ALLOY STEEL

4140 Chromium-Molybdenum Steel

Oil-hardening chromium-molybdenum steel has good strength and wear resistance, excellent toughness and ductility with the ability to resist stress and creep at prolonged high temperatures (up to 1000 F). Also available in leaded grades that have greatly improved machinability, but should not be used in applications over 400 F. Elevated temperatures cause lower ductility in leaded grades. Applications: Drill collars, high temperature bolts, sprockets, kelly bars, reamer bodies, rotary table shafting, oil well tool joints, spindles, stay bolts, tractor axles, tractor arms, axle shafts, valves, bolts, subs, couplings, trailer axles, winch shafts, piston rods, rams, hydraulic machinery shafts, precision lead screws, chain links, zinc die-casting dies. Analysis: C - .38/.43 Max. Mn - .75/1.00 P - .035 Max. S - .04 Max. Si - .15/.35 Cr - .80/1.10 Mo - .15/.25 Mechanical Properties: Annealed Tensile Strength (psi) 140,000 Yield Point (psi) 90,000 Elongation (% in 2) 20 Reduction of Area (%) 45 Brinell Hardness 285 Weldability: Difficult but can be welded by any of the common welding processes providing section is preheated and stress relieved after welding. Grade of welding rod used depends on welding conditions such as thickness of section, design, service requirements, etc. When welding leaded material, adequate ventilation should be provided to prevent accumulation of fumes. Forging: Excellent forge stock due to self-scaling characteristics. Forge at 2100 F - 2200 F.

ccording to the World Steel Association, there are over 3,500 different grades of steel, encompassing unique physical, chemical and environmental properties. In essence, steel is composed of iron and carbon, although it is the amount of carbon, as well as the level of impurities and additional alloying elements that determines the properties of each steel grade. The carbon content in steel can range from 0.1-1.5%, but the most widely used grades of steel contain only 0.1-0.25% carbon. Elements such as manganese, phosphorus and sulphur are found in all grades of steel, but, whereas manganese provides beneficial effects, phosphorus and sulphur are deleterious to steel's strength and durability. Different types of steel are produced according to the properties required for their application, and various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these properties. According to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steels can be broadly categorized into four groups based on their chemical compositions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Stainless Steels Tool Steels

1) Carbon Steels: Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon content:

Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels contain up to 0.3% carbon Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3 0.6% carbon High Carbon Steels contain more than 0.6% carbon

2) Alloy Steels: Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel's properties, such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility. Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and electric motors. 3) Stainless Steels: Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their crystalline structure:

Austenitic: Austenitic steels are non-magnetic and non heat-treatable, and generally contain 18% chromium, 8% nickel and less than 0.8% carbon. Austenitic steels form the

largest portion of the global stainless steel market and are often used in food processing equipment, kitchen utensils and piping. Ferritic: Ferritic steels contain trace amounts of nickel, 12-17% chromium, less than 0.1% carbon, along with other alloying elements, such as molybdenum, aluminum or titanium. These magnetic steels cannot be hardened with heat treatment, but can be strengthened by cold works. Martensitic: Martensitic steels contain 11-17% chromium, less than 0.4% nickel and up to 1.2% carbon. These magnetic and heat-treatable steels are used in knives, cutting tools, as well as dental and surgical equipment.

4) Tool Steels: Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment. Steel products can also be divided by their shapes and related applications:

Long/Tubular Products include bars and rods, rails, wires, angles, pipes, and shapes and sections. These products are commonly used in the automotive and construction sectors. Flat Products include plates, sheets, coils and strips. These materials are mainly used in automotive parts, appliances, packaging, shipbuilding, and construction. Other Products include valves, fittings, and flanges and are mainly used as piping materials.

