San Beda College Alabang

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INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT (High School) REVIEWER IN SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 7 Second Quarter, AY 2013-2014 LESSON 11: THE START OF SPANISH COLONIALISM Reasons for Spanish Exploration and Colonialism

That in all things, God may be glorified!

1. God The Spanish Catholics, in response to the Muslim occupation of Spain between the 7th and 13th centuries, decided to drive away the Muslims from their country in a struggle called the Reconquista. By the 14th century, after the last bastion of Islam in Spain Granada fell to the Catholic armies of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Spain felt patriotic and proud. Their victory inspired them to explore and conquer other Muslim occupied lands. Spain also embarked on expeditions to evangelize pagans in previously unknown lands in response to the growing number of Protestants in Europe during the period of Reformation from the 15th to 17th centuries. 2. Gold Prior to the Age of Exploration, Europe already has established trade relations with Asia, particularly with China and India. European merchants would travel across Asia, through the Middle East in order to acquire goods such as spices, silk, and gold in Asia goods that were demanded throughout Europe. The spread of Islam prevented Europeans from getting access to Asian products and trade routes. Spain, just like its neighbors Portugal, England, France, and Italy decided to send expeditions in order to find new routes to Asias trade centers, reestablish, and eventually, control trade routes. 3. Glory Acquiring new lands in the Asia, Americas, and Africa meant that Spain now has the necessary wealth in order to expand its armies, conquer more lands, defeat its rivals in Europe, making it a worldwide superpower. Explorers who led expeditions acquired fame and fortune through their discoveries and achievements. Religious orders who successfully converted pagans in new lands to Christianity gained fame and fortune as well. Timeline of the Magellan Expedition 1518 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer disgruntled by his rejected proposal to travel to Asia through a westward route, went to Spain in order to present his proposal to King Charles I, who approved and financed his expedition. The Magellan expedition left the port of San Lucar de Barrameda in Spain with five (5) ships: the Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, San Antonio, and Santiago. The expedition sighted South Americas Brazilian coast near Rio de Janeiro. The expedition stayed in Port San Julian in Argentina for winter. It was during this period that captains Cartagena, Mendoza, and Quesada mutinied. The left San Julian in search of a route to the Pacific Ocean. The Santiago was wrecked and destroyed. Magellan reached the strait which now bears his name, The Strait of Magellan. The three remaining ships, the Trinidad, Victoria, and Concepcion entered the Pacific Ocean. The expedition reached the island of Guam which the called Ladrones or the Island of Thieves (because some locals took one of the small boats in his flagship, the Trinidad). The expedition reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines. They moved to the island of Limasawa further south after a week where they established friendly relations with the chieftain Kolambu. The expedition celebrated the first Christian mass in the Philippines in Limasawa on Easter Sunday. The expedition arrived in Cebu and established friendly relations with the chieftain Humabon, who, with his wife, were baptized into Christianity.

September 20, 1519 November 29, 1519 March 31, 1520 August 24, 1520 October 21, 1520 November 28, 1520 March 6, 1521 March 16, 1521

March 31, 1521 April 7, 1521

April 27, 1521 May 2, 1521 November 8, 1521

Ferdinand Magellan is killed after a bloody battle against the forces of Lapu-Lapu, chief of Mactan, who refused to bow down to the Spaniards influence. The remaining ships of the expedition, the Trinidad and the Victoria (the Concepcion was burned due to lack of men to crew the ship), set sail for Moluccas. The expedition reaches the Moluccas. The ships decided to embark on separate routes going back to Spain, with Espinosa as captain of the Trinidad and travelling eastward, while Elcano leading the Victoria on a westward route to Spain. The Victoria reaches San Lucar de Barrameda in Spain, thus completing the circumnavigation. The Legazpi Expedition (1564-1571) Organized by Phillip II of Spain, who withdrew his claim to the Moluccas and focused on the establishment of a permanent settlement in the Philippines. Led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, a soldier and veteran of the Spanish conquest of Mexico. The expedition left Navidad, Mexico in November 1564. It was piloted by Andres de Urdaneta, the captain-priest who was with the Loaysa Expedition. Reached the Philippines in April of 1565. Legazpi established friendly relations with the chieftains of Bohol (Sikatuna) and Cebu (Tupas). He made a sanduguan (blood compact) with these leaders. Established Cebu as the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines; named it San Miguel, then eventually, Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus after the Santo Nino. Between 1564 and 1571, Legazpi and his lieutenants Martin de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo began to colonize other Visayan islands with the help of Spanish missionaries. In 1571, Legazpi was informed by De Goiti of the existence of the Kingdom of Maynilad, further north in Luzon. On May 19, 1571, Legazpi commanded an expedition to colonize Manila. On June 24, 1571, Legazpi made Manila a city. He would eventually turn it into the capital city of the Philippines because of its good harbor. He named it the Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad or Distinguished and Ever Loyal City. On August 15, 1571, Legazpis grandson, Juan de Salcedo, set out to explore the other parts of Luzon, conquering Laguna, Camarines Norte, Pangasinan, Ilocos, and Cagayan. By 1572, much of the Luzon, Visayas, and some parts of Mindanao are already colonized by Spain.

