Beams: Bending Stress

1
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Third Edition
LECTURE
9
4.1 4.5
4.13
Chapter
BEAMS: BENDING STRESS
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 9. BEAMS: BENDING STRESS (4.1 4.5, 4.13) Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
The most common type of structural
member is a beam.
In actual structures beams can be found in
an infinite variety of
Sizes
Shapes, and
Orientations
2
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Definition
A beam may be defined as a member whose
length is relatively large in comparison with
its thickness and depth, and which is loaded
with transverse loads that produce significant
bending effects as oppose to twisting or axial
effects
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Beam
Figure 1
3
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Figure 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
a
b
c
d
e
Cable
Load
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Beams can be
Straight as shown in Figure 1c
For example the straight member bde
Curved as shown in Figure 1c
For example the curved member abc
4
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Beams are generally classified according
to their geometry and the manner in which
they are supported.
Geometrical classification includes such
features as the shape of the cross section,
whether the beam is
straight or
curved
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Or whether the beam is
Tapered, or
Has a constant cross section.
And some other features that will be
discussed later
5
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
Beams can also be classified according to
the manner in which they are supported.
Some types that occur in ordinary practice
are shown in Figure 3, the names of some
of these being fairly obvious from direct
observation.
Note that the beams in (d), (e), and (f) are
statically indeterminate.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Beams
Introduction
(a) Cantilever
(c) Overhanging
(e) Fixed ended
(b) Simply supported
(d) continuous
(f) Cantilever, simply supported
Figure 3
6
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members
subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Other Loading Types
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
7
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
= =

= =

= =
M dA y M
dA z M
dA F
x z
x y
x x
0
0
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Normal and Shearing Stress
Normal Stress in beams
The normal stress on plane a-a is related
to the resisting moment M
r
as follows (see
Figure 4):
=
area
dA y M
r
(1)
8
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Stresses in beams
x
y
b
b
a
a
P
x
y
P
h
w
x
R
M
r
V
O
dA

+y
Figure 4
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shearing Stress in beams
The shearing stress on plane a-a is related
to the resisting shear V as follows (see
Figure 4):
=
area
dA V
r
(2)
9
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Deformation of Beam due to Lateral
Loading
w
P
Figure 5
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Deformation of Beam due to
Lateral Loading
Figure 6
c
Flexural Strains
10
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
( )
( )
m x
m
m
x
c
y
c
c
y y
L
y y L L
y L

=
= =
= = =
= = =
=
or
linearly) ries (strain va
11
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Loading
A segment of the beam of Fig. 4 between
planes a-a and b-b is shown in Figure 7
with the deformation (distortion) is greatly
exaggerated
Assumption is made that a plane section
before bending remains plane after
bending.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Loading
- y

x`
x
y
c
x
y
b
b
a
a
P
x
y
P
h
w
x
R
M
r
V
O
dA

+y
Figure 4
Figure 7
12
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Stresses in beams
x
y
b
b
a
a
P
x
y
P
h
w
x
R
M
r
V
O
dA

+y
Figure 4
Flexural Strains
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Experimental Results
Precise experimental measures suggest that at
some distance c (see Figure 7) above the bottom
of the beam, longitudinal elements undergo no
change in length.
The curved surface formed by these elements (at
radius ) is referred to as the neutral surface of the
beam, and the intersection of this surface with any
cross section is called the neutral axis of the
section.
13
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
All elements (fibers) on one side of the
neutral surface are compressed and those
on the opposite side are elongated.
In reference to Fig. 8, the fibers above the
neutral surface of the beam are
compressed, while those below the neutral
axis are elongated.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
- y

x`
x
y
c
dA

+y
Neutral Axis
Figure 8
14
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Longitudinal Strain
The longitudinal strain
x
experienced by a
longitudinal element that is located a
distance y from the neutral axis (surface) of
the beam is determined as follows:
f
i f
x
L
L L
L
L

=
=
L
f
= final length after loading
L
i
= initial length before loading
(3)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Longitudinal Strain
From the geometry of the beam as shown
in Figure 7 and 8:
- y

x`
x
y
c
( )

=

=
y
x
x x
x

(4)
15
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Longitudinal Strain
( )
y
y y
y
x
x x
x
x
1

=

=
(5)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Strains
Longitudinal Strain
The normal longitudinal strain
x
varies
linearly, through the member, with the
distance y from the neutral surface, and it
is given by
y
x
=
(6)
16
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
For special case of linearly elastic
deformation, the relationship between
the normal stress
x
and the normal
strain
x
is given by Hookes law as
slope = =
x
x
E
x
slope = =
x
x
E
(7)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Flexural Normal Stress
Eq. 7 can be rewritten as
Recall Eq. (6) , therefore
E
x x
= (8)
y
x
=
E
y
E
x x
= =
(9)
17
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Distribution of Normal Stress in a Beam Cross
Section
x
y
P
w
R
F
C
F
T
V
r
c
y
dy
y
C
dA
Neutral axis
Figure 9
Centroidal axis
c c
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
The resisting moment M
r
that can be
develop by the normal stress in a typical
beam with loading in a plane of symmetry
but arbitrary cross section (Fig. 9) is given
by Eq. 1 as
=
area
dA y M
x r

18
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Since y is measured from the neutral axis
(surface), it is necessary to locate this axis
by means of the equilibrium equation as
follows:
0
0
=
=
dA
F
A
x
x
(10)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Substituting for
x
given by Eq. 9 into Eq.
10, yields
But
0 = =
=

A
A A
x
ydA
E
EdA
y
dA
) ( axis centroidal to
axis neutral from distance
c-c
ydA y
A
C
= =

(11)
(12)
19
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Therefore, Eq. 11 becomes
Since neither (E/) nor A are zero, y
C
must
equal zero.
0 = =
A y
E
dA
C
A
x
(12)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
For flexural loading and linearly
elastic action, the neutral axis passes
through the centroid of the cross section
of the beam
20
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
The maximum normal stress on the cross
section is given by
Combining Eqs. 9 and 13, hence
c
E
=
max (13)
c x
c
y
c
y
= =
max
(14)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Substituting Eq. 14 into Eq. 1, gives
The integral is called the second
moment of area, and it is given the
symbol I.

