Define

Contract: An agreement between two or more competent persons, having

for its purpose a legal object, wherein both persons agree to act or to refrain
from acting in a certain manner.

Computer crime: It is an act that society, through its laws, has declared
to be so serious a threat to its security and the public order and it will punish
any one who commits the act.

Offer: It is the communication by one party, known as an Offeror, to another

party called an Offeree, of their willingness to act in certain lines.

Patent: It is a monopoly (‫ )احتكار‬which should be applicable for a technical

invention for the creation of which needs considerable efforts.

Ethical rule: Principles which arise from the general opinion of the society,
they aim at achieving high ideals and are respected by the individuals.

State the type of work that may be copy protected

1. Books, booklets, articles, bulletins and any other written works.

2. Computer programs.

3. Databases- computerized or manual.

4. Lectures, speeches, sermons when recorded.

5. Musical works with or without words

6. Dramatic works and pantomimes.

7. Audiovisual works.

8. Works of drawing.

9. Works of applied and plastic arts.

10. Illustrations, maps, sketches.

All storage of computer operations are susceptible to criminal

activity either as the target of the crime, the instrument of the
crime, or both” Discuss the previous sentence while discussing
the type of computer crime”

Unethically people can use storage of computer operations in

criminal activities looks like computer forgery, or fraud by
computer manipulation.
 Or use it as a target of the crime looks like Damage to or
modification of computer data or programs, unauthorized
access to computer systems and service, or unauthorized
reproduction of legally protected computer programs

State who has the right to apply for a patent protection

Any person or legal entity, Egyptian or foreigner, that is a member of the

world trade organization, or that applies reciprocity (‫ )التبادل‬to Egypt has the right
to apply for a patent at the Egyptian patent office.

Compare between the characteristics of voidable contract and

void contract

A Void contract is the one, which does not produce any legal effect from the
moment it was concluded as if it never existed.

A voidable contract it is one of the one which for some reasons satisfactory to
the court may be set aside at the request of the injured party.

Such a contract is considered valid and bound until the court declares it void
at the request of the injured party in a certain period of time

Q 3-b kont 7alah 3'lt ma5tsh bali sorry begad

Compare between the characteristics of void and voidable contract

• Characteristics of voidable contacts:
1. The contract exists, it is valid to begin with and it produces its legal effects.
2. The protected party is the only one who can demand the avoidance of the
contract, the party who was legally incapable or the party whose consent was
vitiated. The other party can’t avail of this right.
3. The protected party who has the right to avoid the contract may confirm ir;
such a confirmation renders the contract valid.
4. Prescription is applied on the right to procure the avoidance of a contract.
Such a right is lost, if not invoked within three years runs from cessation of
such incapacity, and in cases of vices of consent from the date the mistake or
the fraud is discovered, or from the date the duress has ceased. But in the
case of exploitation the prescription period is one year from the date of the
contract.
5. When the court declares the contract is void the parties are put back to the
same position as if the contract had never been formed. If it is possible
compensation equivalent to the injured party may be the solution.
• Characteristics of void contracts:
1. A void contract has no legal effect from the moment it was concluded.
2. The right to demand a nullity of the contract is legally available to any
person having an interest, and the court has the right to order its nullity on its
own initiative.
3. A void contract is a null one so no part can confirm it. In other words nullity
can’t disappear by confirmation of the void contract by one of the parties or
by all of them.
4. Prescription can never make the void contract a valid one.

Discuss the characteristics of the legal rule

 It is a social rule.

 It is general and abstract.

 It has a material sanction.