Professional Documents
Culture Documents
La constitution marocaine de 2011 : dmocratiser les institutions Le projet royal de rgionalisation au Maroc : une rforme davenir Dcentraliser les services publics locaux Dmocratie locale, bonne gouvernance et dveloppement participatif Produire les richesses locales Coopration dcentralise au service dun dveloppement matris
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1 Assise constitutionnelle pour une nouvelle organisation territoriale du Royaume L a c o n s t i t u t i o n d e 2 011 d i s p o s e q u e l o r g a n i s a t i o n t e r r i t o r i a l e dcentralise du Royaume est fonde su r u ne rg iona l i sat ion ava nce (ar t. 1er) et consacre le principe de libre administration des collectivits territoriales et de subsidiarit. Art. 135 : Les collectivits locales du Royaume sont les rgions, les prfectures, les provinces et les communes. Elles constituent des personnes morales de droit public et grent dmocratiquement leurs affaires
des comptences propres, des comptences partages avec lEtat et celles qui leur sont transfrables par ce dernier. 2 Con scrat ion des pr i ncipes directeurs de la rgionalisation avance : Unit nationale et territoriale, quilibre, solidarit et pratique dmocratique ; Rorga nisation dmocratique des comptences entre ltat et les rgions ; lection des conseils rgionaux au suffrage direct ; Droit de ptition au bnfice des citoyens et des associations ; Transfert de lexcutif des conseils rgionaux leurs prsidents ; Conseil rgional : collge pour llection des reprsenta nts des rgions la chambre des conseillers ; Transfert substantiel des comptences du pouvoir central aux rgions ; P romot ion du pa r t en a r i a t et de l a cont r a c t u a l i s a t ion ent r e l t a t et les rgions et entre collectiv its territoriales.
uite la proposition de la Commission consultative de rvision de la Constitution, qui pendant plusieurs mois, en concertation avec les reprsentants des milieux politique, conomique, socioprofessionnel, acadmique et universitaire, a labor un texte novateur et progressiste, le Roi du Maroc, Mohammed VI, annonait le 17 juin 2011
les dtails du projet de la Constitution qui allait remplacer celle de 1996. Un texte riche de 180 articles trs dtaills destins consolider la dmocratisation des institutions du pays. Le 1er juillet 2011, les lecteurs marocains ont t appels sexprimer par rfrendum, sur cette rforme constitutionnelle. Le succs du oui avec plus de 98 % de rponses favorables a t confort par un taux de participation lev : 73 % !
Moroccos Constitution in 2011: institutional democratization On 17 June 2011, King Mohammed VI of Morocco presented the outlines of a draft Constitution to replace the 1996 Constitution. The draft text comprised 180 highly detailed articles aimed at consolidating the democratization of the countrys institutions. On 1 July 2011, Moroccan electors were asked to take
Art. 136 : Lorganisation territoriale du Royaume repose sur les principes de libre administration, de coopration et de solidarit. Elle assure la participation des populations concernes la gestion de leurs affaires et favorise leur contribution au dveloppement humain intgr et durable. Art. 140 : Sur la base du principe de subsidiarit, les collectivits locales ont
part in a referendum to express their opinion on this constitutional reform. The referendum, which passed with over 98% of the vote, was consolidated by the high turnout of 73%! This positive outcome was welcomed by the main international institutions and the European Union: The reforms proposed in it constitute a significant response to the legitimate aspirations of the Moroccan people and are consistent with Moroccos Advanced Status with the EU, declared Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs, as early as 4 July. And the G 8 issued a declaration stating: () the new Constitution contains significant progress in the fields of government accountability, rule of law, protection of human and social rights, and the development of individual freedoms for men and women. Consequently, important changes relating to the organization and distribution
2 Consecration of the guiding principles of advanced regionalization: National and territorial unity, balance, solidarity, and democratic practice the democratic reattribution of State and regional powers the election of the regional Councils through direct suffrage the right to petition for the citizens and associations the empowerment of the presidents of regional Councils an electoral college will elect regional representatives to the Chamber of Councillors the substantial transfer of central powers to the regions and the promotion of partnerships and the drawing up of contracts between the State and the regions, and between local authorities
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exclusive prerogative of Parliament, which wields strong legislative and regulatory power, as well as authority to assess government policy. The founding principles for this modern State are participation, plural-
des droits, lassurance du respect des lois et la bonne gouvernance. Fidle son choix de construction dun tat de droit dmocratique, le Royaume du Maroc entend dvelopper une socit solidaire o tous jouissent de la scurit, de la libert, de lgalit des chances, du respect de leur dignit et de la justice sociale . Une socit o Lhomme et la femme jouissent, galit, des droits et liberts caractre civil, politique, conomique, social, culturel et environnemental.
rights, respect for the law, and good governance. In coherence with its aim to construct a democratic State of Law, the Kingdom of Morocco is developing a society of solidarity where all enjoy security, liberty, equality of opportunities, respect for their dignity and for social justice; a society in which there is equality between men and women in all political, economic, social, cultural, and environment-related rights.
