Tracking and ray tracing equations for the target-aligned heliostat for solar tower

power plants
Xiudong Wei
a,
*
, Zhenwu Lu
a
, Weixing Yu
a
, Hongxin Zhang
a
, Zhifeng Wang
b
a
Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
b
The Key Laboratory of Solar Thermal Energy and Photovoltaic System, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 13 November 2009
Accepted 28 February 2011
Available online 1 April 2011
Keywords:
Target-aligned heliostat
Solar tower power plants
Asymmetric surface
Ray tracing
a b s t r a c t
The tracking and ray tracing equations for the target-aligned heliostat for solar tower power plants have
been derived in this paper. Based on the equations, a new module for analysis of the target-aligned
heliostat with an asymmetric surface has been developed and incorporated in the code HFLD. To validate
the tracking and ray tracing equations, a target-aligned heliostat with a toroidal surface is designed and
modeled. The image of the target-aligned heliostat is calculated by the modied code HFLD and
compared with that calculated by the commercial software Zemax. It is shown that the calculated results
coincide with each other very well. Therefore, the correctness of the tracking and ray tracing equations
for the target-aligned heliostat is proved.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
For solar tower power plants, the heliostats track the sun and
reect the solar radiation onto the receiver atop a tower. The
heliostat eld plays a pivotal role in contribution of the total cost
and efciency of solar tower power plants [1]. Traditionally,
heliostats utilize spherical reector with azimuth-elevation mount.
During the sun tracking, the incident angle relative to the heliostat
changes and the reection is off-axis, which is most of the time in
practical situations. For the spherical reector, the meridian focus
moves along a circle with a diameter equal to the paraxial focal
length. However, the sagittal focus moves along a straight line with
the increase of incident angle. The sagittal and meridian focuses
never overlap so that the image spreads in the focal plane. In order
to correct the astigmatism and reduce the solar image size, an
asymmetric reector was suggested to be used which means that
the heliostat should have different curvature radii along the
meridian and sagittal direction in heliostat plane [2,3]. However,
the asymmetric reector requires that the incident direction of
sunlight remains stationary relative to the heliostat plane and the
incident plane of sunlight coincides with the meridian plane of the
heliostat during the sun tracking. RIES H presented a new tracking
method called target-aligned mount which can be used for the
asymmetrical heliostat [4].
In this work, the tracking and ray tracing equations for the
target-aligned heliostat are rstly derived and given explicitly.
Then based on the equations, a new module for analysis of the
target-aligned heliostat with asymmetric surface is incorporated in
the code HFLD [5e7]. The image of a single target-aligned heliostat
with toroidal surface is calculated by using the modied code HFLD
and the software Zemax respectively. Zemax is well known
commercial software which is widely used for the optical design
and analysis [8,9]. The correctness of the tracking and ray tracing
equations is proved by comparing the calculated results.
2. Tracking equations for the target-aligned heliostat
The target-aligned heliostat has two rotation axes as shown in
Fig. 1. The rst axis is xed relative to the ground and points toward
the target and the second axis is perpendicular to the rst axis and
is located in the heliostat plane. As the sun moves, the heliostat
rotates about the rst axis rstly so that the incident plane of
sunlight coincides with the meridian plane of the heliostat, and
then the heliostat rotates about the second axis to reect the
sunlight to the target. The rotation angles of heliostat can be
calculated according to the solar time, the heliostat and the target
locations on earth.
For deriving the rotation angle formulas for the target-aligned
heliostat, Cartesian right-handed coordinate systems are estab-
lished and illustrated in Fig. 2. Ground-coordinates are dened as
X
g
, Y
g
, Z
g
, where the tower base center G is the origin, X
g
is directed
toward south, Y
g
points toward north, and Z
g
points toward the
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 86 43186176292.
E-mail address: wei.xiudong@yahoo.com.cn (X. Wei).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable Energy
j ournal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ renene
0960-1481/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.02.022
Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 2687e2693
zenith. Reection-normal coordinates are dened as X
r
, Y
r
, Z
r
, where
the heliostat plane center M is origin, Z
r
is along reection toward
the target, X
r
is horizontal and perpendicular to Z
r
, and Y
r
is
perpendicular to X
r
toward up. T denotes the target center which
corresponds to the intersection point between the Z
g
axis and the Z
r
axis. Zero position for the target-aligned heliostat is selected as the
meridian plane of the heliostat is vertical. Y
r
Z
r
plane corresponds to
the heliostat meridian plane in zero position. Auxiliary coordinates
X
1
Y
1
Z
1
correspond to the real position of the heliostat after rota-
tions about the rst axis.
The incidence vector pointing toward the sun from the heliostat
location in ground-coordinates is illustrated in Fig. 3.
_
_
cosa
i
cosb
i
cosg
i
_
_

