48

4




4.1: CONSTRUCT THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4.1.1: Identify Type Of Differential Equations

- Order The number of the highest derivative in a differential equation. A differential equation of order 1 is called first order; order 2
second order, etc.
Example:

i.
2
1
1
y
x
dx
dy
+
+
= first order differential equation

ii. x y
dx
dy
x sin
2
+ first order differential equation

iii.
2
2
2
2 4 x y
dx
dy
dx
y d
= + second order differential equation


- Degree The power of the highest order derivative in
the equation. A differential equation of degree is called first degree, second degree, etc.
Example:

i. x xy
dx
dy
xy
2
= first order differential equation with first degree.

ii.
2
2
1 |
.
|

\
|
= +
dx
dy
x y first order differential equation with second degree.

iii. x y
dx
dy
dx
y d
2 cos 10 2
2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
second order differential equation with second degree.




















DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Try this!
Determine order and degree for below equations:
a)
3
2
4

x
x
dx
dy +
= |
.
|

\
|

b) 0 sin
2
= + t
dt
ds
t
c) 0 2 4
2
2
= + + xy
dx
dy
dx
y d
x
d) 0 2 3
2
2
2
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
dx
dy
dx
y d






49

First order differential equation
4.1.2: Construct The Differential Equation

- Example (a):
Construct the differential equation for y = A sin 2x

Solution:

Step 1: Write down the question as the 1
st
equation

y = A sin 2x


Step 2: Differentiate

for the 1
st
equation (make it as 2
nd
equation)

y = A sin 2x

= 2A cos 2x


Step 3: For the 3
rd
equation, properly arrange the constant.

= 2A cos 2x

)


Step 4: Substitute 3
rd
equation into 1
st
equation and simplify the final calculation.

y = A sin 2x

)
(

- Example (b):
Construct the differential equation for y = Cx
3
+ x
4


Solution:

Step 1: y = Cx
3
+ x
4

Step 2:

= 3Cx
2
+ 4x
3

Step 3:

1
2
3
1
2
3



50

First order
differential equation
Step 4: y = Cx
3
+ x
4

(

- Example (c):
Construct the differential equation for y = Ax
2
Bx + x

Solution:

Step 1: Write down the question as the 1
st
equation

y = Ax
2
Bx + x

Step 2: Differentiate

for the 1
st
equation (make it as 2
nd
equation).

y = Ax
2
Bx + x

= 2Ax B + 1


Step 3: If the differentiation still have 2 constants, do the second order differentiation (make it as 3
rd
equation).

Step 4: For the 3
rd
equation, properly arrange the constant (make it as 4
th
equation).

)


Step 4: Substitute 4
th
equation into 2
nd
equation.

= 2Ax B + 1

*(

) (

)+

) (

)

Step 5: Arrange the second constant properly (make it as 5
th
equation).
(

) (

1
2
4
3
5



51

Second order differential equation
Step 6: Substitute both 4
th
and 5
th
equation into 1
st
equation.
y = Ax
2
Bx + x
*

)+

*(

+
=

) (

) (

) () (

) (

) () (

) () (

)





















4.2: FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

- There are 4 types of first order differential equations:
o Direct integration
o Separable variables
o Homogenous equation
o Linear equation (integrating factors)


4.2.1: Direct Integration
- Form of

()
- Example (d):
Solve below differential equation

Solution:

Step 1: Solve using direct integration

Try this!
Construct the differential equation for:
a) y = A cos x + B sin x
b) y = Ax
2
+ 3
c) y
2
= 5Ax
d) y = Dx
2
+ Ex





52

4.2.2: Separable Variables

- Form of

()()

()
()

- Example (e):
Solve below differential equation

Solution:

Step 1: Separate two variables with x on the right and y on the left.

Step 2: Solve the integral

tan y = tan x + c

4.2.3: Homogenous Equation

- Form of substitution
- Example (f):
Solve below differential equation
(

Solution:

Step 1: Separate the equation

Step 2: Substitution

)

Step 3: Substitute 3
rd
equation into 1
st
equation
(

1
2
3


53

Step 4: Replace 2
nd
equation into Step 3
(

)
()()

()

()

Step 5: Separate the variables with x and v on different sides

Step 6: Solve the integral

]

Step 7: Replace

)+





















54

4.2.4: Linear Equation (Integrating Factors)

- Form of

- Example (g):
Solve below differential equation
( )

( )

Solution:

Step 1: Simplify

) (

)
()

) ( )

) ( )

Step 2: Identify P and Q

( )

Step 3: Integrating factor of P

()



()

()

-ln x = ln x
-1



e
-ln (x-2)
= e
(x-2)-1

e
ln F
= F
= (x-2)
-1

FP =

55

Step 4: Substitute into equation

( )

( )

Step 5: Solve the integral

( )

Step 6: Simplify y

( )

( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )


































Try this!
Solve below differential equation:
a) (

) (

b) ( ) (

) ( )

c) (

d) (