Q3- Code of ethics Code of ethics is a written document that explicitly states what acceptable and unacceptable behaviors

are for all of the employees in the organization. This written set of guidelines issued by an organization to its workers and management to help them conduct their actions in accordance with its primary values and ethical standards. All organizations, no matter how small, need a set code of ethics. A code of ethics is a guideline that helps members to handle ethical dilemmas. Steps to develop Code 1. Decide on goals and meaning of success 2. Get leadership buy-In 3. Create a code development Task Force 4. Data intake and analysis-interviews and focus groups 5. Keep leadership informed 6. Draft your code of ethics 7. Submit code to leadership for review 8. Field tests the code and make any final revisions 9. Have the code reviewed by your Legal Counsel 10. Obtain Board approval of final draft 11. Decide on a Communications and Education Strategy 12. Revise and update regularly Q5: CSR Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. A key priority for a socially responsible business is to develop and maintain strong and mutually beneficial relationships with its community. Businesses that take an active interest in community wellbeing can generate community support, loyalty and good will. This is often referred to as building your social license to operate, an important business objective for any business. Corporate social responsibility is not an add-on. Organizations are committed to making a positive difference in the communities in which corporate live and work. The aim is to share the benefits with employees and the community and contribute to economic and social development. Q4: Gunfire at Sea case study Before 1898: the gun pointer estimated the range of the target and elevated the gun barrel (loop) to a height so that the shell could reach the target at the estimated range, done by a small wheel on the gun mount (bevestiging). When the pointer wanted to fire, he had to wait until the right moment of the roll and fire a bit earlier to compensate for his firing interval.

In 1898 Admiral Sir Percy Scott introduced continuous firing, after seeing a man of his gun crew unconsciously working his elevating gear back and forth. The elevating gear and sighting were improved what meant a huge increase in accuracy and productivity. He shared his findings with Sims, an American junior officer. Sims tried the system out on his own ship and starts looking for a way to expand this method to the whole Navy. After being ignored by the Washington Office, he sends a letter to president Roosevelt himself explaining his finding, documented with proof from exercises. Roosevelt was intrigued and Sims was installed as Inspector of Target Practice. After this he was universally acclaimed as the man who taught us how to shoot by the US navy. Gunfire at Sea is an excellent case study based on the development of continuous aim firing and the adoption of this innovation by the US Navy, this provides a good basis for class discussion around the development and adoption of innovations and illustrates clearly that technical excellence even when proven and documented may not be enough to convince people to adopt. It is useful for opening up a wide range of discussions around innovation strategy, adoption behavior and disruptive/discontinuous innovation.

FUNCTION OF MANAGER A manager in an organization is not always a leader. Management and leadership are two different concepts, though often appear to overlap. Management involves responsibility for economical and effective planning/regulation of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given purposes. It is a very dynamic process consisting of various elements and activities. Managers exist in every business. In fact, managers (whether a person manages a hair salon or a factory) do the same types of tasks in all business. Different experts have classified functions of management. According to Luther Gullick (1937) has given a keyword POSDCoRB. The acronym POSDCoRB will provide seven major functions of a manager that stands for: P Planning O Organizing S Staffing D Directing CO Coordination R reporting B Budgeting

Planning, that is working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise; Example: School activities are planned on daily, weekly, monthly, term and yearly basis by school administrators like curriculum planning, timetabling, conferences, seminars, examinations, graduation ceremonies, duty post schedules, teachers, students, sports, cultural days, school records organization, PTA and staff meetings, discipline, committee, school plant facilities, manpower, fund raising, supervisory and inspection activities and others are planned activities done by the school head and committee. Everything must start with a plan. A good plan will bring the team to success. Manager must see things in a broader perspective; pros and cons must take into consideration so that alternative plans can be executed if the other one fails. Organizing, that is the establishment of the formal authority through which work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and co-ordinated for the defined objective; For example the school heads partake in organizing personnel for the school through proper needs assessment, staff retraining and creating favorable working conditions which helps to motivate teachers and increased their professional growth. The function of school heads remains to organize planned actions into concrete terms. The manager leader of group, so need organizes followers into an effective team working to achieve set goals. The manager also has management ability to decide on execution and implementation of plans prepared by the superiors to meet organizational objectives. After the planning, identifying the resources to be used to execute the plan, the manager now will be the one to allocate the resources appropriately Staffing, that is the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work; On staffing, school administrators are overtly and or covertly responsible for quantity and quality of staff and students in their school. School personnel resources management revolves around the school heads in determining the capacity required for their schools. Staffing here involves teaching and on teaching staff and students.

