FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

EAS3802 SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY SEMESTER 2, 2012/2013 LECTURER: PROF. IR. DR. HARIJONO DJOJODIHARDJO

ASSIGNMENT 2 CARNOT CYCLE

NAME: CHAN TENG YAN MATRIC NO.: 157388

1. Find Carnot cycle efficiency

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is given by

where

2. Carnot cycle diagram

Process 1: Isothermal expansion at high temperature. As the gas expands, it does work. Expansion sends the temperature down and to keep the same temperature, the gas absorbs heat from its surroundings. Process 2: Adiabatic expansion. As the gas expands, it does work and sends the temperature down. Because it's adiabatic, no heat is absorbed or ejected. Process 3: Isothermal compression at low temperature. As the gas contracts, work is done on the gas and sends the temperature up. To keep the same temperature, the gas ejects heat into its surroundings.

Process 4: Adiabatic compression. As the gas contracts, work is done on the gas and sends the temperature up. Because it's adiabatic, no heat is absorbed or ejected. . 3. Define the temperature involved. Pick one real example and elaborate Carnot cycle is applied in cylinder piston engine (reciprocating engine). In the beginning, the system is at temperature Thot at state a. The cylinder head is brought in contact with a heat reservoir which is a constant temperature source. Then, the gas is allowed to expand slowly, doing work on the surroundings. As a result, the system then undergoes an isothermal expansion from a to b, with heat absorbed but keeps the same temperature. At state b, the cylinder head is removed from contact with the heat reservoir and then let expand to c. During this expansion the temperature decreases to lowest temperature Tcold (temperature of cold reservoir). The heat exchanged during this part of the cycle is zero. At state c, the cylinder head is brought in contact with a heat reservoir at temperature Tcold. It is then compressed to state d, rejecting heat in the process. Finally, the system is compressed adiabatically back to the initial state a. The heat exchange is zero. To increase the efficiency of Carnot heat engine, the temperature of hot reservoir Thot should be increased while the temperature of cold reservoir Tcold should be decreased. The thermal efficiency of actual heat engines can be maximized by supplying heat to the engine at the highest possible temperature and rejecting heat from the engine at the lowest possible. 4. What is the significant of Carnot cycle? Carnot cycle is significant at its reversibility. No heat engine can have a higher efficiency than a reversible heat engine operating between the same high-and-low temperature reservoirs. The Carnot heat engine is the most efficient of all heat engines operating between the same high-and-low temperature reservoirs. Carnot cycles efficiency is determined by the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs between which it works and by the properties of the working substance used.

REFERENCES 1. Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles. (2001). Thermodynamics: An. Engineering Approach, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.