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1 - Tanger-Ttouan 2 - Oriental et Rif 3 - Fs - Mekns 4 - Rabat-Sal-Knitra 5 - Bni Mellal-Khnifra 6 - Casablanca-Settat 7 - Marrakech-Safi 8 - Dra-Tafilalet 9 - Souss-Massa 10 - Guelmim-Oued Noun 11 - Layoune-Saguia al Hamra 12 - Ed Dakhla-Oued ed Dahab
radically new regionalization model for developing countries. Indeed, in March 2011, King Mohammed VI presented the Report on Regionalization, which
was the subject of a one-year study by the Advisory Commission for Regiona-
Marrakech, le Prix de la dcentralisation dAfricits V a t attribu au Maroc pour ses efforts accomplis, cinquante annes durant, en matire de gestion locale et de dcentralisation. En effet, depuis ladoption du premier dcoupage communal, en 1959, le Maroc sest engag dans un processus irrversible de dcentralisation et de dconcentration. Lorganisation mise en place a eu pour objectif de renforcer les comptences des collectivits territoriales et, notamment, celles des communes qui symbolisent ladministration de proximit. Ces dernires ont ainsi pu affirmer leur rle de levier du dveloppement durable du territoire, et leur capacit favoriser lmergence de toutes les potentialits du Royaume Ldifice dcentralis est fond sur lorganisation suivante : 1503 communes urbaines et rurales, 75 prfectures et provinces, 16 rgions.
La volont royale dune rgionalisation avance Le Royaume vient de se distinguer en posant les fondements dun nouveau
modle de rgionalisation avant-gardiste pour les pays en dveloppement. Le Roi Mohammed VI a, en effet, prsent en mars 2011 le rapport sur la rgionalisation, sur lequel la Commission consultative de la rgionalisation (CCR) a travaill pendant un an. Cette Commission, prside par un minent professeur de droit et constitue de 22 spcialistes, a prsent plusieurs propositions innovantes et oprationnelles, parmi lesquelles : linstauration dune plus grande lgitimit dmocratique ; des comptences tendues et mieux articules pour les rgions, notamment en matire de dveloppement intgr ; le projet dadoption dun plan de mise niveau social des rgions ; le renforcement des capacits excutives et de gestion des collectivits territoriales pour une gouvernance plus performante ; sans oublier un nouveau dcoupage du pays en 12 rgions viables, alliant cohrence et stabilit , au lieu des 16 existantes. Comme lvoque le Rapport sur la rgionalisation avance : La validit du dcoupage se mesure sa pertinence quant la viabilit quil peut assurer au
The Royal project for the regionalization of Morocco: a future reform In Marrakech, the Africities 5 Decentralization Prize was awarded to Morocco for the countrys efforts to promote local and decentralized management over the last 50 years. Indeed, ever since Morocco first adopted the establishment of communal boundaries in 1959, an irreversible process of decentralization and devolution was set in motion. This territorial reorganization was designed to increase local government powers and, particularly, the power of local administrative bodies. The latter have therefore been able to strengthen their role as levers for sustainable territorial development, and have a greater role to play in helping the Kingdom to attain its full potential. The decentralized structure is organized as follows: 1,503 urban and rural communes, 75 prefectures and provinces, and 16 regions. The King pledges his support for ad vanced regionaliz ation. The Kingdom has taken a ground-breaking step by laying the foundations of a
lization (French: CCR). All 22 members of the Commission are recognized specialists and its President is an eminent professor of law. A range of innovative and operational propositions were put forward, including: the introduction of greater democratic legitimacy; more extensive and better articulated powers for the regions, especially in terms of integrated development; a proposal to adopt a plan to improve the regions social standards; the attribution of local government executive powers and management in order to improve governance; and a new delineation of the countrys regional boundaries, by replacing the existing sixteen regions with twelve regions that are viable, and combine coherence with stability. The Report on Advanced Regionaliza-
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tion states: The validity of the boundary adjustments depends on how viable these changes would be in promoting the advanced regionalization proposal. This project aims to reorganize population catchment and political democratization areas in order to ensure the efficient implementation of integrated development policies and promote the Lusine Yazaki : un exemple de dveloppement sectoriel de la zone franche de Tanger.