Sources: World Steel Association. Website: http://worldsteel.org Street, Arthur & Alexander, W.O. 1944. Metals in the Service of Man. 11th Edition (1998). Efunda.com. General Properties of Steels. Website: www.efunda.com The American Iron & Steel Institute. www.steel.org

tainless Steel and Alloy Specs Sheet

Material Basic Description/Applications Composition % Commercially pure wrought nickel. Good mechanical UNS N02200 properties. 99.0/100.0 ASTM B-725, B-730, B- Excellent resistance to Ni 160 many corrosives. 0.00/0.15 C Used in food processing, caustic handling, aerospace components. UNS/SPEC # Commercially pure wrought nickel with low carbon to prevent embrittlement at temperatures over 600F. UNS N02201 99.0/100.0 Softer than Alloy 200, ASTM B-725, B-730, BNi suitable for cold forming. 160 0.00/0.20 C Excellent resistance to many corrosives. Used in food processing, caustic handling, aerospace components. Forms

ALLOY 200

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATE

ALLOY 201

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATE

ALLOY 400

High strength and toughness over wide temperature range. PIPE Excellent resistance to TUBE reducing corrosive UNS N04400 FITTINGS environments. 63.0/70.0 Ni ASTM B-725, B-730, BFLANGES Good weldability. 30.0/37.0 Cu 164 BAR Used in heat exchangers, SHEET food processing, PLATE petroleum refinery and chemical processing industry applications. UNS N06600 ASTM B-516, B-517, B166 ASME SB-516, SB-517, SB-166 Resistant to oxidizing and reducing environments. For severe corrosion environments at elevated temperatures. PIPE 72.0 Min Ni TUBE 14.0/17.0 Cr FITTINGS 6.0/10.0 Fe FLANGES 0.15 Max C BAR SHEET

ALLOY 600

 Steam generators, food processing, chemical processing, electronic components. High strength and toughness from cryogenic temperatures to 1800F UNS N06625 (1000C). ASTM B-704, B-705, B- Good oxidation 443, B-446 resistance, exceptional fatigue strength. Good resistance to many corrosives. Strong and resistant to oxidation and carburization. UNS N08800 Resists sulfidation, ASTM B-514, B-515, Binternal oxidation, scaling 409 and corrosion. ASME SB-514, SB-515, Used in heat exchangers, SB-409 process piping, steam generators, heating element cladding. Resists pitting and intergranular corrosion. Excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of environments and applications. Applications include nuclear industry, chemical processing, hydroflouric acid production, pollution control systems.

PLATE

ALLOY 625

PIPE 58.0 Min Ni TUBE 20.0/23.0 Cr FITTINGS 8.0/10.0 Mo FLANGES 3.15/4.15 BAR Cb+Ta SHEET PLATE

ALLOY 800

30.0/35.0 Ni 19.0/23.0 Cr 0.15/0.6 Al 0.15/0.6 Ti 0.10 Max C Bal Fe

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATE

ALLOY 825

UNS N08825 ASTM B-704, B-705

38.0/46.0 Ni 19.5/23.5 Cr 2.5/3.5 Mo 1.5/3.0 Cu 0.6/1.2 Ti 0.2 Max Al Bal Fe

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATE

ALLOY C276

Outstanding corrosion resistance in a reducing and oxidizing UNS N10276 environments. ASTM B-626, B-619, B- Excellent resistance to 574 pitting and stressASME SB-626, SB-619, corrosion cracking. SB-574 Maintains corrosion resistance in welded joints. Applications in chemical

15.0/17.0 Mo 14.5/16.5 Cr 4.0/7.0 Fe 3.0/4.5 W 0.00/0.02 Max C Bal Ni

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATE

processing, pollution control, pulp and paper and other severe environments/conditions. Superior resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in boiling 20 to 40% sulfuric acid. Excellent general corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid. Excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion UNS N08020 cracking. ASTM B-464, B-468, B Excellent mechanical 474, B-473, B-463 properties and ASME SB-464, SB-468, fabricability. SB-474, SB-473, SB-463 Minimal carbide precipitation during welding. Used in chemical industries, food and dye production, heat exchangers, SO2 scrubbers and other severe environments. Resistant to corrosion in a wide range of both oxidizing and reducing environments. May be subject to chloride stress corrosion cracking at higher temperatures. Resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion, as well as general corrosion in reducing acids. Piping systems, pollution control equipment, heat exchangers, bleaching systems.

