Port Said University Faculty of Engineering

Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department

Limit State Design

Post Graduate Course: Structure design (2) Course Code: Supervisor: Dr. Heba Elkilani

17th Jan. 2013

Prepared By:

Mohamed Elmaadawy
Design engineer N.A.M.E. B.Sc. Port Said Shipyard Suez Canal Authority

Structure design (2)

Limit state Design

Code: 000

Contents

1. Introduction 1.1. Design Philosophies for Steel Structures

2. Limit State Design. 2.1. 2.2. Serviceability limit state (SLS) Ultimate limit state (ULS)

4 4 4 4 4 7 7

2.2.1. Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plate Structures 2.2.2. Modes of Collapse. 2.3. 2.4. Fatigue limit state (FLS) Accidental limit state (ALS)

Prepared by: M.Elmaadawy

Structure design (2)

Limit state Design

Code: 000

1 Introduction
1.1

Design Philosophies for Steel Structures

Steel-plated structures are likely to be subjected to various types of loads and deformations arising from service requirements that may range from the routine to the extreme or accidental. The mission of the structural designer is to design a structure that can withstand such demands throughout its expected lifetime. In design, the structure is required to have an adequate margin of safety against such demands, the safety factor being necessary to account for various uncertainties due to natural variability, inaccuracy in procedures used for the evaluation and control of loads or load effects (e.g., stress, deformation), similar uncertainties in structural resistance (capacity) and its determination, and also variations in building procedures. In the allowable stress design, the focus is on keeping the stresses resulting from the design loads under a certain working stress level that is usually based on successful similar past experience. In the marine context, regulatory bodies or classification societies usually specify the value of the allowable stress as some fraction of the mechanical properties of materials (e.g., uniaxial yield or ultimate tensile strength). In contrast to the allowable stress design, the limit state design is based on the explicit consideration of the various conditions under which the structure may cease to fulfill its intended function. For these conditions, the applicable capacity or strength is estimated and used in design as a limit for such behavior. In the Limit State Design method, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads likely to act on it throughout its life. It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations of deflection and vibration and shall not collapse under accidental loads such as from explosions or impact or due to consequences of human error to an extent not originally expected to occur. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state. Steel structures are to be designed and constructed to satisfy the design requirements for stability, strength, serviceability, brittle fracture, fatigue, fire, and durability in such a way that they. a)Shall remain fit with adequate reliability and be able to sustain all actions (loads) and other influences experienced during construction and use b)Have adequate durability under normal maintenance c) Shall not be seriously damaged or collapse under accidental events like explosions, impact or due to consequences of human error to an extent not originally expected to occur. The potential for damage shall be limited or avoided by appropriate choice of one or more of the following: i) Avoiding, eliminating or reducing exposure to hazards ii) Choosing structural forms, layouts and details and designing such

Prepared by: M.Elmaadawy

Structure design (2)

Limit state Design

Code: 000

2 Limit State Design.

During the last two decades, the emphasis in structural design has been moving from the allowable stress design to the limit state design since the latter approach makes possible a rigorously designed, yet economical, structure considering the various relevant modes of failure directly. A limit state is formally defined by the description of a condition for which a particular structural member or an entire structure fails to perform the function that is expected of it. From the viewpoint of a structural designer, four types of limit states are considered for steel structures, namely: a) b) c) d) Serviceability limit state (SLS); Ultimate limit state (ULS); Fatigue limit state (FLS); Accidental limit state (ALS).

SLS conventionally represents failure states for normal operations due to deterioration of routine functionality. SLS considerations in design may address: e) Local damage which reduces the durability of the structure or affects the efficiency of structural elements; f) Unacceptable deformations which affect the efficient use of structural elements or the functioning of equipment relying on them; g) Excessive vibration or noise which can cause discomfort to people or affect the proper functioning of equipment; and h) Deformations and deflections which may spoil the aesthetic appearance of the structure.