September 6, 1522

Succeeding Expeditions after Magellan

1525: Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa; failed to establish a permanent settlement in the Philippines. 1526: Sebastian Cabot; failed to find the Strait of Magellan and returned to Spain. 1527: Alvaro de Saavedra; did not reach the Philippines, driven by strong winds to Moluccas. 1549: Ruy Lopez de Villalobos; established a permanent settlement in the Philippines but left after scarcity of food and resistance from his men. Named the Philippines, Islas de Poniente (Western Islands), and Felipinas (after Phillip II of Spain).

LESSON 12: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND THE THREATS AGAINST IT Organizational Chart of the Spanish Colonial Government

National Government Council of Indies (Consejo de los Indios) A council that creates laws for all colonies of Spain. Governor-General The highest official in the Spanish colonial government; appointed by the king. Duties include: defending the colony, counterpart of the archbishop in religious matters, the highest judge of the colony Has the right of cumplase, the decision whether to implement or not a law which came from Spain. Undergoes the residencia, an investigation on the performance of his duty, which is undertaken by his replacement. Audiencia The highest court of justice in the Spanish colonial government Meant to serve as a check in the balance of the government Also served as a court of appeals for cases decided by lower courts. Headed by the governor-general and the oidores or judges, among others. Provincial Government Types of Provinces Alcaldias Provinces that are already peaceful and orderly Headed by the alcalde mayor, an equivalent to todays provincial governor. Has executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Has the privilege of indulto de comercio which allowed him to engage in trade in the province. Municipal Government Pueblos (Towns) Headed by the gobernadorcillo or town mayor This position is usually appointed to former datus By the 19th century, position was put under elections by the board of former gobernadorcillos and members of the principalia, the native, landowning elite. Pueblos are divided into barangays or villages Barangays are headed by the cabeza. Role of Gobernadorcillos and Cabezas Collection of taxes Ensure smooth conduct of business in municipal halls Heads public works activities Renders local justice Maintains orderliness and cleanliness in jails Special Lands Corregimientos Provinces that are not yet peaceful and orderly Headed by the corregidor, usually a person with a military background. Has executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Threats to the Spanish Colonial Government Portuguese (1568-1580) The Portuguese twice tried to assert its ownership of the Philippines under the Treaty of Zaragoza by sending forces to Cebu to evict the Spanish. They twice failed. It ended only with the Spanish annexation of Portugal in 1580. Chinese (1574) Lim Feng (popularly known as Limahong), a famous pirate known to operate in Southeast Asia attacked Manila in 1574 only to be repulsed by the forces of GovernorGeneral Guido de Lavezares. Dutch (1600-1662) After the Dutch acquired the Portuguese colony of Moluccas in 1599, they began to prevent the Spanish from capturing it by launching raids against Spanish merchants ships in the Philippines. It also built forts in neighboring Formosa (Taiwan) to disrupt trade Manila and China, as well as Japan. British (1762-1764) When Spain joined the Seven Years War on the side of France against England in 1762, the British were quick to attack the Spanish in the Philippines. The British was able to capture Manila on October 5, 1762, but were not able to successfully assert control over the rest of the country because of the resistence of Spanish governorgeneral Simon de Anda. He made the British suffer by disrupting their food supply, and raiding their merchant ships. The British occupation of Manila ended when the Treaty of Paris in 1764 ended the Seven Years War.

City Government Ciudades (Cities) Spanish authorities created a few cities which were equivalent in power to provinces. Headed by two alcaldes and the ayuntamiento or cabildo (city council) which is composed of 612 regidores or councilors. Has an alguacil or city police. Some of these cities include Manila, Cebu, Nueva Caceres (Naga, Camarines Sur), Nueva Segovia (Lal-Lo, Cagayan), Arevalo (Iloilo City), Villa Fernandina (Vigan, Ilocos Sur), Legazpi (Albay), and Jaro (Iloilo).

Encomiendas Lands given by the King of Spain to select people for their service during the colonization of the Philippines. Headed by the encomendero. Encomiendas become the private property of the encomendero, giving him the right to tax (called tributo) the people in the area and use its resources for his own interests. Encomendors have a duty to protect the people under his jurisdiction, take care of their health, as well as to Christianize them.