=
=
A
c
A
c
x r
dA y
c
dA
c
y
y
dA y M
2
area

dA y
2
(15)
21
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Flexural Stress
Substituting for the second moment of area
I of the cross section of the beam into Eq.
15, yields
max c
2

or

= =
= =

c
I
M
I
c
dA y
c
M
r
c
A
c
r
(16)
(17)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Elastic Flexural Formula
The elastic flexural formula for normal
stress is given by
I
y M
I
c M
r
x
r
=
=

and

max
(18)
(19)
22
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Elastic Flexural Formula
An alternative form of the flexural
formula for maximum normal stress is
given by
Where
S
M
r
=
max

(20)
c
I
S =
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Stress Due to Bending
For a linearly elastic material,
linearly) varies (stress
m
m x x
c
y
E
c
y
E

=
= =
For static equilibrium,

=
= = =
dA y
c
dA
c
y
dA F
m
m x x

0
0
First moment with respect to neutral
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the
section centroid.
For static equilibrium,
I
My
c
y
S
M
I
Mc
c
I
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y M
x
m x
m
m m
m x
=
=
= =
= =
= =

ng Substituti
2
23
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Deformation in a Symmetric
Member in Pure Bending
Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
EI
M
I
Mc
Ec Ec c
m m
=
= = =
1 1
Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,

y y
x z x y
= = = =
Expansion above the neutral surface and
contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
curvature c anticlasti
1
= =


ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 1
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
( ) + =
=

2
d A I I
A
A y
Y
x
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
I
Mc
m
=
Calculate the curvature
EI
M
=
1
24
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
mm 38
3000
10 114
3
=
=
A
A y
Y
= =
=
=
3
3
3
3 2
10 114 3000
10 4 2 20 1200 30 40 2
10 90 50 1800 90 20 1
mm , mm , mm Area,
A y A
A y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 9 - 3
2 3
12
1 2 3
12
1
2 3
12
1 2
m 10 868 mm 10 868
18 1200 40 30 12 1800 20 90
= =
+ + + =
+ = + =
I
d A bh d A I I
x
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
4 9
4 9
mm 10 868
m 038 . 0 m kN 3
mm 10 868
m 022 . 0 m kN 3

= =

= =
=
I
c M
I
c M
I
Mc
B
B
A
A
m
MPa 0 . 76 + =
A
MPa 3 . 131 =
B
Calculate the curvature

( )( )
4 9 -
m 10 868 GPa 165
m kN 3
1
=
=
EI
M
m 7 . 47
m 10 95 . 20
1
1 - 3
=
=

25
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Unsymmetrical Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Will now consider situations in which the
bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
In general, the neutral axis of the section will
not coincide with the axis of the couple.
Cannot assume that the member will bend
in the plane of the couples.
The neutral axis of the cross section
coincides with the axis of the couple
Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Wish to determine the conditions under
which the neutral axis of a cross section
of arbitrary shape coincides with the
axis of the couple as shown.
couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis
inertia of product I dA yz
dA
c
y
z dA z M
yz
m x y
= =
= =
0 or
0
The resultant force and moment
from the distribution of
elementary forces in the section
must satisfy
couple applied M M M F
z y x
= = = = 0
neutral axis passes through centroid
= =
dA y
dA
c
y
dA F
m x x
0 or
0
defines stress distribution

inertia of moment I I
c
I
dA
c
y
y M M
z
m
m z
= = =

= =
M or
26
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
sin cos M M M M
y z
= =
Superpose the component stress distributions
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ =
Along the neutral axis,
( ) ( )

tan tan
sin cos
0
y
z
y z y
y
z
z
x
I
I
z
y
I
y M
I
y M
I
y M
I
y M
= =
+ = + = =
ENES 220 Assakkaf
The form of the flexural formula for
normal stress in unsymmetrical bending
is given by
Where
(21)
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ =
M
z
, I
z
= moment and moment of inertia about z-axis
M
y
, I
y
= moment and moment of inertia about z-axis
27
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
sin cos M M M M
y z
= =
Combine the stresses from the
component stress distributions.
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ =
Determine the angle of the neutral
axis.
tan tan
y
z
I
I
z
y
= =
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
psi 5 . 609
in 9844 . 0
in 75 . 0 in lb 800
along occurs to due stress nsile largest te The
psi 6 . 452
in 359 . 5
in 75 . 1 in lb 1386
along occurs to due stress nsile largest te The
in 9844 . 0 in 5 . 1 in 5 . 3
in 359 . 5 in 5 . 3 in 5 . 1
in lb 800 30 sin in lb 1600
in lb 1386 30 cos in lb 1600
4
2
4
1
4 3
12
1
4 3
12
1
=
= =
=
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
y
y
z
z
z
z
y
z
y
z
I
z M
AD M
I
y M
AB M
I
I
M
M
The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
5 . 609 6 . 452
2 1 max
+ = + = psi 1062
max
=
y
y
z
z
x
I
y M
I
y M
+ =

Beams: Bending Stress

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Beams: Bending Stress

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

LECTURE 9. BEAMS: BENDING STRESS (4.1 4.5, 4.13) Slide No. 45

Calculate the curvature

couple vector must be directed along

neutral axis passes through centroid

defines stress distribution

The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

You might also like