ALLOY 20

32.5/35.0 Ni 19.0/21.0 Cr 2.0/3.0 Mo 3.0/4.0 Cu 1.0 Max Cb 0.06 Max C Bal Fe

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATE

ALLOY 904L

UNS N08904 ASTM B-674, B-673 ASME SB-464, SB-674, SB-673

23.0/28.0 Ni 19.0/23.0 Cr PIPE 4.0/5.0 Mo FITTINGS 1.0/2.0 Cu FLANGES 0.02 Max C Bal Fe

ALLOY 304

UNS S30400 An austenitic chromium- 18.0/20.0 Cr PIPE ASTM A-249, A-269, A- nickel stainless steel. 8.0/11.0 Ni TUBE

270, A-312, A-358, A409, A-479, A-240 ASME SA-249, SA-269, SA-270, SA-312, SA358, SA-409, SA-479, SA-240

Non-hardenable except by cold working. Non-magnetic except when cold worked. General purpose corrosion resistance. Food and beverage industries, chemical processing, petrochemical. May be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Hydraulic lines, heat exchangers, feedwater heaters, U-bent and straight condenser tubes.

0.08 Max C Bal Fe

FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHAPES SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 304L

An austenitic chromiumnickel stainless steel adaptable for brazing or welding, where short-time exposure to high temperatures is encountered. UNS S30403 Non-hardenable except ASTM A-249, A-269, Aby cold working. 270, A-312, A-358, A May be susceptible to 409, A-479, A-240 chloride stress corrosion ASME SA-249, SA-269, cracking. SA-270, SA-312, SA General purpose 358, SA-409, SA-479, corrosion resistance. SA-240 Used where field welding is employed. Applications include sanitary, dairy, food processing, evaporators, heat exchangers, feedwater heaters. UNS S31600 ASTM A-249, A-269, A270, A-312, A-358, A409, A-479, A-240 ASME SA-249, SA-269, SA-270, SA-312, SA358, SA-409, SA-479, An austenitic chromiumnickel stainless steel with improved corrosion and heat resistance. May be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking.

PIPE TUBE 18.0/20.0 Cr FITTINGS 8.0/13.0 Ni FLANGES 0.035 Max C BAR Bal Fe SHAPES SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 316

PIPE 16.0/18.0 Cr TUBE 10.0/14.0 Ni FITTINGS 2.0/3.0 Mo FLANGES 0.08 Max C BAR Bal Fe SHAPES SHEET

SA-240

Non-hardenable, nonmagnetic in the annealed condition and slightly magnetic when cold worked. Improved corrosion resistance to chlorides. Application in chemical process, rubber, plastics, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical and textile industries, heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators.

PLATES

ALLOY 316L

An austenitic chromiumnickel stainless steel with improved corrosion/heat resistance, adaptable for welding, brazing and where other short-time, high temperature conditions are encountered. UNS S31603 May be susceptible to ASTM A-249, A-269, A- chloride stress corrosion 270, A-312, A-358, Acracking. 409, A-479, A-240 Non-hardenable, nonASME SA-249, SA-269, magnetic in the annealed SA-270, SA-312, SAcondition and slightly 358, SA-409, SA-479, magnetic when cold SA-240 worked. Improved corrosion resistance to chlorides. Application in nuclear, chemical, rubber, plastics, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical and textile industries Heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators. UNS S31700 ASTM A-249, A-269, A312, A-409, A-479, A240 ASME SA-249, SA-269, An austenitic chromiumnickel molybdenum steel with improved chloride pitting resistance over Type 316.

PIPE TUBE 16.0/18.0 Cr FITTINGS 10.0/14.0 Ni FLANGES 2.0/3.0 Mo BAR 0.035 Max C SHAPES Bal Fe SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 317

18.0/20.0 Cr 11.0/14.0 Ni 3.0/4.0 Mo 0.08 Max C Bal Fe

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR

SA-312, SA-409, SA479, SA-240

May be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Non-hardenable, nonmagnetic in the annealed condition and slightly magnetic when cold worked. Used in chemical, petroleum, pulp and paper industries, heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators.