2.1 Serviceability limit state (SLS);

ULS (also called ultimate strength) typically represents the collapse of the structure due to loss of structural stiffness and strength. Such loss of capacity may be related to: i) Loss of equilibrium in part or of entire structure, often considered as a rigid body (e.g., overturning or capsizing); j) Attainment of the maximum resistance of structural regions, members or connections by gross yielding, rupture or fracture; and k) Instability in part or of the entire structure resulting from buckling and plastic collapse of plating, stiffened panels and support members. 2.2.1 Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plate Structures In this section, various stiffened panels or grillages are under combined in-plane and lateral pressure loads, as shown in Figure 6.15. Although more elaborate descriptions of these stiffened panel ULS methods may be found in Paik and Thayamballi (2003), this section presents only a summary. 2.2.2 Modes of Collapse. When subjected to predominantly axial tension, a stiffened panel may fail by gross yielding. On the other hand, a stiffened panel under predominantly compressive actions may show a variety of failure modes until the ultimate strength is reached.
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2.2 Ultimate limit state (ULS);

Structure design (2)

Limit state Design

Code: 000

Figure 6.15. A stiffened plate structure under combined in-plane and out-of-plane loads. The primary modes of overall failure for a stiffened plate structure can be classified into the following six modes (Paik and Thayamballi 2003): _ Mode I: overall collapse of plating and stiffeners as a unit Mode I-1: Mode I for uniaxially stiffened panels; see Figure 6.16(a) Mode I-2: Mode I for cross-stiffened panels; see Figure 6.16(b) _ Mode II: biaxial compressive collapse; see Figure 6.17 _ Mode III: beam-column type collapse; see Figure 6.18(a) _ Mode IV: local buckling of stiffener web; see Figure 6.18(b) _ Mode V: tripping of stiffener; see Figure 6.19 _ Mode VI: gross yielding Mode I typically represents the collapse pattern when the stiffeners are relatively weak. In this case, the stiffeners can buckle together with plating as a unit; the overall buckling behavior is perhaps initially elastic. The stiffened panel can normally sustain further loading even after overall buckling in the elastic regime occurs. The ultimate strength is reached eventually by formation of a large yield region inside the panel and/or along the panel edges. In Mode I, the collapse behavior of a uniaxial stiffened panel termed Mode I-1 is slightly different from that of a cross-stiffened panel termedModeI-2.ModeI-1 is, in fact, initiated by the beam-column-type failure, but Mode I-2 failure resembles that of an orthotropic plate.

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Structure design (2)

Limit state Design

Code: 000

Mode II represents the collapse pattern where the panel collapses by yielding along the plate-stiffener intersection at panel edges, with no stiffener failure. This type of collapse can be important, in some cases, when the panel is subjected to biaxial compressive loads and/or when the plating is stocky.

Mode III indicates a failure pattern in which the ultimate strength is reached by the yielding of the plate-stiffener combination at midspan. Mode III failure typically occurs when the dimensions of the stiffeners are of intermediate properties, that is, neither weak nor very strong.

Prepared by: M.Elmaadawy

Structure design (2)

Limit state Design

Code: 000

Modes IV and V typically arise from the stiffener-induced failure, when the ratio of stiffener web height to stiffener web thickness is large, and/or when the type of the stiffener flange is inadequate to remain straight so that the stiffener web buckles or twists sideways. Mode V can occur when the ultimate strength is reached subsequent to the lateral-torsional buckling (also called tripping) of stiffener. Mode IV represents a failure pattern in which the panel collapses by local compressive buckling of the stiffener web.

Mode VI typically takes place when the panel slenderness is relatively small or the panel is relatively stocky, and/or when the panel is predominantly subjected to the axial tensile loading so that neither local nor overall buckling occurs until the panel cross section yields entirely. Although Figures 6.166.19 illustrate each collapse pattern separately and it is possible to design structures that exhibit such distinct behavior, it is also possible that some collapse modes may interact in real cases and occur simultaneously. For practical design purposes, however, we usually consider that the collapse of stiffened panels occurs at the lowest value among the various ultimate loads calculated, considering each of the collapse patterns separately.

FLS represents fatigue crack occurrence of structural details due to stress concentration and damage accumulation (crack growth) under the action of repeated loading.

2.3 Fatigue limit state (FLS);

ALS represents excessive structural damage as a consequence of accidents, e.g., collisions, grounding, explosion and fire, which affect the safety of the structure, environment and personnel.

2.4 Accidental limit state (ALS).

Prepared by: M.Elmaadawy