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
The Report on Advanced Regionalization This proposal reflects the Kings desire to ensure Morocco
benefits from advanced regionalization, in the interests of greater democracy, and to promote integrated and sustainable development on the economic, social, cultural, and environmental levels. This project is the prelude to a radical reform of State structures, through the gradual and determined implementation of the processes of radical and effective decentralization and devolution, democratization, accelerated development, the social, political, and administrative modernization of the country, and good governance. (Source: extract from the prologue of the Report on Advanced Regionalization; the Kingdom of Morocco; the Advisory Commission on Regionalization (French: CCR), 2011)
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e bon usage du partenariat publicpriv (PPP) Le partenariat publicpriv (PPP) est un outil efficace la disposition des collectivits locales pour leur permettre de raliser des projets complexes, notamment ceux garantissant un meilleur accs des populations aux services de base. Son principe est celui du transfert dune mission de service publique un oprateur priv, lequel constitue une quipe pour en assurer la matrise : concepteur, constructeur, oprateur de maintenance, oprateur dexploitation, banques et assurances, etc. Le partenariat public-priv (PPP) est
Decentralizing local public services The effective implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Public-private partnerships (PPPs) provide local authorities with a useful tool for the realization of complex projects, particularly those that guarantee the population better access to basic services. PPPs operate according
A brief explanation of PPPs The definition of the term public-private partnership varies greatly and there is no of ficial legal definition. For most of the actors, PPPs refer to long-term projects established between a public entity and a co-contractor (public, private, mixed, or association), to whom is transferredin the framework of a mission for which the public entity is responsiblethe right to carry out the activity in accordance with fundamental public service principles.
(Source: the website of the French Institute of Delegated Management, the IGD)
Ouarzazare
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
multiforme : il peut revtir notamment la forme dun contrat de prestation de services, dun contrat de rgie intresse, ou dun contrat de type concessif. Le 14 fvrier 2006 a t promulgue au Maroc une loi trs importante en matire de gestion dlgue du service public : la loi no 54-05, qui sapplique aux contrats de gestion dlgue de services et douvrages publics passs par les collectivits locales ou leurs groupements, et par les tablissements publics. Avec ce mode de gestion, loprateur, aprs avoir ralis les investissements affrents en matire, par exemple dlectricit, deau et dassainissement, devient lutilisateur exclusif des installations quil exploite, et ce, pour une dure dtermine, en gnral de
to the principle of transferring a public service to a private operator, who then sets up a team to effectively manage the service: designers, constructors, maintenance operators, business operators, banks, and insurance, etc. A public-private partnership (PPP) may take a variety of forms: it may, more specifically, take the form of a contract for services provision, a contract to operate and manage a public service (rgie intresse), or a concessionbased contract. On 14 February 2006, an important law was enacted in Morocco relating to the delegated management of public services: Act no. 54-05, which applies to delegated management contracts for public services and works signed with local authorities or their groupings,
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Fathallah Oualalou
Maire de Rabat, ancien ministre des Finances et de la Privatisation du Maroc
Mayor of Rabat and Moroccos former Finance and Privatization Minister
This delegated management system enables the operatorafter making the necessary investments in, for example, electricity, water, and sanitation equipmentto become the exclusive user of the installations he operates, for a fixed term, i.e. generally for a period of 20 to 30 years. Article 2 of the law specifies that within the delegated management contract the private partys remuneration will derive from the users contribution and/or from the operations profits. In return, the private operator is obliged to respect specifications and meet cer tain requirements, such as the continuous provision of a high-quality service. Article 3 states: The operating company assumes liability for the public service, while duly respecting the equal treatment of users, continuity of service, and adapting to technological, economic, and social developments. The operating company shall provide its services at the lowest cost, in the best conditions of safety, quality, and environmental protection. Article 16 specifies that: All property must be returned to the delegating authority at the end of the term of delegated management . T hese properties comprise: Land, buildings, structures, installations, furniture, and
La ville de Rabat sinscrit dans le cadre de la g g lomr a t ion de R a ba t - S a l Temara, qui rassemble deux millions dhabitants. Cest un partenariat entre col lect iv its loca les qu i per met de mutua liser les moyens fina nciers et les ressources humaines pour mener bien de grands projets concer nant les transports, leau, lassainissement, llectricit, etc. Ce partenariat permet de moderniser la gestion des villes, en faisant notamment la promotion des partenariats publics-privs. [] Cest une logique de projets visant rpondre au mieux aux besoins des habitants.
Cette gestion dlgue sexplique aussi pa r li nsu f f isa nce de lencad rement hu m a i n d e s v i l l e s . C e s t lu n d e s challenges impor ta nts que les col lectiv its a fr ica i nes au ront relever, laven i r. Au Ma roc, nou s s om me s e n t r a i n de f a i r e volue r les choses, tout comme ds 2002, la rforme de la fiscalit avait permis de moderniser les ressources principales des villes (versement du tiers de la TVA et octroi des taxes professionnelle, dhabitation et de service), permettant ainsi une plus grande autonomie des villes par rapport ltat.
