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ANTHROPOLOGY
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Definition of Anthropology
Anthropos = humans / logos = the study of
holistic whole of human condition: past, present, future
biology, society, language, culture

Cross-cultural perspective
use the scientific method to gain objectivity
Anthropology as a Science
seeks testable explanations for observed phenomena scientific method
hypothesis gather data/test hypothesis validate/invalidate hypothesis
Anthropology as a Science
differs from Sociology
industrialized Western vs. nonindustrial societies questionnaires vs. participant observation
Definition of CULTURE
unique to humans defined by Bates and Plog as: the system of values, beliefs, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a particular society share andallows those individuals to cope with their world and each other. learned, not biological
Anthropological Terms
Ethnocentrism -- the tendency to view ones own culture as superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures
Understanding Cultural Biases

thinking your own beliefs, traditions, feelings are true, right, normal, leads to a cultures cohesiveness think other cultures are strange, immoral, wrong, savage everyone is guilty of ethnocentric behaviors, to varying degrees
Overcoming Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism -- behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture
Four Sub-fields of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology Physical/Biological Anthropology Anthropological Archaeology
Cultural Anthropology
cultures of the present
Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography fieldwork
firsthand personal study of local settings Traditionally -- small-scale, isolated societies use several techniques to gather as much information as possible
Ethnology armchair
examines, interprets, analyzes
compare/contrast cross-culturally make generalizations about society and culture

Participant Observation
learning a peoples culture through direct participation in their everyday life over an extended period of time
eating peoples food, speaking their language, personally experiencing their habits and customs
Anthropological Terms
EMIC
local-oriented
how local people think what local people think to be important ETIC
scientist-oriented research
what the ethnographer thinks is important
Linguistic Anthropology
Sociolinguistics Historical linguistics Language and thought
Biological Anthropology
Human evolution and Human biological Variation

Archaeology
Goals of Archaeology
1. Define a spatial & temporal framework 2. How did humans live in the past? 3. Why do/did changes take place in past human societies? 4. Understanding the nature/relationship of the archaeological record. 5. Preserving the past for the future.
Prehistoric Archaeology
non-literate societies deals with all levels/classes of societies in New World, cultures living here before European contact (pre-1492)
Historical Archaeology
text-aided deals with societies over the past 5,000 years Maya prehistoric or historic archaeology? in New World, historical archaeology is considered to be the study of peoples living here after 1500
Archaeological Terms & Concepts

Archaeological Record
artifacts

artifacts any object made, modified, utilized by humans

assemblage group of artifacts deposited together can be intentional or unintentional

Features
immovable products of human behavior that are affixed to or embedded in the landscape often identified by soil discoloration once excavated, gone forever

Features

Archaeological Record site an area of artifacts and/or features that indicates human activity/presence

Archaeological Record site
ETHICS
American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics (1997)
Society for American Archaeology
Principles of Archaeological Ethics (1996)
Thinking about Time

linear vs. cyclical
Culture as Adaptation
human behavior is an adaptation to environmental regions (not a single locality) must study regions to understand individual sites
Cultural Evolution
What does evolution mean?
change through time
Cultural Evolution
Unilinear Cultural Evolution
1830s early 1900s human societies evolved in a simple, linear, predictable way
Cultural Evolution
Unilinear Cultural Evolution
1830s early 1900s human societies evolved in a simple, linear, predictable way
Barbarism (hunter/gather)
Savagery (subsistence farming)
Civilization
Cultural Evolution
Multilinear Cultural Evolution
Pre-state and State-Organized Pre-State
Bands Tribes Chiefdoms
Cultural Evolution
Multilinear Cultural Evolution
Pre-state and State-Organized Pre-State State
What is an archaeological site?

a spatial cluster of artifacts and/or features

a spatial cluster of artifacts and/or features Artifact any object made, modified, or used by humans in the course of their activities

a spatial cluster of artifacts and/or features Features cluster of artifacts and/or ecofacts indicating a location where some human activity took place (e.g., hearth, burial, structures)

a spatial cluster of artifacts and/or features Features cluster of artifacts and/or ecofacts indicating a location where some human activity took place (e.g., hearth, burial, structures)
* Features usually cant be removed w/o altering or destroying their original context
Homo habilis
Olduvai Gorge Louis Leakey early 1960s handy man 640 cc dates to ca. 1.7 mya
Homo rudolfensis
Koobi Fora Richard Leakey 1972 KNM-ER 1470 775 cc dates to ca. 2.4 mya
Oldest Archaeological Culture

