TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIONM PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CASES

S xxxvii TABLE OF MODEL PENAL CODE SECTIONS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Chapter 1. Introduction: Setting the Stage A. Nature, Sources, and Limits of the Criminal Law Henry . Hart, Jr.The Aims of the Criminal Law Notes and QuestionsM B. Criminal Law in a Procedural Context: Pre-Trial C. Criminal Law in a Procedural Context: Trial by Jury D. Proof of Guilt at Trial 1. Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Notes and Questions 2. Enforcing the Presumption of Innocence Owens v. StateM Notes and Questions E. Jury Nullification State v. Ragland Notes and QuestionsM v vii xiii xlv xlvii 1 1 1 3 6 7 9 9 10 14 14 17 19 19 23

Chapter 2. Principles of Punishment 30 A. Theories of Punishment 31 1. In General 31 Kent GreenawaltPunishment 31 Notes and Questions 32 2. Utilitarian Justifications 33 Jeremy BenthamAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 33 Kent GreenawaltPunishment 34 Notes and Questions 36 3. Retributive Justifications 38 Michael S. MooreThe Moral Worth of Retribution 38 Notes and Questions 39 Immanuel KantThe Philosophy of Law 40 Notes and Questions 41 2 James Fitzjames StephenA History of the Criminal Law of England 41 Notes and Questions 42 Herbert MorrisPersons and Punishment 43 Notes and Questions 44 Jeffrie G. Murphy & Jean HamptonForgiveness and Mercy 46 xxv

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Page A. Theories of PunishmentContinued Notes and Questions 47 B. The Penal Theories in Action 48 1. Who Should Be Punished? 48 The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens 48 Notes and Questions 50 2. How Much (and What) Punishment Should Be Imposed? 51 People v. Superior Court (Du) 51 People v. DuM 54 Notes and Questions 56 United States v. Gementera 62 Notes and Questions 68 C. Proportionality of Punishment 69 1. General Principles 69 Immanuel KantThe Philosophy of Law 69 Jeremy BenthamAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 70 Notes and Questions 71 2. Constitutional Principles 72 Coker v. Georgia 72 Notes and Questions 77 Ewing v. California 81 Notes and Questions 90 Chapter 3. Modern Role of Criminal Statutes A. Principle of Legality 1. The Requirement of Previously Defined Conduct Commonwealth v. Mochan Notes and Questions Keeler v. Superior Court Notes and Questions 2. The Values of Statutory Clarity In re Banks Notes and Questions City of Chicago v. Morales Notes and Questions B. Statutory Interpretation Muscarello v. United States Notes and QuestionsM Chapter 4. Actus Reus A. Voluntary Act Martin v. State Notes and QuestionsM State v. Utter Notes and QuestionsM B. Omissions (Negative Acts) 1. General Principles People v. Beardsley Notes and Questions 2. Distinguishing Acts From Omissions Barber v. Superior Court Notes and Questions C. Social Harm Notes and QuestionsM 92 92 92 92 95 95 103 105 105 109 113 119 119 120 125 127 128 128 128 130 133 136 136 136 138 142 142 146 146 147

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Page Chapter 5. Mens ReaM 149 A. Nature of Mens Rea 149 United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie 149 Notes and QuestionsM 150 Regina v. CunninghaM 151 Notes and QuestionsM 152 B. General Issues in Proving Culpability 153 1. Intent 153 People v. Conley 153 Notes and Questions 155 2. The Model Penal Code Approach 159 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 2.02 160 Notes and Questions 163 3. Knowledge of Attendant Circumstances (The Wilful Blindness Problem) 164 State v. Nations 165 Notes and Questions 167 4. Problems in Statutory Interpretation 170 Flores-Figueroa v. United States 170 Notes and Questions 175 C. Strict Liability Offenses 175 United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie 175 Notes and QuestionsM 176 Staples v. United States 177 Notes and QuestionsM 183 Garnett v. State 186 Notes and QuestionsM 193 D. Mistake and Mens Rea 194 1. Mistake of Fact 194 People v. Navarro 194 Notes and Questions 196 2. Mistake (or Ignorance) of Law 199 People v. Marrero 199 Notes and Questions 205 Cheek v. United States 209 Notes and Questions 213 Chapter 6. Causation A. Actual Cause (Cause-in-Fact) Velazquez v. State Oxendine v. State Notes and QuestionsM B. Proximate Cause (Legal Cause) People v. Rideout Notes and QuestionsM Velazquez v. State Notes and QuestionsM C. Concurrence of the Elements State v. Rose Notes and QuestionsM Chapter 7. Criminal Homicide A. Overview 1. Homicide Statistics 2. Common Law Origins and Statutory Reform 214 214 214 215 219 219 220 225 229 231 232 232 234 235 235 235 235