The city of Rabat is part of the urban conglomeration of Rabat-Sal-Temara, which has two million inhabitants. The partnership between local authorities enables them to share financial and human resources in order to realize major transport, water, sanitation, and electricity projects. This partnership is helping to modernize town and city management, especially through public-private partnerships. [] This project implementation approach is the best way to meet the populations needs. This delegated management of public services is also due to a lack of human management in urban areas. This is one of the major challenges facing African local authorities in the future. In Morocco, we are gradually changing the way things work: in 2002, the tax reforms enabled the main resources of urban centres to be modernized (payment of one third of VAT and the granting of professional, housing, and services taxes), which helped the towns and cities to become more autonomous from the State.
Le Maroc lhonneur
Le ministre de lconomie et des Finances du Maroc, Salaheddine Mezouar, a reu le Prix des PPP-EDIFICE CAPITAL loccasion de la Ve Rencontre internationale des partenariats public-priv, qui sest tenue au Palais des Congrs Paris, les 12 et 13 octobre 2011. Un prix dcern linitiative du Club PPP MedAfrique et du ministre franais de lconomie, de lIndustrie et de lEmploi. Cette distinction est venue couronner les efforts du Maroc pour dvelopper la formule des PPP, et son approche volontariste pour crer un cadre structur et unifi permettant daccompagner la dynamique rsultant du recours au PPP pour la ralisation de projets structurants. (Source : ministre de lconomie et des Finances du Royaume du Maroc).
Centre-ville de Rabat.
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
equipment provided to the operating company by the delegator, or acquired by the operator within the conditions specified in the delegated management contract.
Morocco presented with a major PPP award Moroccos Economy and Finance Minister, Salaheddine Mezouar, was presented with the EDIFICE CAPITAL PPP Award during the fifth International Conference on Public-Private Partnerships, which was held at the Palais des Congrs in Paris on 12 and 13 October 2011. The Award was granted on the joint initiative of the PPP Club MedAfrique and the French Ministry for the Economy, Industry, and Employment. This Award is the crowning honour for Moroccos development of PPP formulae and recognizes the countrys proactive efforts to create a structured, unified framework to complement the dynamic resulting from work with PPPs on structuring projects. (Source: Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Kingdom of Morocco).
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ments) and commercial installations (commercial or specialized equipment) development operations (subdivision servicing, the renovation of districts and medinas, installations in industrial and economic activity zones, tourist facilities, etc.)
Loc al development companies (LDC) are an economic force for Moroccan local authorities. An LDC is a limited liabilit y company that combines the managerial flexibility of limited liability companies with consideration for the general interest. As a veritable economic force for Moroccan local authorities, LDCsinstead of prioritizing shareholder profitsfocus on important local issues, especially the management of public services that are industrial or commercial in nature: transport, car parks, abattoirs,
La Socit de dveloppement local (SDL), une force conomique pour les collectivits locales marocaines La SDL est une socit anonyme qui combine la souplesse de gestion des socits anonymes et la prise en compte de lintrt gnral. Vritable force conomique pour les collectivits marocaines, la SDL na pas pour objectif lenrichissement de ses actionnaires, mais bien la prise en compte des proccupations locales, notamment en ce qui concerne la gestion des services publics locaux caractre industriel et commercial : les transports, le stationnement, les abattoirs, les gares
routires, etc. La collectivit locale contrle laction de la SDL et en dicte les principales orientations ; cependant, la SDL tant rgie par le droit des socits, sa gestion est rpute plus souple et plus efficace. Le Maroc compte dj une quinzaine de SDL dont lintervention a permis de raliser le tramway de Rabat, la gare routire de Ttouan, des parkings privs, etc. On peut galement citer le projet de tramway de Casablanca, en cours de ralisation. Le financement des SDL est assur sans obrer les ressources des collectivits locales, qui peuvent ainsi consacrer leurs moyens propres dautres investissements.
train stations, and so on. While the local authority monitors the LDCs actions and establishes the main orientations, LDCs are governed by corporate law, so they benefit from more flexible and efficient management practices. Morocco already has fifteen LDCs, which have participated in the realization of major projects such as the Rabat tramway, the Tetouan railway station, and private car parks. Another good example of this successful collaboration is the Casablanca tramway project, which is still underway. The LDCs are financed without putting a strain on the resources of the local authorities, which can redirect their own funds to other investments.
