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Heat of precipitation, H

Set up of apparatus

Initial temperature of AgNO3 Initial temperature of NaCl Highest temperature

28.0 27.0 31.5

1. Chemical equation 2. Ionic equation 3. No. moles, x =mv/1000 4. Heat changes,H =mc No mole, Ag+ = No mole, Cl- =

5. H= H/x 6. Energy level diagram

Heat of displacement,, H

Set up of 1

apparatus
0.5 g zinc

25cm3 CuSO4 0.2 mol dm-3

Initial temperature of CuSO4 , oC Highest temperature, oC 1. Chemical equation 2. Ionic equation 3. No. moles, x =mv/1000 4. Heat changes,H =mc

28.0

5. H= H/x H = -199.5 kJ mol-1 6. Energy level diagram

Heat of neutralisation, H

Set up of apparatus 2

100cm3 of 2 moldm-3 Dilute hydrochloric acid

Glass

100cm3 of 2 moldm-3

Aqueous sodium hydroxide

1. Chemical equation 2. Ionic equation 3. No. moles, x =mv/1000 4. Heat changes,H =mc 5. H= H/x 6. Energy level diagram

No mole, H+ =

No mole, OH- =

Heat of combustion, H

Set up of apparatus

Mass of spirit lamp + ethanol before Mass of spirit lamp + ethanol after Initial temperature Final temperature 1. Chemical equation 2. Ionic equation 3. No. moles, x =mv/1000 4. Heat changes,H =mc 5. H= H/x 6. Energy level diagram

26.33g 25.50g 29.0 oC 59.0 oC

1 . The equation for the precipitation reaction between potassium sulphate and lead(II) nitrate solution is given below. a) State the meaning of heat of precipitation. b) An experiment was carried out by a student to determine the heat of precipitation. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium sulphate solution was reacted with 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate. The results were recorded in a table. Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 PbSO4 + 2KNO3 Initial temperature of potassium sulphate solution.(oC) 29.9 Initial temperature of lead(II) nitrate solution. (oC) 29.0 Highest temperature of the reacting mixture(oC) 32.0 (Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2Jg-1 oC -1) i) Calculate the number of moles of the following ions a) Pb+2 ions b) Sulphate ions (SO4-2)

ii) Calculate the heat given out in this experiment.

iii) Calculate the heat of precipitation for the reaction

iv) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

v) Write the ionic equation from this experiment.

vi) Explain why the heat of precipitation for the following reactions are the same. AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 ; H = -65.5 kJmol-1

AgNO3 + KCl AgCl + KNO3 ; H = -65.5 kJmol-1 2 .Diagram 1 shows the set -up of an experiment to determine the heat of displacement of copper from copper(II) chloride solution by zinc. In this experiment, excess zinc powder was added to 100 cm3 of copper(II) chloride solution. The heat of displacement in this experiment was -168 kJmol-1. Diagram 1 Zinc powder Polystyrene cup Thermometer Copper(II) chloride solution

d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

1. A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of displacement for the reaction between copper and silver nitrate solution. In this experiment, excess copper powder was added to 100 cm3 of silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3. The heat of displacement in this experiment was 103 kJ mol-1. [Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g-1C-1, and the density of the solution is 1 g cm-3] (a) What is meant by heat of displacement? [1 mark] (b) Besides the data given above, state one other piece of data that is needed to calculate the heat of displacement. [1 mark] (c) State one precaution that must be taken while carrying out the experiment. [1 mark] (d) (i) State one observation of the experiment. [1 mark] (ii) State the reason for the observation in (d)(i). [1 mark] (e) Based on the information from this experiment, calculate (i) the number of moles of silver ions reacted. [1 mark]

a) What is meant by heat of displacement? b) i) Why must zinc powder be added in excess?. ii) State one observation of the experiment. c) i) Based on the given information, calculate the total heat energy released if the change in temperature was 8 C.

(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg-1 oC -1, density of water = 1gcm-3) ii) The number of moles of copper displaced. (ii) the amount of heat released. [1 mark]

iii) The molarity of copper(II) chloride solution.

(iii the change in temperature. ) [1 mark]

(f) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in this experiment. [1 mark]

sodium sulphate solution. (i) Name two apparatus that are used in this experiment. [2 marks]

(g) The experiment is repeated using 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and excess copper powder. Calculate the temperature change in this experiment. 5. When aqueous lead(II) nitrate solution and aqueous sodium sulphate solution are mixed, lead(II) sulphate precipitates. The heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate is -50 kJ mol-1. (a) (i) What is the colour of lead(II) sulphate? [1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of lead(II) ion. [1 mark]

(iii) Calculate the number of moles of sulphate ions. [1 mark]

(iv)Calculate the heat given off in this reaction. [2 marks] (c) What is the maximum rise in temperature of the mixture? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1C-1; density of water = 1 g cm-3] [2 marks]

(ii)Write a balanced equation for the reaction occurred. [1 mark]

(b) 35 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 35 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3