_
_
cos Acosa
sinAcosa
sina
_
_
(1)
where cosa
i
, cosb
i
, cosg
i
are the direction cosine components of the
incidence vector, a is the solar altitude angle and A is the solar
azimuth angle which is measured clockwise on the horizontal
plane from the projection of the suns central ray to the south-
pointing coordinate axis. The angles a and A can be calculated
according to the solar time and the heliostat location on earth [10].
Similarly, the reection vector pointing toward the target from
the heliostat center in ground-coordinates is illustrated in Fig. 4.
_
_
cos a
r
cos b
r
cos g
r
_
_

_
_
cosq
H
sinl
sinq
H
sinl
cosl
_
_
(2)
where cosa
r
, cosb
r
, cosg
r
are the direction cosine components of the
reection vector, l is the heliostats target angle and q
H
is
the heliostats facing angle which is measured anticlockwise on the
horizontal plane from the south-pointing coordinate axis to the
heliostats position. The angles l and q
H
depend on the heliostat and
the target locations on earth.
The incident angle q equals to the half of the angle between the
incidence and reection vectors. According to the law of vector
angular cosine and using Eqs. (1) and (2), we have,
cos2q sinacos l cos asinl cosq
H
A (3)
The incident angle q can be solved from Eq. (3) as follows,
q cos
1
_

2
p
2
sinacosl cosq
H
Acosasinl 1
1=2
_
(4)
For obtaining the direction cosine of the incidence vector in
auxiliary coordinates X
1
Y
1
Z
1
, the coordinates need to transform
from ground-coordinates to auxiliary coordinates. Firstly, ground-
coordinates rotate q
H
p/2 about Z
g
axis and then rotate l about X
g
axis so that the three axial directions of the coordinates coincide
with that of reection-normal coordinates (see Fig. 2). Then, the
coordinates rotate u
H
about Z
r
axis so that the three axial direc-
tions of the coordinates coincide with that of the auxiliary coordi-
nates. The transformation matrices are given as follows,
Fig. 1. The heliostat with target-aligned mount.
X
r
Y
r
N
Sun
Y
g
(east)
X
g
(south)
Heliostat d
H
Z
r
(Z
1
)
Receiver
M
T
G
E
H
=
H
Z
g
(zenith)
Y
1
X
1
Fig. 2. Coordinate systems for deriving the rotation angle formulas for the target-
aligned heliostat.
Y(east)
Z(zenith)
X(south)
Heliostat location
Sun
Fig. 3. Incidence vector in ground-coordinates.
Y(east)
Z (zenith)
X(south)
Sun
Target location
Heliostat location

Fig. 4. Reection vector in ground-coordinates.
X. Wei et al. / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 2687e2693 2688
M
1