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Page A. OverviewContinued American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 210.2M 235 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 210.3M 237 3. Variations on the Theme: Some Homicide Statutes 238 Notes and Questions 247 4. The Protected Interest: Human Being 247 People v. Eulo 247 Notes and Questions 252 B. Intentional Killings 253 1. Degrees of Murder: The Deliberation-Premeditation Formula 253 State v. Guthrie 253 Notes and Questions 256 Midgett v. State 258 Notes and Questions 260 State v. Forrest 261 Notes and Questions 263 2. Manslaughter: Heat of Passion Killings 264 a. Common Law Principles 264 Girouard v. StateM 264 Notes and Comments 268 Joshua DresslerRethinking Heat of Passion: A Defense in Search of a Rationale 271 Joshua DresslerWhy Keep the Provocation Defense?: Some Reflections on a Difficult Subject 273 Notes and Questions 274 b. The Objective Standard: Who Is the Reasonable Man? 275 Attorney General for Jersey v. Holley 276 Notes and Questions 282 c. Model Penal Code and Beyond 285 People v. CasassaM 285 Notes and Questions 289 3. Murder Versus Manslaughter: A Literary Proble 292 Willa CatherO Pioneers 292 Notes and Questions 295 C. Unintentional Killings: Unjustified Risk-Taking 295 People v. Knoller 296 Notes and QuestionsM 302 State v. Hernandez 304 Notes and QuestionsM 307 State v. Williams 308 Notes and QuestionsM 311 D. Unintentional Killings: Unlawful Conduct 315 1. The Felony-Murder Rule 315 a. The Doctrine: In General 315 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 210.2 316 People v. Fuller 316 Notes and Questions 318 b. The Policy Debate 318 Nelson E. Roth & Scott E. SundbyThe Felony-Murder Rule: A Doctrine at Constitutional Crossroads 318

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Page D. Unintentional Killings: Unlawful ConductContinued David Crump & Susan Waite CrumpIn Defense of the Felony Murder Doctrine 321 Notes and Questions 325 c. Limitations on the Rule 326 i. Overview 326 James J. TomkoviczThe Endurance of the Felony-Murder Rule: A Study of the Forces That Shape Our Criminal Law 326 ii. The Inherently Dangerous Felony Limitation 327 People v. Howard 327 Notes and Questions 332 iii. The Independent Felony (or Merger) Limitation 334 People v. Smith 334 Notes and Questions 337 iv. Killings in the Perpetration or in Furtherance of a Felony 338 State v. Sophophone 338 Notes and Questions 341 2. Unlawful-Act Manslaughter (The Misdemeanor Manslaughter Rule) 343 3. A Brain Teaser to End All Brain Teasers 344 Notes and Questions 345 E. Capital Murder 345 1. The Constitutional and Policy Debate 345 Gregg v. Georgia 346 Notes and Questions 353 2. The Quest for Reliable Procedures 361 a. The Lingering Question of Racial Discrimination 362 McCleskey v. Kemp 362 Notes and Questions 367 b. Victim Impact Evidence 369 Payne v. Tennessee 369 Notes and Questions 375 3. Substantive Limitations on the Death PenaltyM 377 Tison v. Arizona 377 Notes and Questions 383 Chapter 8. Rape 385 A. Overview 385 1. Rape (Sexual Assault) Statistics 385 U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice StatisticsSex Offenses and Offenders 385 Notes and Questions 387 2. Social Context 389 Susan EstrichRape 389 Notes and Questions 390 Joshua DresslerWhere We Have Been, and Where We Might Be Going: Some Cautionary Reflections on Rape Law Refor 392 Notes and Questions 393 3. Variations on the Theme: Some Sexual Offense Statutes396 B. Forcible Rape 404 1. In General 404 State v. Alston 404 Notes and Questions 408

