International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com

Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

Performance Analysis on Dynamic Modeling of

a Grid-Connected Current-Source Inverter-
Based Photovoltaic System
KHAJA AZHARUDDIN1, SHAIK. KHAMURUDDIN2 and DURGAM KUMARA SWAMY3
1
M.Tech, Scholar at Aurora’s Research & Technological Institute,
Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.

2
Associate professor in department of EEE at Aurora Research & Technological Institute,
Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.

3
Associate professor & H.O.D in department of EEE at Aurora’s Research & Technological Institute,
Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract: The Voltage source inverter (VSI) topology is
widely used for grid interfacing of distributed generation
(DG) systems when employed as the power conditioning unit
in photovoltaic (PV) systems VSI normally requires another
power electronic converter stage to step up the voltage by
adding to the cost and complexity of the system which makes
the proliferation of grid-connected PV systems which is a
economically successful business option with respect to
performance and life expectancy of the power electronic
interface that need to be improved. The current-source
inverter (CSI) that offers many advantages over VSI in terms
of inherent boosting and short-circuit protection capabilities
including the direct output current controllability and ac-side
simpler filter structure. The research on CSI-based DG is still
in its development state where the paper focuses on modeling;
controlling and steady-state transient performances of a PV
system based on CSI by performing a comparative
performance evaluation of VSI-based and CSI-based PV
systems under transient and fault conditions with the
analytical expectations are being verified using
MATLAB/Simulink software based on a detailed system
model.
Keywords: Control, current source inverter,
photovoltaic
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent past years the photovoltaic (PV) systems have
been received unprecedented concentration due to the
raise of concerns about adverse effects of extensive use of
fossil fuels on the environment and energy utilization
with security in grid-connected PV systems that are still
outnumbered by the power generation schemes which are
based on oil or natural gas or coal or nuclear or hydro or
wind or any combination of these [1] PV systems capacity
is majorly based on the order of tens of megawatts that
have been installed and interfaced at the grid level in the
primary distribution where the PV system installation at
the secondary distribution level are dominated by rooftop
units with distinct capacities on the order of a few
kilowatts with no significant impact on the existing power
systems.
Due to the growing interest in the usage of solar energy
and adoption of national policies in favor of green energy
where the emphasis is on significant increase in the
number of large size PV plants which shows significant
impact on the existing power grids that are expected as
the two main components of a PV system which
encompasses PV modules and power electronic inverters
where the PV modules contribute to the overall cost of PV
systems in a big way.
A downward trend is clearly identified in the price per
watt of PV modules due to substantial increase in the
production of PV modules in different parts of the world
the price of a PV module was USD per watt and the
current market price is USD per watt where the practice
in PV inverter mainly relies on voltage-source inverter
(VSI) topology that normally requires another stage of
power-electronic conversion for stepping up the voltage of
the PV modules for a large-scale PV inverter which
reduces the cost and improves the robustness and
performance of power-electronic grid interface which can
further facilitate proliferation of PV systems in power
systems.
The current-source inverter (CSI) has the capability of
becoming the most preferred topology for interfacing the
PV system for the ac power grid due to following reasons.
1) The CSI provides a smooth dc-side current which is the
most desirable feature of any PV module.
2) The energy storage element of a CSI has a larger
lifetime than that of a VSI in implementation.
3) The CSI has an inherent voltage boosting capability
that allows the integration of PV panels of lower output
voltages and diminishes the requirements of the step-up
interface transformer.
4) With the evolution of reverse-blocking (RB) in IGBT
switches the series diodes will be eliminated due to which
a justifiable reduction in the cost and conduction losses.
5) The recent advancements in super conductor
technology leads us to the development of
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
systems that can considerably reduce the losses in the
energy storage element of the CSI.