_
_
sinq
H
cosq
H
0
cosq
H
sinq
H
0
0 0 1
_
_
; M
2

_
_
1 0 0
0 cosl sinl
0 sinl cosl
_
_
;
M
3

_
_
cosu
H
sinu
H
0
sinu
H
cosu
H
0
0 0 1
_
_
where u
H
is the rotation angle about the rst axis (see Fig. 2). The
direction cosine of the incidence vector also can be written as (0,
sin2q, cos2q). Therefore, we have,
_
_
0
sin2q
cos2q
_
_
M
3
M
2
M
1
$
_
_
cosAcosa
sinAcosa
sina
_
_
(5)
From Eq. (5), we have,
cosu
H
cosasinq
H
A sinu
H
coslcosacosq
H
A
sinlsina 0 6
Solving Eq. (6), we have,
u
H
tan
1
_
cosasinq
H
A
coslcosacosq
H
A sinlsina
_
(7)
The tilt angle E
H
of the heliostat equals to the incident angle q,
we have,
E
H
q (8)
3. Ray tracing equations for the target-aligned heliostat
For modeling and analyzing the target-aligned heliostat with an
asymmetric surface, it is necessary to derive the ray tracing equa-
tions. Cartesian right-handed coordinate systems are established
and shown in Fig. 5. Incident-normal coordinates are dened as X
i
,
Y
i
, Z
i
, where the heliostat plane center M is origin, Z
i
is along the
incident direction toward the sun, X
i
is horizontal and perpendic-
ular to Z
i
, and Y
i
is perpendicular to X
i
toward up. Heliostat-coor-
dinates are dened as X
m
, Y
m
, Z
m
, where the heliostat plane center
M is origin, Z
m
is along the normal direction of the heliostat toward
up, X
m
is along the second axis of the heliostat, Y
m
is perpendicular
to X
m
toward up, X
m
and Y
m
are located in the heliostat plane.
Target-coordinates are dened as X
T
, Y
T
, Z
T
, where the receiver
aperture center T is origin, Z
T
is along the normal direction of the
receiver aperture toward up, X
T
is horizontal and perpendicular to
Z
T
, Y
T
is perpendicular to X
T
toward up, X
T
and Y
T
are located in the
receiver aperture plane.
Considering the sun shape, the incident beam relative to a point
of mirror can be regarded as a cone with a vertex angle of
3 9.3mrad. The symmetric axis of the cone coincides with the Z
i
axial direction. The polar coordinate system is established on the
solar disc plane. The center of the solar disc is the origin. r
sun
, q
sun
are the polar coordinate components (0r
sun
3/2, 0q
sun
2p). In
terms of incident-normal coordinates X
i
Y
i
Z
i
, the components d
ix
, d
iy
,
d
iz
of the unit vector of incident ray can be expressed as follows,
_
_
d
ix
d
iy
d
iz
_
_

_

_
r
sun
cosq
sun
r
sun
sinq
sun
_
1 d
2
ix
d
2
iy
_
0:5
_

_ (9)
For obtaining the direction cosine components cosa
I
, cosb
I
,
cosg
I
of the incident ray in heliostat-coordinates X
m
Y
m
Z
m
, the
coordinates need to transform from incident-normal coordinates
to heliostat-coordinates. Firstly, incident-normal coordinates
rotate ap/2 about X
i
axis and then rotate Ap/2 about Z
i
axis so
that the three axial directions of the coordinates coincide with
that of ground-coordinates (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 5). Secondly, the
coordinates rotate q
H
p/2 about Z
g
axis and then rotate l about X
g
axis so that the three axial directions of the coordinates coincide
with that of reection-normal coordinates. Finally, the coordi-
nates rotate u
H
about Z
r
axis and then rotate q about X
r
axis so
that the axial directions of the coordinates coincide with that of
heliostat-coordinates. The transformation matrices are given as
follows,
So we have,
_
_
cosa
I
cosb
I
cosg
I
_
_
P
6i
i 0i5
M
i
$
_
_
d
ix
d
iy
d
iz
_
_

_
_
d
ix
A
11
d
iy
A
12
d
iz
A
13
d
ix
A
21
d
iy
A
22
d
iz
A
23
d
ix
A
31
d
iy
A
32
d
iz
A
33
_
_
(10)
where,
M
1