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 411 411 416 417 421 421 423 424 425 434 434 443 447 447 453 453 453 461 464 464 467 470 470 471 474 475 475 475

B. Forcible RapeContinued 2. How Much Force?: The Resistance RequirementM Rusk v. State State v. Rusk Notes and Questions 3. No (or the Absence of Yes) as Force? Susan EstrichRape Susan AgerThe Incident Notes and Questions Commonwealth v. Berkowitz Notes and Questions State of New Jersey in the Interest of .T.S. Notes and Questions 4. One Final Wrinkle: Withdrawn Consent People v. John Z. Notes and Questions 5. Mens Rea People v. Williams Notes and Questions C. Rape by Fraud or Non-physical Threats Boro v. Superior Court Notes and QuestionsM D. Rape Shield Laws State v. Herndon People v. Wilhelm Notes and QuestionsM E. Statutory Rape Garnett v. State Notes and QuestionsM

Chapter 9. General Defenses to Crimes 480 A. Categories of Defenses 480 Paul H. RobinsonCriminal Law Defenses: A Systematic Analysis 480 Joshua DresslerJustifications And Excuses: A Brief Review of the Concepts and the Literature 483 Notes and QuestionsM 486 B. Burden of Proof 486 Patterson v. New York 486 Notes and QuestionsM 495 C. Principles of JustificationM 497 1. Structure and Underlying Theories of Justification Defenses497 1 Paul H. RobinsonCriminal Law Defenses 497 Joshua DresslerUnderstanding Criminal Law 498 2. Self-Defense 500 a. General Principles 500 United States v. Peterson 500 Notes and Questions 505 b. Reasonable Belief Requirement 510 i. In General 510 People v. GoetzM 510 Notes and Questions 516 ii. The Reasonable Person: Objective, Subjective, or a Mixed Standard? 525 State v. Wanrow 525 Notes and Questions 528

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Page C. Principles of JustificationContinued iii. Battered Women, Battered Woman Syndrome and Beyond531 State v. Norman 532 State v. Norman 537 Notes and Questions 540 Stephen J. MorseThe New Syndrome Excuse Syndrome 546 Notes and Questions 548 3. Defense of OthersM 549 People v. Kurr 549 Notes and Questions 552 4. Defense of Property/Habitation and Law Enforcement Defenses 553 People v. Ceballos 553 Notes and Questions 557 5. Necessity (Choice of Evils) 560 a. General Principles 560 Nelson v. State 560 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 3.02 563 Notes and Questions 564 b. Civil Disobedience 566 United States v. Schoon 566 Notes and Questions 570 c. Defense to Murder? 572 The Queen v. Dudley and StephensM 572 Notes and Questions 575 D. Principles of Excuse 579 1. Why Do We Excuse Wrongdoers? 579 Sanford H. KadishExcusing Crime 579 Joshua DresslerUnderstanding Criminal Law 580 Notes and Questions 582 2. Duress 583 a. General Principles 583 United States v. Contento-Pachon 583 Notes and Questions 586 b. Necessity Versus Duress 591 People v. Unger 591 Notes and Questions 595 c. Defense to Murder? 597 People v. Anderson 597 Notes and Questions 603 3. Intoxication 603 United States v. Veach 603 Notes and Questions 605 4. Insanity 611 a. Some Preliminaries 611 i. Competency to Stand Trial 611 ii. Pre-Trial Assertion of the Insanity Plea 613 iii. Burden of Proof at Trial 614 iv. Post-Trial Disposition of Insanity AcquitteesM 614 v. Sexual Predator Laws: A New Strategy for Civil Commitment 615 b. Why Do We Excuse the Insane?: Some Initial Thoughts 616 United States v. Freeman 616 Notes and Questions 617