Oldowan
first archaeological culture first culture of the Paleolithic Lower Paleolithic 2.5 to ca. 1.6 mya East and South Africa
Oldest Archaeological Sites

2 important sites
1. Olduvai Gorge (Beds I and II)
-- Ca. 1.8-1.6 mya -- Tanzania
2. Koobi Fora
-- East Lake Turkana, Kenya
Oldest Stone Tools

Oldowan
flake tools
Oldowan flake
Oldest Stone Tools

Oldowan
core tools
Oldowan Core
What are flakes and cores?
When the raw material is directly struck with a percussor (hammerstone)

2 stone tool types result
1. Cores 2. Flakes
Flakes
used as knives/cutting implements
Cores
Choppers
unifacially flaked
Chopping tools
bifacially flaked
Stone Tool Function?

Nicholas Toth
Middle-range theory Experimental archaeology Wear analysis Compared artifacts from Olduvai and Koobi Fora
Stone Tool Function?

Nicholas Toth
Middle-range theory Experimental archaeology Wear analysis Compared artifacts from Olduvai and Koobi Fora
animal butchering, cutting meat
Climate Change
Pleistocene 1.81 million years ago
Ice Age overall global temperatures were low (colder)
Climate Change
Northern latitudes of the Earth
series of phases, glacials and interglacials
Climate Change
series of phases, glacials and interglacials Glacials cold phases, ice sheets covered much of Europe and North America
Climate Change
series of phases, glacials and interglacials Glacials cold phases, ice sheets covered much of Europe and North America Interglacials warmer phases
Climate Change
Southern & Eastern Africa
Increasing aridity Savanna grasslands expanded; forests and woodlands shrank some large carnivores became extinct (i.e., sabertoothed tiger)
Homo ergaster
ca. 1.8 mya to ~500,000 B.P. 800-1100 cc brain size fully bipedal eastern Africa
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster
Turkana Boy recovered by Richard Leakey (1984) Nariokotome ca. 1.6 mya lacked only hands & feet would have been 5 ft. 4 in. tall
Out of Africa
prior to 1.8 mya, only in Africa shortly after the appearance of Homo ergaster archaeological sites in Middle East and Southeast Asia
Out of Africa
Why did they move?
larger brains and bodies lower population density decreased scavenging opportunities
Out of Africa
Dmanisi oldest Homo ergaster remains outside of Africa (1.7 mya)
Out of Africa
Ubeidiya, Jordan ca. 1.4 mya abundance of freshwater and game animals both Oldowan and Acheulian tools recovered
Out of Africa, Part 1

Gesher Benot Yaagov, Israel abundant organic remains in Lower Paleolithic levels ca. 780,000 years ago environment similar to Ubeidiya Acheulian artifacts straight-tusked elephant skull willow wood hearths
cleaver
hand-axe
Homo erectus
Java
Homo erectus ca. 1.8-1.6 mya (?); definitely by 1.0 mya 3 sites:
Sangiran Trinil Mojokerto
Sangiran Trinil Mojokerto
Tomorrow, May 15
finish modern humans Quiz 1 on Chpts.1 & 3, and internet assignment

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ANTHROPOLOGY

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biology, society, language, culture

use the scientific method to gain objectivity

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Understanding Cultural Biases

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Four Sub-fields of Anthropology

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compare/contrast cross-culturally make generalizations about society and culture

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what the ethnographer thinks is important

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Human evolution and Human biological Variation

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Archaeological Terms & Concepts

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Society for American Archaeology

Principles of Archaeological Ethics (1996)

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Thinking about Time

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Savagery (subsistence farming)

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What is an archaeological site?

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What is an archaeological site?

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What is an archaeological site?

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What is an archaeological site?

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What is an archaeological site?

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