_
_
1 0 0
0 sina cosa
0 cosa sina
_
_
; M
2

_
_
sinA cosA 0
cosA sinA 0
0 0 1
_
_
; M
3

_
_
sinq
H
cosq
H
0
cosq
H
sinq
H
0
0 0 1
_
_
;
M
4

_
_
1 0 0
0 cosl sinl
0 sinl cosl
_
_
; M
5

_
_
cosu
H
sinu
H
0
sinu
H
cosu
H
0
0 0 1
_
_
; M
6

_
_
1 0 0
0 cosq sinq
0 sinq cosq
_
_
:
A
11
cosu
H
cosq
H
A sinu
H
coslsinq
H
A
A
12
sinu
H
coslcosq
H
A cosu
H
sinq
H
Asina sinu
H
sinlcosa
A
13
cosu
H
sinq
H
A sinu
H
coslcosq
H
Acosa sinu
H
sinlsina
A
21
cosqcosu
H
cosl sinqsinlsinq
H
A cosqsinu
H
cosq
H
A
A
22
cosqcosu
H
sinl sinqcoslcosa cosqsinu
H
sinq
H
A cosqcosu
H
cosl sinqsinlcosq
H
Asina
A
23
cosqsinu
H
sinq
H
A cosqcosu
H
cosl sinqsinlcosq
H
Acosa cosqcosu
H
sinl sinqcoslsina
A
31
sinqcosu
H
cosl cosqsinlsinq
H
A sinqsinu
H
cosq
H
A
A
32
sinqcosu
H
sinl cosqcoslcosa sinqsinu
H
sinq
H
A sinqcosu
H
cosl cosqsinlcosq
H
Asina
A
33
sinqsinu
H
sinq
H
A sinqcosu
H
cosl cosqsinlcosq
H
Acosa sinqcosu
H
sinl cosqcoslsina
X. Wei et al. / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 2687e2693 2689
The coordinates of a point of mirror are denoted by X
m
, Y
m
, Z
m
. In
terms of heliostat-coordinates, the components d
nx
, d
ny
, d
nz
of the
unit normal vector of a point on the mirror surface can be expressed
as follows,
_
_
d
nx
d
ny
d
nz
_
_

_

_
d
Xm
d
nwx
d
Ym
d
nwy
_
1 d
2
nx
d
2
ny
_
0:5
_

_
(11)
where, d
Xm
and d
Ym
are angular components along X
m
and Y
m
axes
respectively due to the mirror surface shape, d
nwx
and d
nwy
are
angular components along X
m
and Y
m
axes respectively due to the
shape errors. The direction cosine components cosa
N
, cosb
N
, cosg
N
of the normal vector of a point can be written as follows,
_
_
cosa
N
cosb
N
cosg
N
_
_

_

_
d
nx
d
ny
_
1 d
2
nx
d
2
ny
_
0:5
_

_ (12)
According to the lawof vector angular cosine, the incident angle
q
m
of all traced rays relative to the mirror surface can be written as
follows,
cosq
m
cosa
I
cosa
N
cosb
I
cosb
N
cosg
I
cosg
N
(13)
According to the Snell law, the direction cosine components
cosa
mr
, cosb
mr
, cosg
mr
of reection rays in terms of heliostat-coor-
dinates are written as follows,
_
_
cosa
mr
cosb
mr
cosg
mr
_
_

_
_
2cosq
m
cosa
N
cosa
I
2cosq
m
cosb
N
cosb
I
2cosq
m
cosl
N
cosg
I
_
_
(14)
For obtaining the direction cosine components cosa
r
, cosb
r
, cosg
r
of the reection ray and the coordinate components X
mr
, Y
mr
, Z
mr
of
a point of mirror in reection-normal coordinates X
r
Y
r
Z
r
, the
coordinates need to transform from heliostat-coordinates to
reection-normal coordinates. Therefore, heliostat-coordinates
rotate q about X
m
axis and then rotate u
H
about Z
m
axis so that the
axial directions of the coordinates coincide with that of reection-
normal coordinates (see Fig. 6). The transformation matrices are
given as follows,
M
1

_
_
1 0 0
0 cosq sinq
0 sinq cosq
_
_
; M
2

_
_
cosu
H
sinu
H
0
sinu
H
cosu
H
0
0 0 1
_
_
So we have,
_

_
cosa
r
cosb
r
cosg
r
_

_ M
2
M
1
_

_
cosa
mr
cosb
mr
cosg
mr
_

_
cosa
mr
cosu
H
cosb
mr
sinu
H
cosq cosg
mr
sinu
H
sinq
cosa
mr
sinu
H
cosb
mr
cosu
H
cosq cosg
mr
cosu
H
sinq
cosb
mr
sinq cosg
mr
cosq
_

_
15
_

_
X
mr
Y
mr
Z
mr
_

_ M
2
M
1
_

_
X
m
Y
m
Z
m
_

_
X
m
cosu
H
Y
m
sinu
H
cosq Z
m
sinu
H
sinq
X
m
sinu
H
Y
m
cosu
H
cosq Z
m
cosu
H
sinq
Y
m
sinq Z
m
cosq
_