Volume 2, Issue 4 July – August 2013 Page 205

 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

According to the literature survey done by us on the
application of CSI in PV system applications which
shows an ongoing attempt to take the advantage of the
points of strength topology by identifying the weaknesses
and trying to rectify them and yielding the performance
evaluation by interfacing CSI with PV source on the grid
under reduced ac voltage level that is carried out in the
CSI which routs the study that is made of RB-IGBTs.
By emphasizing on the low-voltage fault ride-through
capability which has not made any discussion of how the
CSI will perform when the grid is disconnected during
islanding it uses a small dc-side reactor which would
result in increase of the harmonic contents of the CSI’s
ac-side current where the large dc-side reactor is not
acceptable from the size and cost point of view which can
be overcome by a new control strategy aiming to reduce
the harmonic contents in the output current of a single-
phase utility-interactive PWM CSI-based PV system
which has been proposed.
The method proposed is able to eliminate low-order
harmonics without any feedback control where the results
presented are obtained for a very low-power PV system
where no confirmation has been presented to prove that
the proposed scheme will also work effectively for high-
power applications.
The CSI topology has the consistency problem which is
caused by the resonance factor between the ac-side filter
capacitance and the grid inductance in the process
oscillations are damped actively by producing the
damping current from the filter capacitor voltage.
The closed-loop charge control algorithm implements a
synchronously iterating reference frame to suppress the
natural frequency of oscillation method by the filter where
the CSI topology used is based on the line-commutated
thyristors which is the straightforward method to restrain
the resonance oscillations in a PWM current-source
converter.
The method is based on pulse control and suppresses the
resonance current caused by the CSI’s ac-side low-pass
filter where the advantage of this process is that it does
not need any added feedback loop to hide the oscillations
where the proposed system combines with renewable
energy source where the performance of a single-phase
with the grid-connected CSI is investigated in a CSI is
merged with a boost converter that acts as the wave-
shaper where neither the dynamic performance of the PV
inverter in response to the variations in solar insulation
level nor the behavior of the PV system during fault
conditions is addressed that evaluates the performance of
a three-phase transformer less grid-connected PV system
based on CSI with a new maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) system and PWM control scheme.
The MPPT proposed method tracks the maximum power
by adjusting the modulation factor where the major
drawback of the control method is it does not allow the
PV inverter to operate in standalone mode in some
scenarios where the planned islanding is expected and the
operation of a PV inverter is a requirement.
According to the details gathered in literature survey
specified above In view of the above discussions and in
order to make a quality contribution in the area of power
conditioning systems for PV systems this paper presents
analysis; modeling and design of a three-phase grid-
connected PV system which is based on CSI topology that
proves the technology in ac motor drives the industry but
has not been thoroughly investigated for distributed
generation (DG) interfacing applications.
The proposed system in this paper yields a Dynamic
model of grid connected PV system by using
Matlab/Simulink software with d-and q-axis as
coordinates which synchronously rotates with the grid
voltage to reflect the characteristics of the system
accurately that are based on the accurate modeling system
to analyze the performance of PV systems for different
irradiations with maximum power tracking and finally
fault analysis is carried by creating a LLLG fault in the
distribution network and the ac voltage is being observed
where the ac current and ac power waveforms are
generated at the grid with and without a LLLG fault.
2. STRUCTURE OF THE PV SYSTEM
The diagram of the proposed three-phase with single
stage grid connected PV system along with a CSI as the
power conditioning unit is illustrated in Fig.1where the
PV array is a parallel combination of n p PV modules
while each PV module is a series of combination of ns PV
cells and the dc side inductor Ldc filters out the ripples in
the dc side current and allows its control where as the ac
side of the inverter is interfaced with the primary side of
the transformer Tr through a capacitive filter comprises of
three Y-connected capacitors Cf which are tend to absorb
the switching harmonics and to produce a clean
sinusoidal current at the grid interface by including a
breaker Bpv which is an integral part of the PV system
and is provided to protect the PV system by isolating it
when there is fault on the secondary side of the
transformer Tr and the primary side of the transformer is
delta connected whereas its secondary side is star
connected with a solidly grounded neutral point where the
resistance and inductance of the distribution line which is
represented by Rg and Lg respectively Ps and Qs
respectively represents the active and reactive powers that
are supplied by the PV system to the distribution system
where the breaker is part of the protection system
installed by the utility.
The control structure of the proposed solution for the CSI-
based PV system comprises of an outer current control
loop that is designed to control the dc-side current and an
inner current control loop which is responsible for
controlling the current that is injected into the grid with a
maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is installed to
ensure that the PV array is operating at its maximum
power range.

Volume 2, Issue 4 July – August 2013 Page 206

 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

=- usq + id - igld - ….. (9)

= - iglq - ig2q - uld - ulq - …..

