Stability Analysis of a Slope with a Soft Band

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19 Stability Analysis of a Slope with a Soft Band

19.1 Problem Statement This example application illustrates the ability of FLAC to perform a stability analysis for a slope containing a thin band of soft (weak) material that extends through the slope and diminishes at the toe. Figure 19.1 shows the geometry of the slope with the thin band soil 2. This problem geometry is reported by Cheng et al. (2007) to be similar to conditions that have caused highway slope failures in Hong Kong. The critical failure surface is considered to be controlled by the soft band.
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Figure 19.1 Slope with a soft band (soil 2) The problem dimensions and material properties are taken from an example problem (stability analysis of a slope with a soft band) reported in Cheng et al. (2007). The band thickness throughout most of the slope is 0.5 m. Two material property types were investigated by Cheng et al. for the soft band: (1) soil with a cohesion of zero and friction angle of 25 , and (2) soil with a cohesion of 10.0 kPa and friction angle of zero. Table 19.1 lists the properties for the slope materials; the rst property type is named soil 2 in the table and the second type is named soil 2a.

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Table 19.1 Soil properties* Soil Property Density Elastic mopdulus (MPa) Poissons ratio Cohesion (kPa) Friction angle (degrees) (kg/m3 ) soil 1 1900 14.0 0.3 20.0 35.0 soil 2 1900 14.0 0.3 0 25.0 soil 2a 1900 14.0 0.3 10.0 0.0 soil 3 1900 14.0 0.3 10.0 35.0

* from Cheng et al. (2007) Three stability analysis cases are analyzed with FLAC: Case A stability analysis for a slope with soil 1, soil 2 and soil 3, as shown in Figure 19.1. Case B stability analysis for a slope with soil 1, soil 2a and soil 3 (soil 2a replaces soil 2 in Figure 19.1). Case C stability analysis for a slope with soil 1, soil 2 and soil 3 (with soil 3 material in the soft band and soil 2 material in the base). . Cheng et al. (2007) performed limit-equilibrium (LE) analyses, based upon the Morgenstern-Price method, to determine the factor of safety for these three cases. For Case A they report a safety factor of 0.927, for Case B they report a factor of 1.03, and for Case C a factor of 1.29. It is noted that in these LE analyses, the effect of tensile failure of the soils is neglected. 19.2 Modeling Procedure The FLAC analysis of a slope with a soft band is developed for direct comparison to the LE analyses reported by Cheng et al. (2007). There are different ways in which the FLAC model can be generated for this problem geometry. For example, it is possible to represent the soft band by an interface and neglect the thickness of the band in the stability analysis. Alternatively, the soft band can be simulated by FLAC zones. In this example, zones are created to represent the soft band for comparison to the analysis presented by Cheng et al. (2007).

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19.2.1 Model Generation The proximity of the band to the slope surface and the thinning of the band at the toe of the slope can cause a problem with mesh generation. Very thin triangular zones should be avoided because these zones may adversely affect the solution accuracy. Quadralateral-shaped zones provide a better accuracy, but can be more difcult to generate within this model geometry. The virtual-grid tool in FLAC-GIIC greatly facilitates mesh generation in this case. The procedure is illustrated by Figures 19.2 and 19.3. Mesh generation is performed in two steps. First the model is divided into separate quadrilateral and triangular shapes, as shown in Figure 19.2. Then, the triangular shapes are sub-divided into quadrilateral shapes, as shown in Figure 19.3.

Figure 19.2 Divide model geometry into separate regions of quadrilateral and triangular shapes