SHAPES SHEET PLATE

ALLOY 317L

An austenitic chromiumnickel molybdenum steel with improved chloride pitting resistance over UNS S31703 Type 316. ASTM A-249, A-312, A May be susceptible to 479, A-240 chloride stress corrosion ASME SA-249, SA-312, cracking. SA-479, SA-240 Used for brazing or welding, and other shorttime exposure to high temperatures. Titanium stabilized 18-8 stainless steel. Improved intergranular corrosion resistance. Excellent for high temperature service in UNS S32100 carbide precipitation ASTM A-240, A-249, A- range. 269, A-479, A-312, A Excellent weldability in 358, A-409 field. ASME SA-240, SA-249, May be susceptible to SA-269, SA-479, SAchloride stress corrosion 312, SA-358, SA-409 cracking. Used for exhaust manifolds, expansion joints, high temperature chemical process heat exchanger tubes, recuperator tubes. UNS S32109 High Carbon Type 321

PIPE TUBE 18.0/20.0 Cr FITTINGS 11.0/14.0 Ni FLANGES 3.0/4.0 Mo BAR 0.035 Max C SHAPES Bal Fe SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 321

PIPE 17.0/20.0 Cr TUBE 9.0/13.0 Ni FITTINGS 0.08 Max C FLANGES 5XC Min Ti BAR 0.60 Max Ti SHAPES Bal Fe SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 321H

17.0/20.0 Cr PIPE

ASTM A-249, A-240, A312, A-479 ASME SA-249, SA-312, SA-479, SA-240

for better high temperature creep properties and to meet requirements of ASME Section VII, Table UHA21, Footnote 8. Corrosion resistance same as Type 321. May be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Good weldability in field. Used in applications where temperatures exceed 1000F.

9.0/13.0 Ni 0.04/0.10 C 4 x C Min Ti 0.60 Max Ti Bal Fe

TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHAPES SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 309S

Superior heat resisting austenitic stainless steel. Good for continuous exposure to 2000F and intermittent service to 1800F. Slightly better corrosion resistance than Type 304 stainless steel. May be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion UNS S30908 cracking. ASTM A-249, A-312, A Better temperature creep 479, A-358, A-409, Astrength then the 18-8 554, A-240 austenitic stainless steels. ASME SA-249, SA-312, Resistant to corrosive SA-358, SA-409, SAaction of high sulfur flue 479, SA-240 gases providing they are oxidizing, but poor in reducing gases like H2S. Used for heat exchanger tubes in refineries, petrochemical, heat recuperators, pulp and paper mills, gas carburizing and bright annealing/hardening service. UNS S31008

PIPE TUBE 22.0/24.0 Cr FITTINGS 12.0/15.0 Ni FLANGES 0.08 Max C BAR Bal Fe SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 310S

Austenitic stainless steel 24.0/26.0 Cr PIPE

AMS 5577 ASTM A-240, A-249, A312, A-358, A-409, A479, A-554 ASME SA-240, SA-249, SA-312, SA-358, SA409, SA-479

with excellent high 19.0/22.0 Ni temperature oxidation 0.08 Max C resistance. Bal Fe Good for continuous exposure to 2100F and intermittent service to 1900F. Better elevated temperature creep strength then the 18-8 grades. Good resistance to both carburizing and reducing environments. General corrosion resistance better than Types 304 and 309. May be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Used for heat exchanger and heat recuperator tubing, molten salt applications, sulfur bearing gas atmospheres. Excellent high temperature properties. Resistant to oxidizing and carburizing atmospheres. Heat exchangers, thermocouple tubes, aircraft engine components. Good strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Resists oxidizing mineral acids and most organic acids, in addition to reducing acids and chloride environments. Potential applications include production/collection

TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 60I

UNS N06001 ASME Code Case 1500

60.5 Ni 23.0 Cr 14.0 Fe 1.4 Al

PIPE TUBE FITTINGS FLANGES BAR SHEET PLATES

ALLOY 2205

UNS S31803 ASTM A-789, A-790 ASME SA-789, A-790

21.0/23.0 Cr 4.5/6.5 Ni PIPE 2.5/3.5 Mo FITTINGS 0.030 Max C FLANGES 0.08/0.20 N Bal Fe

tubing/piping for oil/gas production, condensers and reboilers for oil refining/petrochemical industries; feedwater heaters and heat exchangers for power and chemical industries.