(10)
=- - igld - ig2d - ulq - uld - ….. (11)

Figure 1 proposed three-phase single-stage grid-

connected PV system based on CSI.
The PV array is connected to a distribution network with
a voltage source converter (VSC) to analysis and control
conveniently dq components in d-and-q-axis that are
presented.
2.1 Photovoltaic System Model
A PV arrays consist of series connected cells which are
actually diodes and the equivalent circuit is represented
by a current source parallel to an ideal diode where the
mathematical modeling of PV arrays can be represented
as:
(1)
Where udc is PV arrays voltage where n p and n s are the
number of PV cells that are connected in parallel and in
series respectively Iph is the photocurrent of a single solar
module that is proportional to both illumination and
surface area Irs is the saturation current of diode that is
directly related to temperature k considered to be the
Boltzman constant q is considered to be electric charge
T is operating temperature A is the P-N junction ideal
factor Rs is the series resistance of the single solar module
and Irsh is the current flowing through the shunt resistance
which ignores the power absorbed by the inductance and
the resistance of the VSC interface and the dynamic
equations of the PV system are:
L = - Riq + L id + mq – Vsq - …… (2)
C = ipv - id - in - iq - …..
In the above equation C is the dc-link capacitance id and
iq are the d-and q-axis currents on the converter side usd
and usq are d- and q-axis components of VSC filtered
voltage L and R are resistance and inductance of the md
and mq are control signal of VSC.
2.2 Distribution Network Model
Based on the Figure 1 we can develop the reference model
of the distribution network as follows:
=- ig1q - ig1d + usq - u1q - …..
=- ig1d - ig1q + usd - u1d - …..
In the above equations ig1d and ig1q are the components of
d-and q-axis for the current between the VSC interface
and the load which is represented by ig2d and ig2q with d-
and q-axis components of the current between the load
and the grid where R1 and L1 are denoted for resistance
and inductance between the VSC interface and the load
R2 and L2 are denoted for resistance and inductance
between the load and the grid uld and ulq are denoted for
d-and q-axis components of load voltage N representing
transformer turn out ratio Cf with a filter capacitance Cl
for the power-factor correction capacitance and ω is
denoted for dq-system angular speed.
2.3 Load Model
The load model which is considered in this paper is a
series R-L circuit it is depicted in the following equations:
= ilq - - ilq + ulq ….. (12)
= ild - - ild + uld ….. (13)
In the above equations Rl and Ll are resistance and
inductance of the load ild and ilq are d-and q-axis
components of the load current.
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PV ARRAY
3.1 Current Control
In order to control the grid current or power or frequency
and power factor efficiently it is necessary to transform
the three phase ac signals into proper dq-frame
counterparts and the controllers process dc equivalents
(3)
rather than original sinusoidal varying signals with the
control inputs md and mq.
mq = [ Uq – L id + Usq ] (14)
md = [ Ud – L iq + Usd ] (15)
In order to control the values of md and mq in above
equations 14 & 15 the id and iq rapidly track their
respective reference commands that is using idref and iqref
and then the active and reactive outputs of PV system
which can be controlled by the q-axis current initialized
to 0 that is iq= 0 and Qs = 0 and can be expressed using
(4) the below equations:
(5) Qs = Usdiq (16)

=- ig2q - ig2d + usq - u1q - ….. (6) Ps = Usdid (17)

Power factor = unity = (18)
=- ig2d - ig2q + usd - u1d - ….. (7)
=- usd + iq - iglq - ….. (8)