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Page D. Principles of ExcuseContinued c. Struggling for a Definition: The Tests of InsanityM 618 State v. Johnson 618 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries Comment to 4.01 622 Notes and Questions 623 d. Naghten and the Model Penal Code in Greater Detail 631 i. Knowing/Appreciating the Wrongfulness of Ones Actions 631 State v. Wilson 631 Notes and Questions 639 ii. Convincing the Jury: The Role of Experts 642 Perez v. Cain 642 Notes and Questions 647 e. Should the Defense Be Abolished? 650 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries Comment to 4.01 650 Notes and Questions 651 f. One Final Proble 652 Edgar Allan PoeThe Tell-Tale HeartM 653 Notes and Questions 656 5. Diminished Capacity 656 Stephen J. MorseUndiminished Confusion in Diminished CapacityM 656 Notes and Questions 658 Clark v. Arizona 662 Notes and Questions 670 6. Infancy 672 In re Devon T. 672 Notes and Questions 678 E. New Defenses? 679 1. EuthanasiaM 679 Latimer v. The Queen 681 Notes and Questions 685 Yale KamisarPhysician Assisted Suicide: The Problems Presented by the Compelling, Heartwrenching Case 692 Notes and Questions 697 2. Addiction/Alcoholism Constitutional Defense 697 Robinson v. California 697 Notes and Questions 702 Powell v. Texas 702 Notes and Questions 712 3. Rotten Social Background (RSB) Defense 715 Richard DelgadoRotten Social Background: Should the Criminal Law Recognize a Defense of Severe Environmental Deprivation? 716 Notes and Questions 717 4. Cultural Defense 718 State v. Kargar 718 Notes and Questions 722 The Cultural Defense in the Criminal Law 722 Notes and Questions 727 Chapter 10. Inchoate Offenses 729 A. Overview 729 American Law InstituteModel Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to Article 5 729

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Page A. OverviewContinued Notes and QuestionsM 730 B. AttemptM 732 1. General Principles 732 Ira P. RobbinsDouble Inchoate Crimes 732 Notes and Questions 732 Andrew AshworthCriminal Attempts and the Role of Resulting Harm Under the Code, and in the Common Law 733 Notes and Questions 736 2. Grading Criminal Attempts 736 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 5.05 736 Notes and Questions 737 3. Mens Rea 738 People v. Gentry 738 Notes and Questions 740 Bruce v. State 742 Notes and Questions 743 4. Actus Reus 745 a. General Principles 745 United States v. Mandujano 745 Notes and Questions 747 An Initial Effort at Drawing the Preparation-Perpetration LineM748 Notes and Questions 749 b. Distinguishing Preparation From Perpetration: The Tests at Work 750 Commonwealth v. Peaslee 750 Notes and Questions 751 People v. Rizzo 753 Notes and Questions 754 People v. Miller 755 Notes and Questions 756 State v. Reeves 758 Notes and Questions 762 c. Punishing Pre-Attempt Conduct 765 United States v. Alkhabaz 765 Notes and Questions 770 5. Special Defenses 772 a. Impossibility 772 People v. Thousand 772 Notes and Questions 779 b. Abandonment 786 Commonwealth v. McCloskey 786 Notes and Questions 788 C. Assault 789 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 211.1 789 Notes and QuestionsM 791 D. Solicitation 792 State v. MannM 792 Notes and QuestionsM 792 State v. Cotton 793 Notes and QuestionsM 795

