely transferred that electron.
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Chapter 19
Particle Model for a Redox Reaction
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Chapter 19
Visual Concepts
Half-Reaction Equation
Visual Concept
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Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations
Explain what must be conserved in redox equations.
Balance redox equations by using the half-reaction method.
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Chapter 19
Half-Reaction Method
The half-reaction method for balancing redox equations consists of seven steps: 1. Write the formula equation if it is not given in the problem. Then write the ionic equation.
2. Assign oxidation numbers. Delete substances containing only elements that do not change oxidation state.
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Chapter 19
Half-Reaction Method, continued

3. Write the half-reaction for oxidation. Balance the atoms. Balance the charge.
4. Write the half-reaction for reduction. Balance the atoms. Balance the charge.
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Chapter 19

5. Conserve charge by adjusting the coefficients in front of the electrons so that the number lost in oxidation equals the number gained in reduction. 6. Combine the half-reactions, and cancel out anything common to both sides of the equation.
7. Combine ions to form the compounds shown in the original formula equation. Check to ensure that all other ions balance.
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Chapter 19
Balancing Redox Equations Using the HalfReaction Method
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Chapter 19
Balancing Redox Equations Using the HalfReaction Method
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Chapter 19
Visual Concepts
Rules for the Half-Reaction Method

Visual Concept
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Chapter 19

Sample Problem A A deep purple solution of potassium permanganate is titrated with a colorless solution of iron(II) sulfate and sulfuric acid. The products are iron(III) sulfate, manganese(II) sulfate, potassium sulfate, and waterall of which are colorless. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
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Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution 1. Write the formula equation if it is not given in the problem. Then write the ionic equation.
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 Fe2 (SO4 )3 + MnSO4 + K 2SO4 + H2O

2+ 2 + 2 K + + MnO +Fe + SO + 2H + SO 4 4 4 2+ 2 + 2 2Fe3+ + 3SO2 + Mn + SO + 2K + SO + H2O 4 4 4
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Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution, continued 2. Assign oxidation numbers to each element and ion. Delete substances containing an element that does not change oxidation state.
2+ 2 + K + MnO +Fe + SO + 2H + SO 4 4 +3 +1 + +7 2 +2 +6 2 +1 +6 2 2 4 +1 +
+6 2 2 4 +1 2
2Fe
3+
+ 3SO
+6 2 2 4
+2
+ Mn
2+
+ SO
+6 2 2 4
+ 2K + SO
+ H2O
Only ions or molecules whose oxidation numbers change are retained.

+7 2
MnO + Fe
+2 2+
Fe + Mn2+
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+3 3+
+2
Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution, continued 3. Write the half-reaction for oxidation. The iron shows the increase in oxidation number. Therefore, it is oxidized.
Fe2+ Fe
Balance the mass.
+2
+3 3+
The mass is already balanced.
Balance the charge.
Fe Fe + e
2+
+2
+3 3+
Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution, continued 4. Write the half-reaction for reduction. Manganese is +7 +2 reduced. MnO4 Mn2+ Balance the mass.
Water and hydrogen ions must be added to balance the oxygen atoms in the permanganate ion.
+ 2+ MnO + 8H Mn + 4H2O 4 +7 +2
Balance the charge.

+ 2+ MnO + 8H + 5 e Mn + 4H2O 4
+7
+2
Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution, continued 5. Adjust the coefficients to conserve charge.
e lost in oxidation 1 e gained in reduction 5
5(Fe2+ Fe3+ + e )
+ 2+ 1(MnO + 8H + 5 e Mn + 4H2O) 4
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Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution, continued 6. Combine the half-reactions and cancel.
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
+ 2+ MnO + 8H + 5 e Mn + 4H2O 4
2+ + 2+ 3+ MnO + 5Fe + 8H + 5 e Mn + 5Fe + 4H O + 5 e 4 2
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Chapter 19

Sample Problem A Solution, continued 7. Combine ions to form compounds from the original equation.
2(5Fe2+ + MnO4 + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O )
V + 3+ 2+ 10Fe2+ + 2MnO + 16H 10Fe + 2Mn + 8H2O 4
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2 SO4 5Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 2MnSO4 + K 2SO4 + 8H2O

Chapter 19 Lesson Starter
Section 3 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Label a small object (such as an empty box) electrons.