Figure 19.3 Sub-divide the triangular shapes into quadrilaterals

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The step-by-step procedure to perform this mesh generstion in the virtual-grid tool is illustrated in Figures 19.4 through 19.20 and is described below.* We begin by generating a simple rectangular box that bounds the region of the slope, as shown in Figure 19.4. We then create vertical and horizontal splits within the box, as shown in Figure 19.5; the splits will be used to dene the slope surface. The upper left block dened by the splits is deleted, and points are moved to locate the slope surface. Note that two points are positioned near the toe of the slope, at x=5, y=5.0 and x=5, y=5.5, as shown in Figure 19.6. This is done to avoid creating triangular zones along the slope, as demonstrated below. An additional point is added along the slope at x=20, y=15 (using the Change edge types block mode) to dene the slope crest, as shown in Figure 19.7. Additonal splits are now made within the slope in order to dene the location of the soft band in the slope (Figure 19.8). One block in the slope region is deleted, as shown in Figure 19.9, and two boundary points of the blocks along the slope are merged, as shown in Figure 19.10. (Note that the dialog asking if you want to merge points will only appear if you are using the virtual-grid advanced tools.) A Bad Grids indicator will appear at this point. This will be corrected when we relocate other points to dene the soft band location. We can now move boundary points of the blocks within the slope region to locate the position of the soft band, as shown in Figures 19.11 and 19.12. We also move the location of the points along the left and right boundary to dene the soft band loaction, as shown in Figure 19.13. We repeat these steps to locate the soft band at the base of the slope. We add an additional vertical split, as shown in Figure 19.14, and delete the left block at the base of the slope, as shown in Figure 19.15. We merge the left corner points of the two blocks at the base, as shown in Figure 19.16, and then move the points to dene the location of the soft band, as shown in Figure 19.17. We can now mark the boundaries that delineate the three soil types, by using the Mark boundaries tool in the Boundaries edit stage, as shown in Figure 19.18. Also in this stage, we assign the boundary conditions, using the Automatic boundary cond.? tool, as shown in Figure 19.19. Finally, we prescribe the zoning for the model, with ner zoning in the slope region near the base. We use the Zone size (manual) tool and adjust the zoning within the separate blocks to produce the mesh shown in Figure 19.20. We now save this virtual grid before creating the actual FLAC model. By pressing the Export to file button, shown in the lower right corner of Figure 19.20, we create the virtual-grid le band.grd. This virtual grid is now available to restore later if we wish to make further modications. The nal FLAC mesh is shown in Figure 19.21, and a close-up view of the mesh near the slope surface is shown in Figure 19.22. The effect of the location of the right boundary on model results is evaluated by creating two additional models; one model has a width of 12m and the other has a width of 48m. These models were created by rst importing the virtual grid band.grd and then moving the right boundary to x=12 (for the 12m wide model) or to x=48 (for the 48m wide model) and readjusting the mesh. The resulting grid for the 12m wide model is shown in Figure 19.23, and for the 48m model in Figure 19.24. * This mesh generation procedure requires the use of advanced tools for editing a virtual grid. Be sure that the Show Advanced Virtual Tools? box is checked in the File/Preference Settings menu before beginning this mesh generation.

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Figure 19.4 Create a rectangular box, x-coordinate extent from 0.0 to 28.0 and y-coordinate extent from 0.0 to 15.0

Figure 19.5 Create vertical splits at x=5.0 and x=8, and horizontal split at y=5.0

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Figure 19.6 Delete the upper left block and move boundary points to dene the slope surface at coordinates (5,5.5) and (8,8)

Figure 19.7 Change the edge type along the slope and add one boundary point to locate the crest of the slope at coordinate (20,15)

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Figure 19.8 Add additional splits (three horizontal and one vertical) within the slope region

Figure 19.9 Delete one block along the slope

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Figure 19.10 Move the point at (6.5,5.875) to (6.67,6.52) and merge the boundary points of the two blocks along the slope at (6.75,6.75)

Figure 19.11 Move the points to dene the soft band at x=8.0: (8,7.75), (8,7.5), (8,7.3) and (8,7.1) and x=6.5: (6.5,6.25), (6.5,6.025) and (6.5,5.8)

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Figure 19.12 Move the points to dene the soft band at the slope toe at x=5.0: (5,4.75) and (5,4.5)

Figure 19.13 Move the points at the left boundary to (0,4.75) and (0,4.5), and at the right boundary to (28,12.5), (28,10), (28,9.75) and (28,9.5)

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Figure 19.14 Add a vertical split at the slope base, x=2.5

Figure 19.15 Delete the block at the slope base

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Figure 19.16 Merge the boundary points of the two blocks along the slope base at coordinate (2.5,5) and move corner at (2.5,4.75) to (3.5,4.825)

Figure 19.17 Move point at (0,4.5) to (0,5) and point at (2.5,4.5) to (2.5,4.75)

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Figure 19.18 Mark the boundaries to dene the three soil layers in the edit stage

Boundaries

Figure 19.19 Assign the boundary conditions in the

Boundaries

edit stage

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Figure 19.20 Create the mesh in the

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Figure 19.21 28m wide model

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Figure 19.22 28m wide model close-up view of slope

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LEGEND 11-Nov-08 13:30 step 0 -9.302E-01 <x< 1.293E+01 -1.733E+00 <y< 1.213E+01 Grid plot 0 2E 0
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Figure 19.23 12m wide model

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LEGEND 11-Nov-08 13:31 step 0 -2.667E+00 <x< 5.067E+01 -1.917E+01 <y< 3.417E+01 Grid plot 0 1E 1
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Figure 19.24 48m wide model

19.2.2 Material Assignment The different soil materials and properties, as listed in Table 19.1, can either be assigned by using the Mat tool in the virtual-grid mode, or by using the Material / Assign tool in the FLAC-GIIC mode. The four soil materials can be created directly for assignment to the model zones, or the materials can be created and stored in the Database . Figure 19.25 displays the Dene Material dialog with material properties set for the soil 1 material. Note that the tensile strength of all of the soils is set to a high value to prevent tensile failure, for comparison to the LE solutions.

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Figure 19.25 Dene Material dialog with soil 1 material properties

19.2.3 Simulations The FLAC simulations to calculate the factor of safety for Cases A, B and C and evaluate the inuence of the different model sizes are run in the project le BAND.PRJ. This project le contains 18 factor-of-safety calculations. The three model sizes (12m, 28m and 48m widths) are run for each of the three cases. Also, both an associated ow rule and non-associated ow rule analysis are run for each case and model size. The data le listing, BAND A 48m.DAT, for two of the calculations, Case A with a 48m wide model and non-associated and associated ow rule analyses, is given in Section 19.5.

