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Exercise Sheet 1: Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings

MEC 3707 Aerodynamics 2


Semes. 2, 12/13
Quiz1 ( /3/2012, 2:50-3:15 pm)
1- Consider a tapered wing with an aspect ratio of 6.5, an induced drag factor = 0.045
and a zero lift angle of attack of -3
o
. At angle of attack of 4.4
o
, the induced drag
coefficient for this wing is 0.015. Calculate the induced drag coefficient for a similar
wing (a tapered wing with the same airfoil section) at the same angle of attack, but with
an aspect ratio of 8.5. Assume that the induced factors for drag and the lift slop, and ,
respectively, are equal to each other (=). Also, for AR=8.5, =0.095.
[Hint: e=0.85]
2- Consider a finite wing with an aspect of ratio of 7; the airfoil section of the wing is a
symmetric airfoil with an infinite wing lift slope of 0.11 per degree. The lift to drag ratio
for this wing is 29 when the lift coefficient is equal to 0.35. If the angle of attack remains
the same and the aspect ratio is simply increased to 10 by adding extension to the span of
the wing, what is the new value of the lift-to-drag ratio? Assume the span efficiency
factors e=e
1
=0.9 for both cases.

3- Consider the Beechcraft Baron 58 aircraft cruising such that the wing is at a four
degree angle of attack. The wing of this airplane has an NACA 23015 airfoil (
L=0
=-1
and a
0
=0.113 per degree), aspect ratio of 7.61 and a taper ratio of 0.45. Calculate C
L
and
C
D
for the wing. Assume ==0.01,
stall
=12 and Re=8.9x10
5
.

4- The Piper Cheroke ( a light, single engine general aviation aircraft) has a wing area of
170 ft
2
and wing span of 32 ft. Its maximum gross weight is 2450 lb. The wing uses
NACA 65-415 airfoil, which has a lift slope of 0.1033 degree
-1
and
L=0
=-3. Assume
=0.12. If the airplane is cruising at 120 mi/h at standard sea level at its maximum cross
weight and is in straight and level flight, calculate the geometric angle of attack of the
wing.



Solution
Q1. Ans.
Given data
- AR
1
=6.5, AR
2
=8.5,
- Same airfoil section:

3
0
=
= L

=constant
-

4 . 4
2 1
= =

-
045 . 0
1
=
,
095 . 0
2
=
,
095 . 0
2 2
= =

-
015 . 0
1 ,
=
D
C


Needed Data: ?
2 ,
=
D
C

Solution steps

- Calculate CL
1
For the wing with AR=6

From Eq. 5.61
( )

+
= + =
1
1
, 2
2
,
AR C
C
AR
C
C
i D
L
L
i D

541 . 0
045 . 0 1
) 5 . 6 )( 015 . 0 (
2
=
+
=
L L
C C



Lift slop (a )for wing with AR=6 :

rad ree a
C C
d
dC
a
l L
L L
L
/ 188 . 4 deg / 0731 . 0
) 3 ( 4 . 4
0 541 . 0
0
) 3 ( 0 ) 4 . 4 (
= =

= =
=
= = =






From Eq. 5.70

188 . 4
) 1 )( ( 1
0
0
=
+ +
= =

AR
a
a
a
d
dC
L

0
0
0
0
0512 . 0 1
5 . 6
045 . 1
1
188 . 4
a
a
a
a
+
=
(

\
|
+
=


rad a / 33 . 5
0
=


Since the airfoil section is the same for both wings, a
0
is a constant

* Lift slop for the wing with AR=8.5

ree rad a
a
deg / 0763 . 0 / 37 . 4
) 095 . 0 1 )(
) 5 . 8 (
33 . 5
( 1
33 . 5
= =
+ +
=



