Professional Documents
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LOADS AND
LOAD PATHS
IN BUILDINGS:
Principles of Structural Design
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv
Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Contents
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
xi
Contents
CHAPTER 4
xiii
Contents
xv
xvi
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
Contents
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
xvii
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .821
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859
239
simple and straightforward. However, in multistory buildings, certain floor areas may often be set aside
for elevator shaftsno floor beams or girders can be placed in these areas. Such a layout results in some
floor members having to support loads from floor areas that are not symmetrical with floor members
position in the floor plan. Calculations for tributary areas, live load reduction, and member loads in such
cases call for special attention to member layout. Example 3.7 presents just such a case.
Example 3.7
The floor framing plan of a school building is shown in Figure E3.7a. Assuming that the floor consists of a 4-in.-thick reinforced concrete slab, and the dead load due to mechanical and electrical utilities, etc., is 10 lb/ft2, and assuming that columns receive loads from one level only, calculate design
loads on all beams, girders, and columns.
9 at 10 ft = 90 ft
20 ft
B1
B1
B1
B1
C1
G1
B1
B1
B1
C2
G2
B1
G3
Open
20 ft
B1
B1
B2
B3
B4
Open
10 ft
G4
B3
B2
15 ft
FIGURE E3.7A
Floor framing plan.
Solution:
Commentary: Attention should be paid to determining the load path for gravity loads on members
positioned around the space for the elevator shafts. Note that B4-beam is supported on G4-girder, which
in turn is supported on two B2-beams. Each B2-beam is supported on a column and a bearing wall.
Dead load:
Unit weight of reinforced concrete 150 lb/ft3
Load due to 4 in. slab (4/12)(1 ft)(1 ft)(150) 50 lb/ft2
Mechanical and electrical utilities 10 lb/ft2
D 50 10 60 lb/ft2
Live load:
Floor live load: Lo 40 lb/ft2 (Table B3, Appendix B)
Tributary widths and areas for various beams and girders are shown in Figure E3.7b.
10
11
12
12 at 16 ft = 192 ft
A1
A3
B2
4 at
25 ft = 100 ft
C1
E
16 ft typ.
FIGURE E3.10B
Floor framing plan for the example building.
10
11
12
12 at 16 f t = 192 ft
A
A1
A3
B2
4 at
25 ft = 100 ft
t
C
C1
E
Glazed wall panel
FIGURE E3.10C
Tributary areas for various typical columns.
16 ft typ.
255
437
Equation 5.38 is valid for rigid structures. For flexible open buildings and other structures, the design wind force on open buildings and other structures is determined from Equation 5.39:
F qz Gf Cf Af
(5.39)
(a)
Roof panels 2 x 16 ft
CMU wall
16 ft
64 ft
32 ft
FIGURE E5.6A
Building for Example 5.6.
443
The internal pressure coefficient, 0.18 or 0.18, will be used as appropriate to give the most critical pressure. The wind pressures on joists are
Zone 3: p (18.7)[(2.8) (0.18)] 55.7 lb/ft2
Zone 2: p (18.7)[(1.8) (0.18)] 37.0 lb/ft2
Zone 1: p (18.7)[(1.0) (0.18)] 22.1 lb/ft2
Zones 1, 2, and 3: p (18.7)[(0.3) (0.18)] 9.0 lb/ft2
The width a of zones 2 and 3 remains the same as before: a 3.2 ft
Example 5.7 Calculation of the gust effect factor, G, for the building of Example 5.6.
Determine the gust effect factor for the building of Example 5.6.
Solution:
For rigid structures, the gust effect factor, G, is given by Equation 5.18:
(1 + 1.7gQ Iz Q
G = 0.925
1 + 1.7gv Iz
(a)
(b)
1
B + h
1 + 0.63
Lz
0.63
Lz = l( z / 33)
(c)
(d)
Values of various quantities in Equation (d) are obtained from ASCE Table 6-4 for Exposure C,
as follows:
z zmin 15 ft, l 500 ft, c 0.2. Thus,
Lz = l( z / 33) = 500(15 / 33)1/ 5.0 = 427 ft
Iz = c(33 / z )1/ 6 = 0.2(33 / 15)1/ 6 = 0.228
654
Commentary: The increase in the base shear by 51.6% is the result of (a) change in the type of occupancyfrom special occupancy (I 1.0) to essential facility (I 1.25)and (b) change in the type
of building systemfrom SMRF (R 8.5) to a steel EBF (R 7.0). Together, the two changes account
for increase in the base shear by
(8.5)(1.25)
1 = 1.518 1.0 = 0.518 or 51.8%
( 7.0)(1.0)
The change in base shear in this problem is not affected by the change in the fundamental period,
T 0.66 sec for the steel SMRF versus 0.564 sec for the steel EBF.
Example 6.13 Vertical shear distribution for a seven-story building
Figure E6.13a shows the plan and elevation of a seven-story reinforced concrete office building located in Seismic Zone 4, approximately 3 miles from a Seismic Source Type A. The soil conditions for
the building site are not yet known. The building has a complete vertical load resisting frame. The lateral seismic forces are resisted by special moment resisting concrete frames in the E-W direction and
by concrete shear walls in the N-S direction. Calculate the Fx-forces at various levels of this building.
Dead and live loads acting on the roof and floors of the building have been averaged/estimated on a per
square foot area basis as follows:
Roof loading:
Roofing and insulation
Ceiling
Mechanical and electrical
Miscellaneous
Framing (including SMRF members)
Partitions (for seismic load only)
Shear walls (average weight)
Live load (reducible)
psf
7.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
137.0
5.0
8.0
20.0
Floor loading:
Floor finish
Ceiling
Mechanical and electrical
Miscellaneous
Framing (includes SMRF members)
psf
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
143.0
10.0
16.0
50.0
15.0