_ 16
The equation of the reection ray is written as follows,
x
r
X
mr
cosa
r

y
r
Y
mr
cosb
r

z
r
Z
mr
cosg
r
(17)
The coordinates of intersection point between the reection ray
and the plane Z
r
S
0
(see Fig. 6) are solved as follows,
_
_
X
r
Y
r
Z
r
_
_

_
_
S
0
Z
mr
$cosa
r
=cosg
r
X
mr
S
0
Z
mr
$cosb
r
=cosg
r
Y
mr
S
0
_
_
(18)
where S
0
is the distance between the heliostat center and the
receiver aperture center (see Fig. 6).
A new reection auxiliary coordinates X
r1
Y
r1
Z
r1
are obtained by
translating the reection-normal coordinate S
0
along Z
r
axis (see
Fig. 7). In terms of the new coordinates, the coordinates of inter-
section point between the reection ray and the plane Z
r
S
0
can
be written as X
r
, Y
r
, 0.
For obtaining the direction cosine components cosa
tr
, cosb
tr
,
cosg
tr
of the reection ray and the coordinate components X
t0
, Y
t0
,
Z
t0
of the intersection point in target-coordinates X
T
Y
T
Z
T
, the
coordinates need to transformfromreection auxiliary coordinates
to target-coordinates. Firstly, the coordinates rotate l about X
r1
axis and then rotate p/2q
H
about Z
r1
axis so that the axial direc-
tions of the coordinates coincide with that of ground-coordinates
(see Fig. 7). Then, the coordinates rotate d
R
about Y
g
axial direction
and then rotate p/2 about Z
g
axial direction so that the axial
directions of the coordinates coincide with that of the target-
coordinates. The transformation matrices are given as follows,
Y
r
X
r Z
r
Heliostat
Receiver aperture plane
M
T
Z
r
=S
0
plane
S
0
Sun
X
m
Z
m
Y
m
Fig. 6. Coordinate transformation from heliostat coordinates to reection-normal
coordinates.
Sun
Y
g
X
g
Heliostat
Receiver
M
G
X
i
Y
i
Z
i
T
Y
m
X
m
Z
m
Z
g
Z
T
X
T
Y
T
Fig. 5. Coordinate systems for deriving the ray tracing equations for the target-aligned
heliostat.
X. Wei et al. / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 2687e2693 2690
M
1

_
_
1 0 0
0 cosl sinl
0 sinl cosl
_
_
; M
2

_
_
sinq
H
cosq
H
0
cosq
H
sinq
H
0
0 0 1
_
_
;
M
3

_
_
cosd
R
0 sind
R
0 1 0
sind
R
0 cosd
R
_
_
; M
4

_
_
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
:
So we have,
_
_
X
t0
Y
t0
Z
t0
_
_

_
_
X
r
cosq
H
Y
r
sinq
H
cosl
X
r
sinq
H
cosd
R
Y
r
cosq
H
cosd
R
cosl sind
R
sinl
X
r
sinq
H
sind
R
Y
r
cosq
H
sind
R
cosl cosd
R
sinl
_
_
(19)
where d
R
is the tilt angle of the receiver aperture (see Fig. 5).
The coordinates of intersection point between the reection ray
and the receiver aperture plane z
T
0 are derived as follows,
_
_
x
T
y
T
z
T
_
_

_
_
Z
t0
cosa
tr
=cosg
tr
X
t0
Z
t0
cosb
tr
=cosg
tr
Y
t0
0
_
_
(21)
According to the equation (21), the coordinates of intersection
points between all traced rays and the receiver aperture can be
calculated.
4. Validation of the tracking and ray tracing equations
Based on the tracking and ray tracing equations, a new module
for the analysis of the target-aligned heliostats with an asymmetric
surface is developed and incorporated in the code HFLD. A target-
aligned heliostat with a toroidal surface [11] is designed. The
parameters of the target-aligned heliostat are given in Table 1.
According to the locations of the heliostat and the target on the
earth, the range of incident angle q relative to the heliostat center in
a year can be calculated. Assuming the working hours of the
heliostat are fromsolar time 8:00 a.m. through 4:00 p.m. every day,
the range of incident angle q is 0