Calculate CL For the wing with AR=8.5

( ) ( ) 565 . 0 ) 3 ( 4 . 4 0763 . 0
0
= = =
=

l L
a C


Induced drag for wing with AR=8.5

( )
( ) ( )
( )
0131 . 0
5 . 8
095 . 1 565 . 0
1
2 2
,
= = + =

AR
C
C
L
i D


Q2.
First solve the angle of attack and the profile drag coefficient, which say the same in this
problem

deg/radian= 180/= 57.3

2 . 4 0732 . 0
7 9 . 0
3 . 57 11 . 0
1
3 . 57 11 . 0
35 . 0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
= =
(

=
(

+ =
+
= =
radian
eAR
a
a
C
AR e
a
a
a C
L
L




The profile drag can be obtained as follows
012 . 0
29
35 . 0
= =
|
|

\
|
=
D
L
L
D
C
C
C
C
( )
( )( )
0058 . 0
7 9 . 0
35 . 0
012 . 0
2 2 2
= = = + =
eAR
C
C c
eAR
C
c C
L
D d
L
d D

Increasing the aspect ratio at the same angle of attack increases C
L
and reduces C
D
. For
AR=10, we have
3778 . 0
10 9 . 0
3 . 57
11 . 0
1
2 . 4 11 . 0
1
1
0
0
=

+

=
+
= =

AR e
a
a
a C
L


01085 . 0 005048 . 0 0062 . 0
10 9 . 0
3778 . 0
0058 . 0
2 2
= + =

+ = + =
eAR
C
c C
L
d D

Hence, the new value of L/D is

7 . 34
0112 . 0
3778 . 0
= =
D
L
C
C



Q3.
( ) 47 . 6 3 . 57 113 . 0
0
= = a per rad
99 . 0
01 . 0 1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
=

e
Assumed
( )
( )
08 . 5
) 01 . 1 ( 271 . 0 1
47 . 6
1 1
0
0
=
+
=
+ |

\
|
+
= =


AR
a
a
a per rad=0.0887 per deg
Since stall angle of attack is given as 12 degree, at =4, the lift curve can be consider
linear, then
( ) ( ) ( ) 443 . 0 1 4 0887 . 0
0
= = =
= L L
a C
eAR
C
C C
L
d D

2
+ = (3.1)
Here, C
d
, is the section drag coefficient given in given figure. Note that in the given
figure C
d
is plotted versus the section lift coefficient c
l
. To accurately read c
d
, we need to
know the value of c
l
actually sensed by the airfoil section. The value of the airfoil c
l
at
effective angle of attack,
eff
. Since e=0.99, the elliptical lift distribution can be
assumed
( )

06 . 1 0185 . 0
61 . 7
443 . 0
= = = = rad
AR
C
L
i



3 94 . 2 06 . 1 4 = = =
i eff


The lift coefficient sensed by the airfoil is then
( ) ( ) ( ) 452 . 0 1 3 113 . 0
0 0
= = =
= L eff l
a c

From the given c
l
vs c
d
curve, for c
l
=0.542 , we have c
d
=0.0065
Return to Eq. 3.1
( )
( )( )
0148 . 0
61 . 7 99 . 0
443 . 0
0065 . 0
2 2
= + = + =
eAR
C
C C
L
d D


Q4.
02 . 6
170
32
2 2
= = =
S
b
AR
At standard sea level ,
3
002377 . 0
ft
slug
=


s
ft
mph
s ft
mph V 176
60
/ 88
120 =
|
|

\
|
=


( )( )
2
2 2
8 . 36 176 002377 . 0
2
1
2
1
ft
lb
V q = = =


rad ree a / 92 . 5 deg / 1033 . 0
0
= =
3916 . 0
170 8 . 36
2450
=

= = =

S q
W
S q
L
C
L

( )
( )
( )
deg / 0764 . 0 / 38 . 4
12 . 0 1
02 . 6
92 . 5
1
92 . 5
1 1
0
0
= =
+ +
=
+ +
= rad
AR
a
a
a


( )

12 . 2 3
0764 . 0
3916 . 0
0 0
= = + = =
= = L
L
L L
a
C
a C

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