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Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013
The cell reference temperature is represented by Tref for
obtaining the reverse saturation current i rr where the
band-gap energy of the cell is represented by EG where
the PV current depends on the insolation level and the
cell temperature according to the following equation:
iph =0.01[ iscr + Kv (Tc-Tref)] S. (19)
In the cell short-circuit current iscr at the reference
temperature and radiation Kv a temperature coefficient
and the insolation level in kW/m is represented with S the
overall power delivered by the PV array is calculated by
multiplying both sides of equation (1) by Vpv.
Ppv= n piphvpv – n pirsVpv (20)
By substituting the iph value in the above two equations 19
& 20 Ppv becomes:
Ppv =0.01 n p[ iscr + Kv (Tc-Tref)] SVpv - np irsVpv
. (21)
Based on above equation (21) it is observed that the
power generated by the PV array is a function of
insolation level at any given temperature since the
inverter used in the PV system in the proposed system is
of current-source type where the power-versus-current
characteristic of the PV array has to be examined as
shown in figure 3 that specifies the power versus current
characteristic of the PV array based on the parameters at
the isolation levels of 0.25 and 1kW/m2 using the Ppv that
can be used to maximize the control of ipv which is based
on the MPPT strategy.
Figure 2 Block diagram of CSI AC side current control
system.
The active and reactive powers that are delivered by the
CSI can be adjusted by controlling isd and isq which is
shown in above figure 2 that represents the block diagram
of the CSI ac-side current controller which can be
expressed as:
Kd(s) = Kq(s) = Kp + (22)
Figure 3 P-I Characteristics of a PV array.
Volume 2, Issue 4 July – August 2013
ISSN 2278-6856
The dc-link based current controller is designed on the
basis of the below mentioned equation:
0.5 Ldc ≈ Ppv – 1.5 Vsdisdref. (23)
Figure 4 Closed loop control structure of DC current
Based on the above equation the product of and makes the
system nonlinear that mitigates the impact of nonlinearity
represented in figure 4 can be derived in the equation:
isdref = ui + η (24)
3.2 Voltage Control
The main goal of voltage control is to make dc-link
voltage that tracks the voltage which corresponds to the
maximum power point where c is represented for
capacitance and the dc link can be represented as ic that
can be given as:
ic = ipv – id (24)
udc = (25)
udc = (26)
Adding the time constant T which is taken as 0.5ms on
both the sides of the equation for implementing the
laplace transformation the equation generated is:
udc (s) = [ipv(s) – id(s)] (27)
id (s) = Gi(s)idref(s) = idref(s) (28)
idref (s) = Gu(s)[udref(s) - udc(s) (29)
In the above equation Gu(s) represents proportional
integral compensator = Kp + (K1/s) where Kp and K1 are
the proportion coefficient and integral coefficient
3.3 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
A dq frame which is rotating at angular speed at a steady
state where the ac variables are sinusoidal functions of the
grid frequency when the -frame angular speed is adjusted
to the level of grid frequency ω0 the transformed
quantities become time-invariant which is achieved by
means of a PLL whose block diagram is shown in below
figure 5 where the input to the PLL block is the sinusoidal
varying voltage and the output is the angle for abc-dq and
dq-abc transformations б and the voltage Vs is resolved
into its d and q axis components based on :
F=(fd + jfq) ejб (29)'
In the below figure 3 the voltage vsq is regulated to zero
using a PI controller H(s) at the q axis component of the
voltage to zero which makes the active and reactive
powers Ps and Qs to be independent of voltage Vsq using:
Ps = 1.5 . Vsdisd. (30)
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Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013
Figure 5 Block diagram of PLL.
4. MATLAB-BASED SIMULATION AND RESULTS
4.1 Simulation of PV System
In the below figure 7 the PV array consists of six PV
modules that are connected in series altogether by
generating 133V dc voltage where the module can be
implemented as voltage input type PV module or Current
input type PV module where in this paper we
implemented the Current input type PV module in
simulink for single PV module which is shown in below
figure 6.
Figure 6 Single PV Module implemented in Simulink
Figure 7 PV array implemented in simulink
Volume 2, Issue 4 July – August 2013
ISSN 2278-6856
Figure 8 characteristics of PV array (I-V)
Figure 9 characteristics of PV array (P-V)
The I-V Characteristics and P-V Characteristics of PV
array are yielded when the solar irradiation level is
1000W / m2 are shown in figure 8 and figure 9
respectively and the PV array generated voltage changes
when solar irradiation level changes as shown in below
figure 10 in which the PV array generated voltage
changes when solar irradiation level changes from
500W/m2 to 1000W/m2.
Figure 10 change in voltage due to irradiation increase
4.2 Simulation of Grid-Connected PV system and
Fault Analysis
The simulation results of grid-connected PV system
contain various simulation blocks of PV array with the
voltage source inverter with a filter circuit in a
distribution network along with the MPPT and phase
locked-loop (PLL) where the PV array generates a voltage
of 122V dc for a solar irradiance of 1000W/m2, it is