w35

. The toroidal surface

equation in the form z f(x,y) is given as follows,
z R
s

_
_
R
s

1 1 KC
2
y
2
_
1 KC
_
_
2
x
2

_ (22)
where C 1/R
t
, R
s
and R
t
are curvature radii along the meridian and
sagittal direction, K is the cone factor.
The size and tilt angles of a mirror and the surface shape
parameters including R
s
, R
t
and K can be input into Zemax so that
the optical model of the target-aligned mirror with a toroidal
surface can be easily created (see Fig. 8).
The eld of viewalong the Y direction of the mirror equals to the
incident angle q and the eld of viewalong the X direction equals to
0. The distance between the mirror center and the image plane
equals to the product of the target distance and the cosine of the
incident angle. As the incident angle changes, the corresponding tilt
angles of the toroidal mirror about X, Y and Z axes are inputted in
order to reect light into a dened direction. An optimal toroidal
surface for the target-aligned heliostat is designed by using Zemax.
The parameters of the toroidal surface are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Parameters of the toroidal surface.
Range of incident angle 0

w35

Target distance 36.94 m

Curvature radius along meridian direction (R
t
) 81.40 m
Cone factor (K) 19.32
Curvature radius along sagittal direction (R
s
) 68.00 m
Fig. 8. Optical model of the target-aligned mirror with the toroidal surface in Zemax
software.
Table 1
Parameters of the single heliostat.
Latitude 40.4

Heliostat size 5 m 5 m
Height of the pedestal 2.5 m
Location (x
g
,y
g
) (31.058 m, 0)
Facing angle 180

Tracking method Target-aligned tracking

Target distance 36.94 m
Tilt angle of target plane 30

Y
r
X
r
Z
r
(Z
r1
)
Heliostat
Aperture plane
M
T
Z
r
=S
0
plane
S
0
Sun
Z
T
X
T
Y
T
Y
r1
X
r1
X
g
Y
g
Z
g
G
Fig. 7. Coordinate transformation from reection auxiliary coordinates to target-
coordinates.
cosa
tr
cosa
r
cosq
H
cosb
r
sinq
H
cosl cosg
r
sinq
H
sinl
cosb
tr
cosa
r
sinq
H
cosd
R
cosb
r
cosq
H
cosd
R
cosl sind
R
sinl cosg
r
cosq
H
cosd
R
sinl sind
R
cosl
cosg
tr
cosa
r
sinq
H
sind
R
cosb
r
cosq
H
sind
R
cosl cosd
R
sinl cosg
r
cosq
H
sind
R
sinl cosd
R
cosl
(20)
X. Wei et al. / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 2687e2693 2691
According to the parameters of the heliostat as listed in Table 1
and Table 2, the target-aligned heliostat with the toroidal surface
is modeled and the image of the heliostat is calculated by using
the code HFLD and the software Zemax respectively. The solar
shape is not considered in the calculation. The comparisons of the
results are shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen that the results coincide
with each other very well. Therefore, the correctness of the
tracking and ray tracing equations for the target-aligned heliostat
is proved.
5. Conclusions
In this work, the tracking and ray tracing equations for the
target-aligned heliostat for solar tower power plants are derived
and given explicitly. With the equations, a new module for the
analysis of the target-aligned heliostat with asymmetric surface is
incorporated in the code HFLD. To validate the correctness of the
tracking and ray tracing equations, a target-aligned heliostat with
a toroidal surface is designed and modeled. The image of the target-
Fig. 9. The comparison of image for the target-aligned heliostat 15 with toroidal surface at different times on the vernal equinox, the dimensions shown are in micrometers, where
left image is calculated by the HFLD and right image is calculated by Zemax.
X. Wei et al. / Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 2687e2693 2692
aligned heliostat is calculated by the code HFLD and the software
Zemax respectively. The calculated results coincide with each other
and thus the correctness of the equations is proved.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the nancial support from the
National High Technology Research and Development Program of
China (Grant # 2006AA05010101) and the National Basic Research
Program of China (Grant #.2010CB227101).
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