Enviromental Microbiology Chapter 1 A. Figure 1.

1 Mikrobiology lingkungan menghubungkan dengan beberapa bidang microbiologi Consequently, Thesubjects covered intraditional text on microbiial ecology. because environmental microbes can affect so many aspects of life and are easily transported between environments, the field of environmentalmicrobiology interfaces with a number of different subspecialties, including soil, aquatic, and aeromicrobiology, as well as bioremediation, water quality, occupational health and interfection control, food safety and industrial microbiology B. Tabel 1.1 baru baru ini ditemukan mikroba yang memiliki dampak signifikan pada kesehatan manusia Water quality contunues to be a major focus in environmental microbiology because new waterborne pathogens are discovered all to frequently. For example, in 1993 more than 400.000 people bacame ill and more than 100 died in milwaukee, wisconsin, during a waterborne outbreak caused by the protozoan parasite List many of the important pathogens that have emergen in the past 30 years. Even more waoorysome, recent studies suggest that 10 to 50% of diarrhea associated illness is caused by waterborne microbial agents we have yet to identify C. Table 1.2 Common organic and inorganic contaminants found in the environment and the potential for cleanup using bioremediation Chemical pollutants in soil and groundwater have profound effect on human population, in terms of both potential diseases that the in take of these chemicals can cause, and the economic impact of cleaning up contaminated environments. Shows a partial list of the chemical contaminants that are routinely found in soil and groundwater D. Table 1.3 Scope of environmental microbiology Modern environmental microbiology is more than the study of pathogens and bioremediation. Shows the different areas that constitute this field. Problems addressed by environmental microbiologists include the discovery and identification of new microbes and microbial products that may have practical application for protection of the environment, protection of human health, and commercial application. Example include : microbial enzymes for use in detergent, food processing, and biotechnology E. Table 1.4 Role of intoduced microorganisms in environmental microbiology An additional area of study for environmental microbiologists is the domain of introduced organisms. At times, microbes are deliberatelyu introduced into the

environment for a multitude of purpose Many of these are related to enhanced croop production or improved remediation of contaminated sites. Bab II A. Table 2.1 Scope and diversity of microbes found in environmental microbiology In environmental microbiology, we categorize microbes as prokaryotes or eukaryotes, both of which clearly affect human health and welfare and are essential for maintanig life as we know it The smallest organisms are the bacteria, which are prokaryotic. Larger and more complex or organisms include the eucaryotic fungi, algae and protozoa. Viruses are unique in that day consist solely of nucleic acids and proteins and are not technically viable living organisms B. Figure 2.2 the role of bacteriophage in the microbial food web viruses have been implicated as significant participants in the microbial food web. observed initial increases in phage populations that correlated with fluctuations in the microbial community brought on by spring diatom bloom Phage become active members of microbial food web by lysing bacterial cells that otherwise might be available for predation by heterotrophic flagellates It is suggest not only that viruses are involved in the parasitism of bacterial populations, but also that they infect a variety of primary producers such as diatoms, cryptophytes, prasinophytetes, and chroococcoid cyanobacteria. The question remains, however, what factors control phage populations ? the answer may be in the microbial food web, where phage are removed by aggregation and adsorption to nonhost particles C. Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of the surface interactions of viruses. Change accumulation at the surface of the virus (stern layer), in addition to change accumulation in the bulk solution (Gouy layer) and hydrophobic group, all contribute to attractive forces of viruses The Ph at which this shift occurs is known as the isoelectric point. Being negatively charged in neutral solutions, such as most natural waters, viruses repel surface of similiar charge but tend to adsorb ions in the aqucous solution to form what is known as an electrical double layer, or stern layer. Beyond the stern layer, other counter ions that are held farther away, but in the vicinity of the charged particle, create a diffuse layer called the gouy layer the distance the diffuse layersecond layer extends into the bulk solution determines the forces and distence over which particles repel each other. the interactions of the surface of a virus particle with the surrounding environment are important in issues of environmental transport and population exposure

A schematic representation of transmission routes of viral infection in humans with some examples. Direct transmission can include aerosols, sexual contact or fecal oral contact. The sexually transmitted viruses, human immunodeficiency (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), may also be transmitted by other processes during which blood is exchanged. Figure 2.5 Some viruses that are transmitted by fecal oral contact may also be releases into the environment, where contact with contaminated water is a source of infection. Cross-species virus transmission can occur from rodents, from monkey, or from domestic animals infected by wild animals. There is evidence of some transmission between humans for these infections, but the extent of this inter person transmission is limited. Viruses can be transmitted between humans or between animals and humans via vectors such as arthropods. Finally there is vertical transmission of virus that occurs between a mother and fetus Figure 2.6