As a manager, it is very important have team building. It is discussed that before building a team it is a must to build the team spirit. "Our people skills determine our potential success." (J. Maxwell)

Directing, that is the continuous task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise; The school heads direct on what to do specifically in accomplishing school set out objectives. Directing offers guide to task as body of rules in regulating individual role performance. It is leading organizational activities properly, members roles may conflict and efforts will not be effectively channeled, and resources will be wasted. It helps in building responsive and response able team interacting and interrelating together in achieving school objectives and goals. The manager: informing the workers about the plan; allocate right number of workers in each department; prepare the available resources .Once everything is ready to work what the managers do is to tap the baton and start conducting for the staff to start working. Co-ordinating, that is the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work; The job of school administrators involve coordinating varied tasks of staff together and keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which includes keeping him and his subordinates informed through records, research and inspection. The manager serves as a coordinator of programs, groups, materials, and reports. It is the manager who acts as a link between programs and people. Communication is a two way process, the way on how to disseminate information is very important for a manager but it is also important to know what is being communicated. Reporting, that is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records, research and inspection; Budgeting, with all that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting and control. As the school budgeting is another crucial step in organization life. Budgeting involves planning process of human, material and financial resources while estimating the judicious use of input to achieve results. Budgeting, serves as control mechanism. School budget helps the administrators to prudently organizing and use school resources as to accomplish the goal of education. It is assessing alternative investments and policies, programming the consequences of investment decisions and policy commitments, target setting. Budget with its figures show what the company is main concern and it reveals the vision, mission and goal of the organization. As a summary of this reflection, becoming a manager is not an easy task. It is not only a position or a title but a responsibility that needs a heart and passion to meet the expected result. A quote says "There is no best way to lead, only the best manager", it implies that manager must not only be task oriented but also relationship oriented.

Contingency theory is a behavioral theory that claims that there is no single best way to design organizational structures. The best way of organizing e.g. a company, is, however, contingent upon the internal and external situation of the company.

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work. Bias is an inclination of temperaments or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective at the expense of (possibly equally valid) alternatives in reference to objects, people, or groups. Bias can come in many forms and is often considered to be synonymous with prejudice or bigotry. Reliability is, roughly, whether you could replicate an experiment and get comparable results - either because an individual's responses are consistent, or the general overall results are consistent. Validity is whether the construct you are using really measures what you are using it to measure. For example, if you devised a test to measure people's self-esteem, does it really measure self-esteem, or something similar such as extraversion? Focus group: Small number of people brought together with a moderator to focus on a specific product or topic. Focus groups aim at a discussion instead of on individual responses to formal questions, and produce qualitative data that may or may not be representative of the general population. Observation is the act of a human being of receiving knowledge from the outside world by the use of the senses. It is the ability to notice and record happenings or the way a person looks at things. Qualitative: Associated with the subjective quality of a thing or phenomenon, such as feel, taste, expertise, image, leadership, reputation. Quantitative methods are research techniques that are used to gather quantitative data. Quantitative analysis can be measured as how many , how long and how much etc. (quantitative is using numbers and qualitative is using seances) Pilot: Small-scale campaign, survey, or test-plant commissioned or initiated to check the conditions and operational details before full scale launch. Content analysis is a research tool focused on the actual content and internal features of media. It is used to determine the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases, characters, or sentences within texts or sets of texts and to quantify this presence in an objective manner. Statistical analysis: Collection, examination, summarization, manipulation, and interpretation of quantitative data to discover its underlying causes, patterns, relationships, and trends. Statistical analysis involves the process of collecting and analyzing data and then summarizing the data into a numerical form. Survey is a method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals. This is a type of data collection known as self-report data. The characteristics are estimated through the systematic use of statistical methodology.