Human Learning First of all, learning and training seem to be referred to same thing but as you will see

they are not, because learning refers to the acquisition of new abilities and knowledge that gradually will change your behavior. Training, on the other hand, refers to the development of certain abilities in order to improve them to have a better performance. Some people say that only human beings learn, that animals are only trained and they cannot learn as we do, but they actually learn from humans and other animals, from other animals?, this means, they can even teach other animals, and can this be possible? Well, the killer whales, teach their offspring how to hunt seals, on a vidioclip, there were a herd of killer whale were doing something pretty interesting and also amazing, there was a seal on little iceberg, and the group of whales could not reach it, so they lined and swam straight to the iceberg and then plunged near the iceberg and they made waves that move the iceberg and almost drop the seal from the iceberg, they do it over and over again and finally they got it. But they let the seal jumped up on the iceberg again, you must be thinking werent they supposed to eat the seal?, actually they werent hunting. They were showing their offspring how to hunt a seal, so they were teaching and in my opinion that is a very complex animal behavior and a complex task, too. Now, having this clear, the difference between learning and training and with this animal important fact, there are many psychologist and specialist in behavior and Pavlov is one of them that in his theory he talks about classical conditioning, consisting in stimulus and response, this means, that when you do an action, this will produce a reaction, it is like the cause and effect law, and that is what he tries to demonstrate in his experiment with the dog and the tuning fork. Maybe, because of this experiment, for Skinner this form of learning, it is more applied for animals and a little bit for human. For example, what Skinner calls operant conditioning, he is referring to the behavior that all the human beings have in different situations, human beings are conditioned to react in certain way to a specific situation and this is due to the education, in other words how they have learnt to act to situations. Imagine a situation were a kid is taught to cry in enjoyable situations receiving a present, hugs, kisses he always was taught that those things were negative and sad and to response in that way to those situations; while in negative situations slaps, watching violent things he was taught to react with laugher, that is how he learnt to react, that is his behavior. Skinner also talks about punishment and how this is not required, because as he said the punishment only helps to stop undesired responses but does not change that undesired response or behavior. He gives an example about a kid who is playing football inside the house and he tries to say that instead of spanking or the removal of positive reinforcements like watching TV, playing videogames, the authority in this case the mother or father should tell him to go and play outside and showing his that is better to play outside.

Ausubel talks about the differences between meaningful learning and rote learning. Basically, the meaningful learning is that one where you learn new things but you contrast with what you already know and also analyze what you are learning and this helps you to remember easily and you practice what learnt, too. On the other hand, the rote learning has to do with memoristic knowledge, you just learn things in other to use them in a specific time, which means that you do not practice, contrast with what your pre-knowledge neither analyze. And this rote learning tends to be forgotten easily because of the lack of practicing. And this is what happen to foreign language learner, they just get the vocabulary, rules and structures, but they never practice their speaking and so they forgot what they have learnt of the new language this is what happens in the Systematic Forgetting. And as Ausubel said this also can happen to native speakers, and this sometimes happens when for example people immigrate to other countries where their native language is not spoken, they are forced to speak the language of that country and they do not have anyone else to practice therefore they forget their native language. Roger focused in learn how to learn, this tries to tell how you can be a better teacher, you have to learn how you learn in order to learn how others learn therefore how to teach them. Roger tagged a teacher as a facilitator of knowledge who must innovate and be unique in his teaching. Also, a good teacher must understand his stand students, think as they do, and try to walk a mile in students shoes, in other words a teacher must be emphatic. And the most important thing a teacher must have as a human being is to value his students for what they are, and try to make them better peaople trough education.