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INDH : la planification stratgique participative Le Royaume du Maroc montre lexemple en matire de bonne gouvernance en faisant en sorte que la socit civile soit reprsente et audite localement. Ainsi, lInitiative nationale pour le dveloppement humain (INDH) fonde sur la participation, la solidarit et le partenariat, a permis lengagement des lus locaux, des reprsentants du tissu associatif et de la population au service de
dveloppement social et solidaire. LINDH reprsente un vritable projet de socit dmocratique, participatif et citoyen. Ce chantier novateur, lanc en 2005 par le Roi Mohammed VI, constitue un mode de gouvernance qui place lhomme et son bien tre au centre des proccupations de la planification et du dveloppement conomique. LINDH confirme la pertinence dune dmarche territorialise reposant sur la planification stratgique et la synergie, afin dassurer la convergence des programmes sectoriels et leur
Local democracy, good governance, and participatory development The NIHD: participative strategic planning. The Kingdom of Morocco is leading the way with good governance practices by ensuring that civil society is represented and audited at the local level. Hence, the National Initiative for Human Development (NIHD), which is based on participation, solidarity, and partnership, has encouraged local elected officials, representatives of associations, and the population to strive for social and solidarity-based development. The NIHD aims to establish a demo-
Hadj Oudor
Prsident de la communaut urbaine de Foum Lahcen
President of the Foum Lahcen urban community
Rue Rabat
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
cratic, participatory, and citizen-based society. This innovative project, which was launched in 2005 by King Mohammed VI, adopts an approach to governance that prioritizes people and places their well-being at the heart of policies and economic development. The NIHD underlines the importance of adopt-
LINDH est une dmarche qui est territorialise avec, au centre, lexpression des besoins par les populations directement concernes par le dveloppement. En rsum, la planification locale vient du bas, et non plus du haut, de manire mieux prendre en compte les besoins des citoyens.
The NIHD is a territorial initiative which focuses on the expression of the needs of the populations directly concerned by development. In short, local planning has become a bottom-up rather than a top-down process, and this is better for taking into account the requirements of citizens
mise en cohrence avec les actions des collectivits locales. Quelques chiffres : fin 2009, 19 000 projets de participation citoyenne en faveur de 4 800 000 bnficiaires ont fait lobjet dactions dans le cadre des programmes prioritaires de lutte contre la pauvret, lexclusion et la prcarit dans 264 zones cibles, communes rurales et quartiers urbains, pour un montant de 11,75 milliards de dirhams (environ 1,075 milliard deuros).
ing a territorial approach that is based on strategic planning and synergy, to ensure sectorial programmes converge and are coherent with the actions of local authorities. Some key figures: by the end of 2009, actions concerning 19,000 citizen participation projects that benefitted 4,800,000 persons had been carried out in the framework of programmes that focus on fighting poverty, exclusion,
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La promotion de lintercommunalit en milieu rural : impulser les dynamiques de dveloppement lheure o les collectivits locales saffirment comme des acteurs cls du dveloppement rgional et local, la coopration entre elles, les liens quelles peuvent tisser avec dautres partenaires locaux impliqus dans la construction du dveloppement de leur territoire revtent une dimension stratgique. Ensemble pour un meilleur service la population , tel pourrait tre le slogan des actions de promotion de lintercommunalit en milieu rural, inities en vue dimpulser de nouvelles dynamiques de dveloppement territorial. Les collectivits locales sont actuellement partenaires dans plusieurs programmes de dveloppement conomiques et sociaux aux cots de ltat, doprateurs publics et privs et dassociations de la socit civile, des programmes qui concernent : llectrification rurale, ladduction deau potable, les routes rurales, lassainissement solide et liquide, la mise niveau des infrastructures scolaires, les projets de proximit
ment programmes in conjunction with the State, public and private operators, and civil society associations. The programmes concern: rural electrification, the provision of drinking water, rural roads, solid and liquid sanitation, the renovation of educational infrastructures, local projects, and so on. The local authorities also work with private
Plan de modernisation et de gestion des ressources humaines dans les collectivits locales Le Maroc sest engag dans la mise en uvre dun plan de modernisation et de gestion des ressources humaines dans les collectivits locales, avec une priorit donne lchelon communal. Lide matresse : dvelopper, au sein des communes, une nouvelle culture oriente, dabord et avant tout, vers la qualit des services rendus aux citoyens reconnus comme tant la finalit de laction de toute administration. Lenjeu, pour amliorer la bonne gouvernance locale, a t de renforcer les comptences collectives
and decentralization has been used as a model for the launching of an initiative announced during Africities 5: the creation of a support centre to strengthen the managerial and technical capacities of African local authorities.