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Page E. Conspiracy 797 1. General Principles 797 People v. Carter 797 Notes and Questions 798 Pinkerton v. United States 801 Notes and Questions 802 2. Mens Rea 806 People v. Swain 806 Notes and Questions 809 People v. Lauria 809 Notes and Questions 813 3. Actus Reus 816 Abraham S. GoldsteinConspiracy to Defraud the United StatesM 816 Notes and Questions 817 Commonwealth v. Azim 817 Notes and Questions 819 Commonwealth v. Cook 819 Notes and Questions 823 4. Conspiracy: Bilateral or Unilateral? 824 People v. Foster 824 Notes and Questions 827 5. Scope of an Agreement: Party and Object Dimensions 830 American Law Institute, Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 5.03 830 Kilgore v. State 830 Notes and Questions 834 Braverman v. United StatesM 836 Notes and Questions 837 6. Defenses 838 Iannelli v. United States 838 Notes and Questions 842 Gebardi v. United States 843 Notes and Questions 845 People v. Sconce 845 Notes and Questions 847 Chapter 11. Liability for the Conduct of Another A. Accomplice Liability 1. General Principles a. Common Law Terminology and Its Significance State v. Ward Notes and Questions b. Theoretical Foundation: Derivative Liability 2. Elements of Accomplice Liability: In General State v. HoseltonM Notes and Questions 3. Mens Rea a. Intent: Purpose or Knowledge? People v. Lauria Notes and Questions b. When Is Intent Not Required? i. Offenses Not Requiring Intent Riley v. State Notes and Questions ii. Natural-and-Probable-Consequences Doctrine 848 848 848 848 848 849 850 851 851 853 855 855 855 855 858 858 858 862 863

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Page A. Accomplice LiabilityContinued State v. Linscott 863 Notes and Questions 866 iii. Attendant CircumstancesM 867 4. Actus Reus 868 State v. V.T. 868 Notes and Questions 870 Wilcox v. Jeffery 872 Notes and Questions 873 State v. Helmenstein 874 Notes and Questions 876 People v. Genoa 878 Notes and Questions 879 5. Distinguishing Direct From Accomplice Liability 880 Bailey v. Commonwealth 880 Notes and Questions 883 6. Relationship of the Liability of the Accomplice to the Principal 884 a. If the Principal Is Acquitted 884 United States v. Lopez 884 Notes and Questions 886 b. If the Principal Is Convicted 887 People v. McCoy 887 Notes and Questions 889 7. Limits to Accomplice Liability 890 In re Meagan R. 890 Notes and Questions 891 State v. Formella 891 B. Conspiracy Liability 894 Pinkerton v. United States 894 Notes and QuestionsM 894 C. Vicarious Liability 894 Commonwealth v. Koczwara 894 Notes and QuestionsM 900 D. Corporate LiabilityM 900 American Law InstituteModel Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to 2.07 900 State v. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc. 901 Pamela H. BucyCorporate Ethos: A Standard for Imposing Corporate Criminal Liability 904 Notes and QuestionsM 906 John C. Coffee, Jr.No Soul To Damn: No Body to Kick: An Unscandalized Inquiry Into the Problem of Corporate PunishmentM 908 Notes and QuestionsM 913 Chapter 12. Theft 916 A. Larceny 917 1. Actus Reus 917 a. Trespassory Taking (Caption) and Carrying Away (Asportation) * * * 917 Lee v. State 917 Rex v. Chisser 917 Notes and Questions 918 United States v. MafnasM 918 Notes and Questions 920 Topolewski v. State 922 Rex v. Pear 925

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Page A. LarcenyContinued Notes and Questions 926 Brooks v. State 927 Notes and Questions 929 b. * * * of the Personal Property of Another * * * 929 Lund v. CommonwealthM 929 Notes and Questions 932 2. Mens Rea: * * * With the Intent to Steal the Property 933 People v. Brown 933 Notes and Questions 934 People v. Davis 936 Notes and Questions 941 B. EmbezzlementM 941 Rex v. Bazeley 941 Notes and QuestionsM 944 C. False Pretenses 945 People v. Ingram 945 Notes and QuestionsM 946 People v. Whight 946 Notes and QuestionsM 949 D. Federal Mail, Wire, and Computer Fraud 950 United States v. Czubinski 950 Notes and QuestionsM 957 Appendix. American Law Institute Model Penal Code INDEX 1027 958