Worked example Direct Stress, Strain E and G Direct stress acts along the axis of a component (eg a bar

r or plate) Direct stress = Force applied / Area resisting the force = F / A Direct strain = Change in length / Original length Modulus of Elasticity = Direct stress / Direct strain

Units for stress are N/m2 or Pa or MN/m2 or MPa Strain has no units. Units for E are GN/m2 or Gpa SI unit for force = N SI unit for length = m Example 1: A rectangular bar has section dimensions of 50mm by 30mm and is subjected to a 60kN direct tensile force. Convert the dimensions from mm to m and kN to N: 50mm = 0.050m 30mm = 0.030m 60kN = 60000 N Cross sectional area = (0.050)(0.030) = 0.0015m2 Direct stress = F/A = 60000/0.0015 = 40,000,000 N/m2 = 40 x 106N/m2 = 40 MN/m2 = 40 MPa

If the bar is 1.6m long and extends by 0.0002m due to this force then the strain is, Direct strain = Change in length / Original length Direct strain = 0.0002/1.6 = 0.000125 So, the modulus of elasticity (E) for this material is, Modulus of Elasticity = Direct stress / Direct strain = 40x106 / 0.000125 = 320 x 109 N/m2

Example 2: A round solid bar has a radius of 30mm and a length of 2000mm, find the direct stress and direct strain if the bar reduces by 0.001mm for an axial compressive force of 25kN. 30mm = 0.030m 25kN = 25000N Cross sectional area for the bar = (pi)(R2) = 3.14(0.0302) = 0.002826m2 Direct stress = F/A = 25000/0.002826 = 8.85x106 N/m2 = 8.85MPa Direct strain = Change in length / Original length = 0.001mm/2000mm = 0.5x10-6

Example 3: A round tube has an external radius of 30mm, an internal radius of 20mm and a length of 2000mm, find the direct stress for an axial compressive force of 25kN. 30mm = 0.030m 20mm = 0.020m 25kN = 25000N External cross sectional area for the tube = (pi)(R2) = 3.14(0.0302) = 0.002826m2 Internal cross sectional area for the tube = (pi)(R2) = 3.14(0.0202) = 0.001256m2

Cross sectional area of the ring that supports the force

= 0.002826 0.001256 = 0.001570m2

Direct stress = F/A = 25000/0.001570 = 15.92x106 N/m2 = 15.92MPa Direct strain = Change in length / Original length = 0.001mm/2000mm = 0.5x10-6

Example 4: A round pin fits tightly into a hole and supports a shear force at the junction between pin and hole. If the pin radius is 6mm and the shear force is 12kN, calculate the shear stress. 6mm = 0.006m Cross sectional area for the pin = (pi)(R2) = 3.14(0.0062) = 0.000113m2 Shear stress = Force applied / Area resisting the shear force = F / A Shear stress = F/A = 12000/0.000113 = 106x106 N/m2 = 106MPa If the shear strain = 0.003 Calculate the shear modulus (G), Shear modulus (G) = Shear stress / Shear strain = 106x106 / 0.003 = 35.4x109N/m2 = 35.4 Gpa -----------------------------------------------<>---------------------------------------------------