Les collectivits sont galement lies au capital priv tranger pour la gestion de certains services publics marchands tels que le (transport urbain, leau et llectricit, lclairage public, les parkings, la gestion et le traitement des dchets Cette solidarit intercommunale permet de mutualiser outils, ressources et moyens autour de projets communs. Certains sont dj cits en exemple comme de vritables russites ayant permis doffrir un meilleur service la population. Ainsi, Dar Alomouma, La maison de lenfance , qui a t conue et mise en uvre linitiative de plusieurs communes dans le but de venir en aide aux femmes enceintes habitant dans des zones montagnardes recules. Cette maison de lenfance accueille ces
foreign investors on the management of certain commercial public services such as urban transport, water and electricity, public lighting, car parks, and waste management and treatment. This intercommunal solidarity enables access to the necessary tools, resources, and means to realize joint projects. Some of these projects have already been mentioned and attest to services that have been successfully improved for populations. A good example is the Dar Al Oumouma (maternity waiting home), which was designed and established on the initiative of several communes, with the aim of helping pregnant women who live in isolated mountainous regions. This maternity waiting home provides these women with accommodation for one week prior to giving birth. This ingenious
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mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
and jobs, and local management of social matters. [] This new approach of readjusting economic and social development, driven by regional initiatives, has been studied in great
depth from the point of view of local funding, the redistribution of powers
es collectivits locales, actrices du dveloppement durable Depuis son accession lindpendance, le Royaume du Maroc a adopt un processus volutif de dcentralisation quil a consolid graduellement. Grce ce choix dmocratique et irrversible, les collectivits locales sont devenues de vritables institutions territoriales, dincontournables acteurs conomiques et financiers et des animateurs en puissance de la socit civile. En effet, les communes, les prfectures, les provinces et les rgions qui remplissent les fonctions demployeurs, de matres douvrages, damnageurs et dinvestisseurs, participent activement aux diffrents chantiers de spatialisation des infrastructures, des quipements publics et contribuent considrablement au dveloppement durable et au progrs social du pays. Comme lvoquait, le 12 septembre 2008, Salaheddine Mezouar, ministre de lconomie et des Finances, lors dun colloque international consacr aux finances publiques : La Charte communale, adopte en 2002, met en exergue lunit de la ville et permet
dlargir le rle des communes en matire de dveloppement, de cration de richesses et demplois, de gestion locale des questions sociales.[] Cette nouvelle dmarche de rquilibrage du dveloppement conomique et social, sous limpulsion des initiatives rgionales, a fait lobjet dune rflexion approfondie sur le financement local, en termes de rpartition des comptences entre ltat et les collectivits
Generating local wealth Loc al authorities c an promote sustainable development. Since the proclamation of independence, the Kingdom of Morocco has adopted a progressive process of decentralization, which has been gradually consolidated. T hank s to t his d e m o c r a t ic and irreversible policy, local authorities have become veritable territorial institutions and essential economic and financial actors, and are increasingly involved in civil society. Indeed, the municipalities, prefectures, provinces, and regions that fulfil t h e r o l e o f e m p l oye r s , p r o j e c t managers, developers, and investors, take an active par t in the various infrastructure spatialization and public equipment projec ts, and make a significant contribution to sustainable development and the countrys social progress. As the Economy and Finance Minister, Salaheddine Mezouar, stated on 12 September 20 08, dur ing an
from the State to local authorities, and f inancial trans fer s bet ween the central administration and the territorial entities, as well as between these entities. Many attributions and powers have been gradually transferred from the State to local authorities, particularly the communes. The reform of the Communal Charter and of the finances, accounting, and tax system of the
international conference on public finance: The Communal Char ter, adopted in 2002, focuses on the unity of urban centres and expands local authority powers in matters of development, the creation of wealth
territoriales, et de transferts financiers entre ladministration centrale et les entits territoriales, ainsi quentre ces dernires. De nombreuses attributions et comptences ont t progressivement transfres de ltat vers les collectivits locales, en particulier les communes. Les rformes de la charte communale et des finances, de la comptabilit et de la fiscalit des collectivits locales et de leurs groupements, qui constituent un vritable saut qualitatif en matire de gestion de la chose locale, ont vritablement largi la sphre des comptences communales. Elles ont par ailleurs sans aucun doute consolid le rle des 27 000 conseillers communaux en matire de rglementation et dorganisation de lespace, doffres de services, de production dquipements de proximit, de dveloppement
conomique, danimation sociale et culturelle, de protection de lenvironnement et de promotion du dveloppement durable En termes de dpenses publiques, les collectivits locales grent environ 22,4 milliards de dirhams (environ deux milliards deuros). Sur le plan des investissements, elles interviennent pour plus du tiers des participations publiques. En ce qui concerne les partenariats, quelque 800 collectivits locales sont impliques dans une multitude de conventions et de projets avec ltat et les tablissements publics, mais aussi avec les oprateurs privs et les associations de la socit civile pour la gestion des services publics locaux ou la ralisation de projets dintrt commun dans de nombreux secteurs : quipements de base, protection de lenvironnement, gestion et maintenance
local authorities and their groupings, represents a veritable qualitative leap in terms of managing local concerns, and has truly extended the scope of municipal powers. They have consolidated the role played by the 27,000 municipal councillors in matters of regulations and spatial organisation, service offers, the production of local facilities, economic development, social and cultural activities, environmental protection, and the promotion of sustainable development. In terms of public expenses, local authorities manage about 22.4 billion dirhams (about 2 billion euros). They participate in over one third of public investments. As for par tnerships, around 800 local authorities are involved in a wide range of agreements and projec t s with the State and public establishments, and also with
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employment. Local authorities play a multifaceted role in the framework of local governance. They must act as orchestra conductors, contractors, a n d t e r r i t o r i a l p r o m o t e r s , b y contributing their socio-economical vision and the territorial overview of the area they represent. This local government mission must result in the creation of jobs and complement the actions conducted on the national l e ve l . Lo c al au t hor i t ie s e m ploy 150,000 workers and agents and are the main public employer. The number of public employees has increased fivefold over the last thir t y years. This quantitative increase has been matched by qualitative improvements in every employment category; this prov ides ter r itor ial entities w ith human resources qualified in the fields of orientation, conception, and management, and enables them to fulfil missions of economic, social, and cultural development.