Ask another student to take the electrons from you.
The other student was the agent of your losing the electrons and you were the agent of the other students gaining the electrons.
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Chapter 19
Lesson Starter, continued

By causing you to lose your electrons, the other student is the oxidizing agent.
You are the reducing agent because you caused the student to gain electrons. The student is reduced by you, and you are oxidized by the other student.
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Relate chemical activity to oxidizing and reducing strength.
Explain the concept of disproportionation.
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Chapter 19
A reducing agent is a substance that has the potential to cause another substance to be reduced. An oxidizing agent is a substance that has the potential to cause another substance to be oxidized.
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Chapter 19
Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, continued
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Chapter 19
Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents, continued

Different substances can be compared and rated by their relative potential as reducing and oxidizing agents. The negative ion of a strong oxidizing agent is a weak reducing agent. The positive ion of a strong reducing agent is a weak oxidizing agent.
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Chapter 19
Disproportionation
A process in which a substance acts as both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent is called disproportionation. A substance that undergoes disproportionation is both self-oxidizing and self-reducing. example: Hydrogen peroxide is both oxidized and reduced
2H2O2 2H2O O2
-1
-1
End of Chapter 19 Show
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Chapter 19 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the following reaction, which species is reduced? 2K + Br2 2K + + 2Br A. K B. Br2 C. All of the above D. None of the above
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1. In the following reaction, which species is reduced? 2K + Br2 2K + + 2Br A. K B. Br2 C. All of the above D. None of the above
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2. The oxidation number of the sulfur atom in the SO2 4 ion is

A. B. C. D. +2. 2. +6. +4.
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2. The oxidation number of the sulfur atom in the SO2 4 ion is

A. B. C. D. +2. 2. +6. +4.
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3. A half-reaction
A. involves a change in the oxidation state of an element. B. always contains H2O molecules. C. always contains H+ ions. D. All of the above
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3. A half-reaction
A. involves a change in the oxidation state of an element. B. always contains H2O molecules. C. always contains H+ ions. D. All of the above
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4. In the following reaction, which is the oxidizing agent?

AgNO2 + Cl2 + 2KOH AgNO3 + 2KCl + H2O
A. B. C. D.
AgNO2 Cl2 KOH KCl
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4. In the following reaction, which is the oxidizing agent?

AgNO2 + Cl2 + 2KOH AgNO3 + 2KCl + H2O
A. B. C. D.
AgNO2 Cl2 KOH KCl
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5. What are the oxidation states (in increasing order) of the element that undergoes disproportionation in the following reaction:
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
A. B. C. D.
1, 0, +2 1, 0, +1 2, 1, 0 None of the above
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5. What are the oxidation states (in increasing order) of the element that undergoes disproportionation in the following reaction:
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
A. B. C. D.
1, 0, +2 1, 0, +1 2, 1, 0 None of the above
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6. Which reaction is a redox reaction?

A. Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
2 B. 2HCO3 CO2 + CO3 + H2O
C. SiBr4 + 3H2O H2SiO3 + 4HBr D. H2O + PbO2 + NaOH + KCl KClO + NaPb(OH)3
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6. Which reaction is a redox reaction?

A. Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
2 B. 2HCO3 CO2 + CO3 + H2O
C. SiBr4 + 3H2O H2SiO3 + 4HBr D. H2O + PbO2 + NaOH + KCl KClO + NaPb(OH)3
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7. Arrange the following in order of increasing oxidation number of the sulfur atom:
2 S2O3 , S4O2 , HSO , and H2S. 6 4 2 , S4O2 , HSO A. H2S, S2O3 6 4
2 B. S2O3 , H2S, S4O2 , HSO 6 4

