LABORATORY SAFETY The chemical laboratory is as safe a place as the people who work there make it for themselves

and others. Accidents do happen in the laboratory but they do not have to. Exercise care and be aware of what you are doing at all times. No detailed instructions will be given here for coping with an accident - an experienced demonstrator will always be nearby. There is one exception where immediate action is imperative: in the case of eye injuries, wash immediately with large amounts of water, using the Eye Washer located on the sinktap, then report to your technician. For this reason, it is essential that you know the location of the Eye Washer before you perform your first experiment. The most common accidents in a chemical laboratory are the following: Fire Burns by chemicals Burns by heat Cuts Most organic compounds are flammable and their presence constitutes a fire hazard. Before using a large amount of an organic solvent, always check with your neighbours that it is safe to do so. Be prepared for an emergency by familiarizing yourself with the location and method of operation of the nearest laboratory fire extinguisher. Consult your demonstrator if in doubt. Consider all chemicals as potential poisons, do not inhale solvent vapours, and work in the fume hoods whenever possible. Special "Safety Reminders" have been added to the description of a number of experiments to keep you alert and aware of possible hazards. EYE PROTECTION Your sight is one of your most valuable possessions. Guard it in the laboratory by wearing safety goggles at all times. If you wear ordinary glasses these will give you an 85-90% protection. All chemicals are injurious to the eyes, but strong acids and alkalies are especially dangerous. Concentrated alkalies such as 30-50% sodium hydroxide solutions represent the greatest hazard because they can dissolve the cornea instantaneously. WEARING OF ii

SAFETY GOGGLES AND LAB COATS ARE MANDATORY. WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND YOU WEAR GLOVES AT ALL TIMES IN THE LABORATORY. BE PREPARED. For safety reasons, students will not be allowed to start an experiment if they have not already written a pre-lab FLOW CHART, with the experimental protocol, in their notebook. This flow chart should consist of one single page and must be written before the start of the lab period. See the SAMPLE FLOW CHART on page vi. YOUR NOTEBOOK In this course, your notebook serves three functions. (1) The prelab write-up (flow chart) indicates to your demonstrator that you are prepared to start the experiment. (2) Notes taken in the lab provide a description of your observations while carrying out an experiment, and also identifies which materials you have kept, stored and labelled. (3) Notes must be signed by TA and handed in with reports and written in pen. (4) The summary table written after the laboratory summarizes the result of each individual experiment. No student will be allowed to start an experiment without a completed flow chart of the experiment written in the notebook.

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CHM 243H5S LAB REPORT GUIDE IMPORTANT NOTES A. For recording your experiments in this course you will need a notebook. - Write neatly and spell correctly. - Hand in your report type written. B. A maximum total of Five (5) pages will be marked by the TA for each experiment!! C. Experiments will be marked as noted below: Total points (see below for details) Sample Format for Laboratory Report Before entering laboratory: 1 2 3 4 Title and Date Introduction -A description of what is being done, in not more than one page. (points 2) Table of Reagents -See Merck Index or CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Reference Section in the Library. (points 2) Flow Chart -see page vi REAGENT Benzoic acid Water M.W. 122.12 18.02 # moles M.P. 122.4C 0C In report to be submitted: 5 6 Procedure -A brief description of what was actually done in the lab, written up during or immediately after the lab. Discussion -A 1-2 page (MAXIMUM) discussion of results: how successful? if not successful, why not? reaction scheme, reaction mechanism, appearance of product, yield, m.p. or bp of products, etc.... Questions - (if any) to be answered after completion of the experiment. - Show step by step mechanism for reactions (arrow pushing). - Prepare a flowchart before lab (see page vi). - Questions will be found on web site (web site listed in course handout) Technique: - Assigned by instructor - related to how well student works, how efficient you are, how well you listen to instructions and how well you behave. (Under no circumstances are there to be cell phones in the laboratory. If used, student will be asked to immediately leave the laboratory and will receive a zero for the lab.) B.P. density (g/mL) where applicable HAZARDS Corrosive None Points 25

100C

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Summary -A short table with yields (see below) PRODUCT Benzoic acid M.P./B.P. 121.7C MASS 2.34 g % YIELD 78 %

SAMPLE FLOW CHART

COOH
Separation of and by EXTRACTION

Mizture of Benzoic Acid + Naphathalene Grind Add 20 mL Diethyl Ether Place in a separatory funnel Wash with 10 mL cold distilled H2O

Aqueous Layer (Bottom layer) (discard)

Organic Layer (Extract with 10 mL cold NaOH soln. Shake, release pressure. Let stand.)

Aqueous Layer I (save) Bottom Layer Extract with 10 mL cold NaOH soln. Combine the two NaOH extracts Aqueous Layer II (should contain sodium salt of Benzoic Acid) Add 10 mL conc. HCl

Organic Layer (save) Top Layer

Organic (Top) Layer (should contain naphthalene)

Add 2 g Na2SO4 (anhydrous) Let stand 15 min Filter by gravity

Filter by suction

Filtrate (discard)

Crystals Wash 2 x with 5 mL cold water Benzoic Acid Dry, weigh. Take M.P.

Filtrate Evaporate Diethyl Ether on a steam bath (Fumehood!) Naphthalene Crystals Weigh. Take M.P.

Solid (discard)

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CHM243H5S LOCKER EQUIPMENT BEAKERS 50 mL 2 100 mL 2 250 mL 1 400 mL - 1 600 mL 1 FUNNELS Powder 1 Filtering 1 Buchner -1 Hirsch -1 CYLINDERS 10 mL 1 25 mL -1 ERLENMEYERS FLASKS 25 mL 50 mL - 2 125 mL 2 250 mL 3 500 mL 1 500 mL 1 (suction) 1 regular Semi-micro SPATULAS

EVAPORATING DISH

TEST TUBES 16 mm 10 WATCH GLASS 2

SAMPLE BOTTLES 4 bottles STIRRING RODS 2 rods PASTEUR PIPET BULB 2 bulbs 1 paper FILTER PAPER

STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CLEANING THEIR EQUIPMENT AND WORK AREAS AFTER EACH LABORATORY SESSION.

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