FIRST AIDS FOR POISONING

Members Of Group : 1. Aditya Kurnia P 2. Agissia Citra S 3. Danu Santoso 4. Siti Murniyanti 5. Sri Suranti (P 27220011 056) (P 27220011 058) (P 27220011 065) (P 27220011 098) (P27220011 100)

DIII NURSING NON REGULAR POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH SURAKARTA 2013

A. Definition Of Poisoning A poison - also called a toxin - is a substance which, if taken into the body in sufficient quantity, may cause temporary or permanent damage. Poisoning is the entry of an unwanted substance into the body, so that the substance is extremely harmful to the function of the organs of the body. In the body is actually capable of neutralizing antitoxin has poison, but numbers are limited, so if the toxins that enter the body too much, then the poisoning will occur. Poisoning is when a person is exposed to a substance that can damage their health or put their life in danger. Poisons can be swallowed, absorbed through the skin, inhaled, splashed into the eyes, or injected. Once in the body, they may enter the bloodstream and be carried swiftly to all organs and tissues. Recognition features vary with the poison - they may develop quickly or over a number of days.

B. Causes Of Posoning
1. Solid, for example, is a medicine, food. 2. Liquid, for example, are chemicals, alcohol, kerosene, gasoline. 3. Gas, for example, is CO.

C. Kind Of Poisoning 1. Alcohol Poisoning Alcohol (chemical name, ethanol) is a drug that depresses the activity of the central nervous system - in particular, the brain. Prolonged or excessive intake can severely impair all physical and mental functions, and the person may sink into deep unconsciousness. 2. Swallowed poisons Chemicals that are swallowed may harm the digestive tract, or cause more widespread damage if they enter the bloodstream and are transported to other parts of the body. Hazardous chemicals include common household substances. For example, bleach, dishwasher detergent, and paint stripper are poisonous or corrosive if swallowed. Drugs, whether they are prescribed or bought over the counter, are also potentially harmful if they are taken in overdose. The effects of poisoning depend on the substance that has been swallowed. 3. Drug Poisoning Poisoning can result from an overdose of either prescribed drugs or drugs that are bought over the counter. It can also be caused by drug abuse or drug interaction. The effects vary depending on the type of drug and how it is taken (see table below). When you call the emergency services, give as much information as possible. While waiting for help to arrive, look for containers that might help you to identify the drug.

4. The poisonous plants and fungi Many young children eat plant leaves or brightly coloured berries, but serious poisoning as a result rarely occurs. However, ingesting even small amounts of foxglove or wild arum can cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps; and large amounts are potentially fatal. Seizures may occur after ingesting laburnum seeds. Serious poisoning as a result of eating mushrooms is also rare. Mushrooms found in the garden may cause nausea, vomiting, and occasionally, hallucinations. Death cap mushrooms cause vomiting and severe watery diarrhoea between 6 and 12 hours after ingestion and can be fatal. 5. Food poisoning Food poisoning is usually caused by consuming food or drink that is contaminated with bacteria or viruses. Some food poisoning is caused by poisons (toxins) from bacteria already in the food. The salmonella or E. coli group of bacteria, which are found mainly in meat, are common causes of food poisoning. Symptoms may develop rapidly (within hours), or they may not occur until a day or so after eating contaminated food. Toxic food poisoning is frequently caused by poisons produced by the staphylococcus group of bacteria. Symptoms usually develop rapidly, possibly with two to six hours of eating the affected food.

One of the dangers of food poisoning is loss of body fluids. The dehydration that results from this fluid loss can be serious if the fluids are not replaced quickly enough. Dehydration is especially serious in the very young and the very old, and, in some cases, treatment may be required in hospital.

D. Signs And Symptoms Of Poisoning Common signs and symptoms to look for include: 1. Burns or redness around the mouth and lips, from drinking certain poisons 2. Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner 3. Burns, stains and odors on the person, on clothing, or on furniture, floor, rugs or other objects in the surrounding area 4. Empty medication bottles or scattered pills 5. Vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness, confusion or other unexpected signs

E. First Aids For Poisoning a. For swallowed poisons 1) If the casualty is conscious: Ask them what they have swallowed Try to reassure them Dial number for an ambulance

Give as much information as possible about the swallowed poison. This information will assist doctors to give appropriate treatment once the casualty reaches hospital.

2) If the casualty becomes unconscious: Open the airway and check breathing Be prepared to give chest compressions and rescue breaths if necessary Place them into the recovery position if the casualty is unconscious but breathing normally Use a face shield or pocket mask for rescue breathing if there are any chemicals on the casualty's mouth. b. For drug poisoning 1) If the casualty is conscious: Help them into a comfortable position Ask them what they have taken Reassure them while you talk to them Dial number for an ambulance Monitor and record vital signs - level of response, pulse and breathing - until medical help arrives Look for evidence that might help to identify the drug, such as empty containers. Give these samples and containers to the paramedic or ambulance crew.

2) If the casualty becomes unconscious:

open the airway and check breathing

be prepared to give chest compressions and rescue breaths if necessary

place them into the recovery position if the casualty is unconscious but breathing normally

dial number for an ambulance.

DO NOT induce vomiting c. For the poisonous plants and fungi 1) If the casualty is conscious : Ask them what they have eaten and reasure them Try to identify the poisonous plant, and find out which part of it has been eaten Get medical advice at once so that the appropriate treatment can be given Keep any small pieces of the plant that you have found to show to the doctor or send with the casualty to hospital. 2) If the casualty becomes unconscious :

open the airway and check breathing

be prepared to give chest compressions and rescue breaths if necessary

place them into the recovery position if the casualty is unconscious but breathing normally

dial number for an ambulance

Do not induce vomiting. d. For alcohol poisoning 1) If the casualty is conscious : cover a casualty with a coat or blanket to protect them from the cold assess the casualty for any injuries, especially head injuries, or other medical conditions monitor and record vital signs - level of response, pulse and breathing - until the casualty recovers or is placed in the care of a responsible person. 2) If the casualty becomes unconscious : open the airway and check breathing be prepared to give chest compressions and rescue breaths if necessary place them into the recovery position if the casualty is unconscious but breathing normally

dial number for an ambulance.

DO NOT induce vomiting. e. For food poisoning 1) Advise the casualty to lie down and rest. Help them if necessary 2) Give the casualty plenty of bland fluids to drink and a bowl to use if they vomit 3) Call a doctor for advice. If the casualty's condition worsens: Dial number for an ambulance.

F. When We Must Call For Help Call your local emergency number immediately if the person is: Drowsy or unconscious Having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing Uncontrollably restless or agitated Having seizures

G. What Not To Do 1. Do NOT give an unconscious person anything by mouth. 2. Do NOT induce vomiting unless you are told to do so by the Poison Control Center or a doctor. A strong poison that burns on the way down the throat will also do damage on the way back up.

3. Do NOT try to neutralize the poison with lemon juice or vinegar, or any other substance, unless you are told to do so by the Poison Control Center or a doctor. 4. Do NOT use any "cure-all" type antidote. 5. Do NOT wait for symptoms to develop if you suspect that someone has been poisoned.

H. How to Prevent Poisoning Store medicines, cleaning detergents, mosquito repellants and paints carefully Keep all potentially poisonous substances out of children's reach Label the poisons in your house Avoid keeping poisonous plants in or around house Take care while eating products such as berries, roots or mushrooms Teach children the need to exercise caution

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