La promotion de lemploi local Les collectivits locales doivent assurer, dans le cadre de la gouvernance locale, un rle multiple. Il leur revient dtre la fois des chefs dorchestre, des donneurs dordre et des promoteurs de territoire , en portant la vision socio-conomique et la prospective territoriale de lespace quelles reprsentent. Une telle mission doit se traduire, notamment, en termes de cration demplois, et sexprimer dans une logique de
Les collectivits locales : une aide pour les acteurs de lconomie populaire. (ci-contre : le port dEl Marsa, ci-dessous : serres de tomates Dakhla)
mande sociaociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grai que ponde impliuinsi que pour une plus grande implication
associations in the manage me nt of loc al public ser v ices and the realization of joint projec ts in many sectors. These include: basic facilities, environmental protection, management and maintenance of sanitation net work s, agreement s relating to and the exploitation of fore s t re source s , development s and habitats, coastal development, investments in tourism, the management of souks, and so on. Three associations manage local issues: the National A ssociation of Loc al Author ities of Morocco (French: ANCLM), the Association of the Presidents of the Provincial and Prefectural Councils for Solidarity and Development (French: APCPPSD), and the Association of Moroccan Regions (French: ARM).
The growth of social and solidarity-based economies in Morocco One of the Africities
5 sessions focused on the theme of social and solidarity-based economies. Mohamed Najib Gudira, Director of the Agency for Social Development (French: ADS), took this opportunity to explain the public establishments role in working to reduce poverty and promote social development in Morocco. The Agency carries out its mission with partnersparticularly local authoritiesand runs programmes or development projects that benefit the target populations. Projects include aid granted in the framework of solidarity funds to players in the popular economy (small-scale rose, saffron, and argan tree producers, etc.) to meet their funding requirements and help them manage their activities. These actions attest to the growth of social and solidarity-based economies in Morocco.
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lever for wealth creation. Promoting local products and local populations w ho li ve in s y mbiosis w i t h t he geographical and cultural realities of their environment is just one of the fruitful and promising avenues that cer tain African communities have decided to develop. A local product can be promoted by the attribution of a label of quality that guarantees it s specif icit y, thereby making it uniquely at tractive because of its special qualities. In Januar y 2010, Morocco became the first country on the African continent to be awarded a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)a label that aims to harmonize the distinctive signs of origin and qualityfor its argan oil trade.
* The Development Agency of the Oriental Region is a public body, established in 2006, which is responsible for supporting national and local actors in implementing development programmes in the eastern region in the North-East of the Kingdom.
Argan oil: the first African Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) product In January
2010, argan oil was designated as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) product, which recognizes its specificities, guarantees its traceability and quality, and protects the products label from falsification and counterfeit. This first African PGI was achieved thanks to the close collaboration between the Souss Massa Draa Regional Council and the Interprofessional Association of the Protected Geographical Indication of Argan Oil (French: AMIGHA). The argan tree is a specifically Moroccan wild seed tree, which grows in an area covering 800,000 hectares in the Souss Massa Draa region. Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) for argan oil, which requires the oil to be packaged in the area, has boosted this recent industry, which is based on sustainable development and involves women, a product, and an area; this development generates economic, social, and environmental benefits, as well as providing benefits in terms of nutrition, cosmetics, and health. The Souss Massa Draa Regional Council also helped the producers in the Taliouine Saffron trade with their application to register a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) for the Saffron of Taliouine, (French: * AOP Safran de Taliouine). The status was awarded in April 2010, during the Mekns International Agriculture Fair.
* Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) is attributed to products whose production, processing, and preparation take place in a defined geographical area using recognized know-how.
