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1s2 2s2 2p2 Each carbon atom must form 4 bonds covalently.
C2H4O2
H H C C H
O O H
H C
Stereo-chemical formula
HOOC
H H
Note: When drawing full displayed formula, all bonds must be shown including the hydrogens. For example: Full displayed formula of propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH).
Alicyclic compounds
Aromatic compounds
-yne -
Ethyne
CH3
-ol
H3C
Br
Bromomethane
H3C CH2 OH
Ethanol
-amine
H3C
NH2
Methylamine
Nitrile Aldehyde
C
O C R H O C R R
-nitrile -al
H3C
C
O C
Ethanenitrile
H3 C
-oic acid
C
Ethanoic acid
Ester
R C O R
O R N H O R C N R R
O R C Cl
-oate
H3C C
O O CH 3
-amide
H3 C C
Ethanamide
Acid Chloride
-oyl chloride
H3 C C
Cl
-oic anhydride
O C H3C O C
O CH3
Ethanoic anhydride
Electrophile
Nucleophile
Br
C H
Elimination reaction
Occurs when a single reactant splits into two products. Reverse of addition reaction.
H H C Br H C H H H Br H H C H C H
Substitution reaction
Occurs when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products.
H H C H H C H H
uv light
Br Br H
H C H
H C Br H
Hydrolysis
Involves the action of water or its ions to break down a substance into smaller molecules.
O H3 C C O CH3 O
H2O
H3C
C OH
H3C
OH
2[H]
C H
Oxidation
Involves removal of oxygen atom or addition of hydrogen atom.
O C H3 C H O
[O]
H3C
C OH