observed from figure 11 as the dc voltage is converted
into ac voltage by a voltage source inverter that is
controlled by space vector pulse width modulation where
the voltage is step up to 622V(max) i.e. 440V(rms) by a
step up transformer as shown in figure 12 as the ac
voltage is injected into utility grid the voltage; current
and power wave forms at grid without a fault in the
distribution network are shown in figure 12 figure 13 and
figure 14 respectively.
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Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013
Figure 11 Voltage waveform at DC side of VSC
Figure 12 Voltage wave form without fault at grid
Figure 13 Current wave forms without fault at grid
Figure 14 Output power by PV systems without fault at
grid.
4.3 Fault Analysis
A symmetrical fault is created that is three phase to
ground on the grid side for the purpose of fault analysis
on the grid connected PV system where there exists three
phase faults which are considered to be majour fault on
the power system in the below diagram which is a
simulation of grid-connected PV system with a LLLG
fault is shown in figure 15 in which the LLLG fault
occurs in the distribution network that is connected
between VSI and grid.
The waveforms of voltage and current at grid during the
fault are shown in figure 16 & figure 17respectively
where the voltage waveform does not alter to the fault
because of the grid maintained at a constant voltage as
the fault which is <.06seconds and is maintained at 60A
and when a fault is initialized at 0.06 seconds the current
raises to 225A and finally the current settles to its normal
value of 60A after the fault period of 80msec.
Figure 15 Simulation Diagram of the Grid Connected PV
System with LLLG Fault.
Volume 2, Issue 4 July – August 2013
ISSN 2278-6856
Figure 16 Three phase fault for three phase grid voltage
Figure 17 Three phase fault for three phase grid current
Figure 18 Three phase current with circuit breaker on
Grid
Figure 19 output power supplied by PV system with
circuit breaker on Grid
While supplying the power by a PV system to grid under
normal operating conditions and injects high currents
during fault that cannot sustained by the grid hence the
circuit breaker is placed before grid which enables the PV
system that is incorporated under safe mode and takes
care of itself under contingent situation in case of LLLG
fault.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper we proposed a system which is based on the
grid connected PV system using MATLAB software
where the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and
fault analysis are studied thoroughly where the control
consists of a current control strategy that permits dc-link
voltage regulation and enables power factor control and a
voltage control strategy which significantly decouples
dynamics of the PV system from those of the distribution
network and loads and renders the PV system protected
against the external faults and the other one is voltage
control strategy which is capable of achieving the
maximum power point tracking and maximization of the
real power output of the PV system.
MATLAB/SIMULINK software allows us to model the
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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 4, July – August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system which is useful
to understand and master the performance of PV systems
by optimizing the design and lowering the costs by
shortening the development cycles as well as to improve
the systems reliability and efficiency.
pursuing his PH.D and working as Associate Professor &
H.O.D, in department of EEE at Aurora’s Research &
Technological Institute, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,
India. And he is having total teaching experience of 17
years and his area of interest is in power electronics and
high voltage engineering.

References
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[2] S. Oh, M. Sunwoo, “Variable structure PWM
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[3] J. P. Benner and L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics gaining
greater visibility,” IEEE Spectr., vol. 36, no. 9, pp.
34–42, Sep. 1999.
[4] Trends in Photovoltaic Application, Survey Report of
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[5] S.K. Chung, “A phase tracking system for three phase
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[6] P.Vas, Vector Control of AC Machines. Oxford, U.K.:
Oxford Univ.Press, 1990.

AUTHOR

KHAJA AZHARUDDIN has completed his

B.tech degree in Electrical & Electronics Eng
in 2010 from JNTUH University, A.P and
presently he is pursuing her M.Tech degree in
HVE at Aurora’s Research & Technological Institute,
Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SHAIK KHAMURUDDIN has completed his

M.TECH degree in 2009 and his B.Tech
Degree in Electrical & Electronics Eng in 2006
from JNTUH university, A.P, India and
presently he is working as Associate Professor in
department of EEE at Aurora’s Research &
Technological Institute, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,
India. His interests are in the areas of power system,
power electronics and controls.

DURGAM KUMARA SWAMY has completed

his M.Tech degree from JNTU Kakinada,
B.Tech from V. R. Siddaratha Engineering
College Vijayawada and presently he is

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