La microfinance comme outil de dveloppement local : lexemple de Figuig Au cours de la session thmatique sur les institutions de financement, Taoufiq Boudchiche, directeur de la coopration internationale lAgence de lOriental*, a prsent lexprience de la rgion de lOriental en matire de promotion de la microfinance en tant quoutil de dveloppement local : Le territoire de Bouarfa Figuig, au sud de la rgion, est une zone frontire avec lAlgrie o lactivit conomique tait faible et la socit civile mobilise trs revendicative. Do notre choix dune stratgie de dynamisation court terme permettant de mobiliser la socit civile autour de projets collectifs. Grce au microcrdit, nous avons tout de suite inject de largent, mais de faon rflchie, en soutenant des activits gnratrices de revenus et de dveloppement. Nous ne sommes pas les oprateurs directs, nous travaillons avec les associations.
effectiveness of microfinance as a local development tool . During the thematic session on financial institutions, Taoufiq Boudchiche, Director of International Cooperation at the Development A genc y of the Or ient al Reg ion*, cited the Eastern regions success in promoting microfinance as a local
Valorisation des produits de terroir comme levier de cration de richesses Valoriser les produits de terroir et les populations locales qui vivent en symbiose avec la ralit la fois gographique et culturelle de leur environnement, telle est lune des pistes fructueuses et porteuses davenir que certaines collectivits africaines ont choisi de dvelopper. Une valorisation qui passe par la mise en place de labels de qualit garantissant la spcificit dun produit et lui confrant un attrait particulier li ses caractristiques distinctives. Le Maroc a ainsi t,
development tool : The Bouar fa Figuig territor y, in the south of the re g ion, is an area t hat share s a border with Algeria and had low economic ac t iv it y, but an ac t ive and ver y demanding civil societ y. This led us to adopt a shor t-term, dynamic strateg y that would enable civil societ y to par ticipate in collec tive projec ts. Microcredit enabled us to provide immediate and t argeted funding to suppor t revenue-generating ac tivities that promote development. We are n o t d ire c t o p e r a to r s bu t w e d o collaborate with the associations.
* LAgence de loriental est un tablissement public, constitu en 2006, charg dapporter son appui et son assistance aux acteurs nationaux et locaux pour la mise en uvre des programmes de dveloppement dans la rgion orientale situe au Nord-Est du Royaume.
en janvier 2010, le premier pays du continent africain pouvoir bnficier, pour sa filire dhuile dargan, dune indication gographique protge (IGP), un label qui a pour but dharmoniser les signes distinctifs dorigine et de qualit .
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u cours des travaux dAfricits V, le thme de la coopration dcentralise a souvent t abord sous langle dune ralit en pleine mutation. Dornavant, pour de nombreux reprsentants de collectivits locales, la coopration nest plus pense en termes daide, mais de partenariat ! Les choses et les mentalits, en effet, voluent. Ce qui est recherch, ce nest plus seulement lappui budgtaire des uns et des autres, cest un vritable partenariat qui permettrait de sortir du raisonnement donneur/ receveur pour adopter une logique de coopration visant la rsolution de problmes communs. Une fois que les responsabilits de chaque partie sont prcises, leurs apports respectifs peuvent tre dtermins en fonction de latteinte des objectifs communs. La prservation de la paix, des ressources naturelles et des capacits humaines est, cet gard, une responsabilit collective
Decentralized cooperation can promote controlled development In the context of rapidly changing reality, decentralized cooperation was a much-discussed theme at the fifth Africities Summit. Today, many local authority representatives no longer view cooperation in terms of aid but rather as a partnership. The situation is indeed changing. Cooperation is no longer perceived solely as budgetary support, but also as an opportunity to create partnerships; the idea is to abandon the approach of giverreceiver and adopt a cooperative approach that focuses on resolving shared problems. Once each partys responsibilities have been specified, their respective contributions can be determined in order to at tain Port de Tan Tan
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
common goals. The preservation of peace, natural resources, and human c ap ac i t ie s are c olle c t i ve g lo b al responsibilities. Our planet has been transformed into a global village by
lchelle mondiale. Sur notre plante transforme en village par les facilits de communication, nul ne peut semmurer pour protger ses privilges. Et aucune frontire ni formalit ne peut empcher la mobilit des personnes et des biens, qui est une constante dans lhistoire de lhumanit.
improved communication systems, and today no country can afford to remain isolated in order to protect its interests. No border or formality can prevent the mobility of people or goodsthis has been proved throughout the history of mankind. A new approach based on strong p a r t n e r s h i p s . M o r o c c o s n e w
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Le tramway de Rabat.
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
of the community. The project must therefore proceed on the basis of trade and cooperation, and incorporate a new approach that takes into account the local authoritys true capacities to collaborate with its partners. The Ministry of the Interior representatives have adopted an approach based on the offer of services with nationally homogenous priorities and territorial programmes. They have created a menu, which the Northern partners have to adapt toand not the other way round!
Rue de Casablanca
mande sociale pour de libert, ainsi que pour une plus grande implication
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