6. (a) Heat of precipitation of silver chloride is given as D H = -67.2 kJ mol-1. Explain the meaning of this statement. [2 marks] (b) Write a chemical equation for the formation of silver chloride precipitate and draw its energy level diagram given that the heat of precipitation, D H = -67.2 kJ mol-1. [3 marks] (5) In an experiment, to determine the heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate, 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dmm= 3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol c = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 dm-3 sodium sulphate solution in a plastic cup. The = ( highest temperature - lowest temperature ) = following results are obtained. Then, mc = Initial temperature of lead(II) nitrate solution = 28.0 C Initial temperature of sodium sulphate solution = 28.0 C Highest temperature reached when the two solutions are (c) Calculate the heat of precipitation. mixed = 30.5 C Calculate the number of mole of the following ions Pb2+ ions (6) . A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of displacement for the reaction between copper and silver nitrate solution. In this experiment excess copper powder was added to 100cm3 of silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3. The heat of displacement in this experiment was -105 kJ mol-1. [ Specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, and the density of the solution is 1 gcm-1 ] (a) What is meant by heat of displacement ?

SO4 2- ions the number of mole of lead(II) sulphate precipitated

Calculate the heat given out in this experiment

 [ 1 mark ] (b) Besides the data given above, state one other piece of data that is needed to calculate the heat of displacement. [ 1 mark ] (c) State one precaution that must be taken while carrying out the experiment. [ 1 mark ] (d) (i) State one observation of the experiment. [ 1 mark ] (ii) State the reason for the observation in (e) Based on the information from this experiment, calculate the number of moles of silver ions reacted. [ 1 mark ]

Explain why this change of temperature is different from that in (e)(iii). [ 3 marks ]

(7) Figure 4 shows the set-up of the apparatus of an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation. 25.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution is reacted with 25.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution. As a result there is a change in temperature of the mixture and a white precipitate is formed. (a) Why is a polystyrene cup used in the experimen? Before reaction Sodium chloride solution Initial temperature = 29.0 C Silver nitrate solution Initial temperature = 29.0 C After reaction Mixture of the solution Maximum temperature = 31.5 C (b) (i) Based on the change of temperature in the experiment, state the type of reaction that occurred. . [ 1 mark ] (ii) How is the total energy of the products different from the total energy of the reactants? .. [ 1 mark ] (c) State one step that should be taken while adding the two solutions in order to get a more accurate result.. .. [ 1 mark ] (d) The ionic equation for the precipitation reaction of silver chloride is : (i) What is the number of moles of Ag+ ions that reacted with Cl- ions ? [ 1 mark ] (ii) Calculate the heat change of the precipitation reaction that has taken place. Use the information that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 and density of water is 1 gcm-1. [ 2 marks ]

the amount of heat released. [ 1 mark ]

the change in temperature [ 1 mark]

(f) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in this experiment. [ 2 marks ]

(g) The experiment is repeated using 100cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and excess copper powder. Calculate the temperature change in this experiment.

Calculate the heat of precipitation for this reaction. [ 2 marks ]

c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

(e) The calculated value of the heat of precipitation for this reaction is less than the actual value. Give a reason.

Heat of neutralization and combustion 3 A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization. Diagram 12 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment. The following data was obtained; a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment? b) Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 28 C Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 28C Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 41C 100 cm3of 2.0 mol dm-3 Sodium hydroxide solution 100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 and the density of the solution is 1.0 gcm-3. i Calculate the change of heat in the experiment ii Calculate the heat of neutralization t in the experiment.

d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation? e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged. i Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation? Ii Explain why? f) If the experiment is repeated using sulphuric acid to replace hydrochloric acid and all other conditions are the same, predict the heat change. Explain youranswer.

4 A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol a It was found that the heat of combustion of ethanol obtained from the experiment was lower than the theoretical value. Suggest four methods in which the set-up of apparatus in diagram above can be improved to obtain more accurate result.

the temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 500C. [Specific heat of water = 4.2 Jg-1C-1; water density = 1 g cm-3] b After correcting his set-up of apparatus, the student found that the heat of combustion of ethanol obtained from the experiment is 1200 kJ mol-1, still less than the theoretical value of 1370 kJ mol-1. Identify two other sources of error that may have caused this.

(b) (i) Define heat of combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH. [2 marks] (ii) An experiment was carried out to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol. A spirit lamp containing a known mass of ethanol is burnt to heat up the water in a copper tin. The table below shows the experimental results.
Volume of water in copper tin (cm3) 100 Mass of spirit lamp before heating (g) 144.60 Mass of spirit lamp after heating (g) 144.22 Initial temperature of water (C) 28.1 Maximum temperature of water (C) 48.1

c The heat of combustion of four types of alcohols are given in Table 1 Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol Pentanol 1 32 710 2 46 1370 3 60 2000 4 74 2670 ____________

i Plot a graph of heat of combustion against the number of carbon atom per molecule on the graph paper provided. ii Estimate the heat of combustion of pentanol from the graph in (c) (i) iii Briefly explain the trend of change of the heat of combustion of alcohols in the homologous series. d i Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethanol. ii Using the value in Table 1 calculate the mass of ethanol that is required to increase

Using the data in the table above, calculate the heat of combustion of ethanol. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1C1; density of water = 1 g cm3; Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16] [6 marks]

(iii) The actual heat of combustion of ethanol is 1371 kJ mol1. Explain

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the lower value that was obtained in the experiment. [2 marks]

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