2 2 C. H2S, S2O3 , HSO , S O 4 4 6 2 2 D. HSO , S O , S O , H2S 4 2 3 4 6
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7. Arrange the following in order of increasing oxidation number of the sulfur atom:
2 S2O3 , S4O2 , HSO , and H2S. 6 4 2 , S4O2 , HSO A. H2S, S2O3 6 4
2 B. S2O3 , H2S, S4O2 , HSO 6 4

2 2 C. H2S, S2O3 , HSO , S O 4 4 6 2 2 D. HSO , S O , S O , H2S 4 2 3 4 6
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8. Which answer contains the correct information about the following reaction:
2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
A. This reaction is a decomposition reaction and not a redox reaction. B. This reaction is a redox reaction in which the lead is reduced and the oxygen is oxidized. C. This reaction is a disproportionation reaction. D. This reaction is a redox reaction in which the nitrogen is reduced and the oxygen is oxidized.
8. Which answer contains the correct information about the following reaction:
2Pb(NO3 )2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
A. This reaction is a decomposition reaction and not a redox reaction. B. This reaction is a redox reaction in which the lead is reduced and the oxygen is oxidized. C. This reaction is a disproportionation reaction. D. This reaction is a redox reaction in which the nitrogen is reduced and the oxygen is oxidized.
Chapter 19 Short Answer
9. Determine the oxidation numbers for Cu in the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7.Yttrium (Y) has an oxidation number of +3. (Cu does not have oxidation numbers greater than +3.) Give only integer oxidation numbers.
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9. Determine the oxidation numbers for Cu in the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7.Yttrium (Y) has an oxidation number of +3. (Cu does not have oxidation numbers greater than +3.) Give only integer oxidation numbers.
Answer: The oxidation numbers for Y, Ba, and O are +3, +2, and 2, respectively. Therefore, the sum of the oxidation numbers for the three Cu atoms must be +7. Two Cu atoms must have +2 oxidation states, and one Cu atom must have a +3 oxidation state.
10. What is an oxidizing agent?
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10. What is an oxidizing agent?
Answer: An oxidizing agent is a species that causes another species to be oxidized in a redox reaction. An oxidizing agent is therefore reduced in a redox reaction.
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Chapter 19
Extended Response
11. B, F, K, and L are four unknown reducing agents that oxidize to singly charged cations. Using the following information, construct a table showing the relative strengths of the oxidizing and reducing agents. Data: F reduces K+, B+, and L+. B+ oxidizes K and F, but not L.
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Chapter 19
Extended Response
11. B, F, K, and L are four unknown reducing agents that oxidize to singly charged cations. Using the following information, construct a table showing the relative strengths of the oxidizing and reducing agents. Data: F reduces K+, B+, and L+. B+ oxidizes K and F, but not L.
Answer:
Reducing agents F K B L
Oxidizing agents F+ K+ B+ L+
Chapter 19
Extended Response
12. Balance the equation for the following reaction in basic solution:
ClO2 KClO3 + KClO2
Give the balanced equation for each halfreaction and for the overall reaction. Give the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
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Chapter 19
Extended Response
12. Balance the equation for the following reaction in basic solution: ClO2 KClO3 + KClO2 Give the balanced equation for each half-reaction and for the overall reaction. Give the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. Answer: Oxidation half-reaction: 2OH + ClO2 ClO3 + e + H2O Reduction half-reaction: ClO2 + e ClO 2 Overall reaction: 2ClO2 + 2KOH KClO3 + KClO2 + H2O This reaction is a disproportionation reaction; therefore, ClO2 is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent.

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Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Standardized Test Prep

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Assign oxidation numbers to reactant and product species.

Explain what an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) is.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction as a Process

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued

2NO2 + 2H2O (reduction half-reaction)

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Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued

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Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction as a Process, continued

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Section 1 Oxidation and Reduction

Particle Model for a Redox Reaction

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

Explain what must be conserved in redox equations.

Balance redox equations by using the half-reaction method.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

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Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

Half-Reaction Method, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

Half-Reaction Method, continued

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Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

Balancing Redox Equations Using the HalfReaction Method

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Balancing Redox Equations

Balancing Redox Equations Using the HalfReaction Method

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Rules for the Half-Reaction Method