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19.3 Results and Discussion The factor-of-safety results for the 18 simulations are summarized in Table 19.2. Selected factorof-safety results are presented in Figures 19.26 through 19.32. The inuence of the location of the right boundary is shown to be insignicant for the Case A simulations. Figures 19.26 though 19.28 illustrate shear strain contour plots which identify the location of the failure surface. The failure surface is shown to be conned to the soft band near the toe of the slope for Case A, and is essentially unaffected by the boundary location. For Cases B and C, however, the location of the right boundary does affect the results. Figure 19.29 plots shear contours and velocity vectors at failure for Case B with the 12m wide model, and shows that the failure surface intersects the right boundary. When the boundary is moved to 48m, the failure surface is conned within the model region, as shown in Figure 19.30. The Case B factor of safety is higher for the 12m model, and reduces to a relatively constant value for the 28m and 48m models. For the Case C simulations, the interference of the right boundary with the failure surface in the 12m wide model produces a lower factor of safety (see Figure 19.31) that increases to a relatively constant value for the 28m and 48m models (see Figure 19.32). Table 19.2 Factor of Safety non-associated ow rule Case A 12m width 28m width 48m width Case B 12m width 28m width 48m width Case C 12m width 28m width 48m width (LE FoS = 0.927*) 0.86 0.85 0.85 (LE FoS = 1.03*) 1.86 1.03 1.05 (LE FoS = 1.29*) 1.25 1.32 1.33 0.95 0.95 0.96 1.89 1.03 1.06 1.31 1.35 1.36 associated ow rule

* from Cheng et al. (2007)

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LEGEND 11-Nov-08 15:42 step 27402 -9.302E-01 <x< 1.293E+01 -1.733E+00 <y< 1.213E+01 Factor of Safety 0.86 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 2.50E-07 5.00E-07 7.50E-07 1.00E-06 1.25E-06 Contour interval= 2.50E-07 Extrap. by averaging
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Figure 19.26 Factor-of-safety results Case A (12m width - non-ass. ow)

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Figure 19.27 Factor-of-safety results Case A (28m width - non-ass. ow)

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JOB TITLE : .

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LEGEND 11-Nov-08 15:41 step 42174 -2.667E+00 <x< 5.067E+01 -1.917E+01 <y< 3.417E+01 Factor of Safety 0.85 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 5.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.50E-07 2.00E-07 2.50E-07 3.00E-07 Contour interval= 5.00E-08 Extrap. by averaging

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Figure 19.28 Factor-of-safety results Case A (48m width - non-ass. ow)

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LEGEND 13-Nov-08 13:50 step 27402 -9.302E-01 <x< 1.293E+01 -1.733E+00 <y< 1.213E+01 Factor of Safety 1.86 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 1.00E-08 2.00E-08 3.00E-08 4.00E-08 5.00E-08 6.00E-08 7.00E-08 8.00E-08 Contour interval= 1.00E-08 Extrap. by averaging Velocity vectors max vector = 2.866E-08
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Figure 19.29 Factor-of-safety results Case B (12m width - non-ass. ow)

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LEGEND 11-Nov-08 15:05 step 42174 -2.667E+00 <x< 5.067E+01 -1.917E+01 <y< 3.417E+01 Factor of Safety 1.05 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 2.50E-08 5.00E-08 7.50E-08 1.00E-07 1.25E-07 1.50E-07 1.75E-07 Contour interval= 2.50E-08 Extrap. by averaging Velocity vectors max vector = 5.618E-08 0 1E -7

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Figure 19.30 Factor-of-safety results Case B (48m width - non-ass. ow)

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LEGEND 13-Nov-08 14:13 step 27402 -9.302E-01 <x< 1.293E+01 -1.733E+00 <y< 1.213E+01 Factor of Safety 1.25 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 2.50E-08 5.00E-08 7.50E-08 1.00E-07 1.25E-07 1.50E-07 1.75E-07 Contour interval= 2.50E-08 Extrap. by averaging Velocity vectors max vector = 1.992E-07 0 5E -7

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Figure 19.31 Factor-of-safety results Case C (12m width - non-ass. ow)

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JOB TITLE : .

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LEGEND 11-Nov-08 15:06 step 35145 -2.667E+00 <x< 5.067E+01 -1.917E+01 <y< 3.417E+01 Factor of Safety 1.33 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 5.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.50E-06 2.00E-06 2.50E-06 3.00E-06 3.50E-06 Contour interval= 5.00E-07 Extrap. by averaging Velocity vectors max vector = 4.022E-06 0 1E -5

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Figure 19.32 Factor-of-safety results Case C (48m width - non-ass. ow) The factor-of-safety results from FLAC compare quite closely to the LE results reported by Cheng et al (2007). The LE factors of safety are within 5% of the FLAC results for the 48m wide model assuming associated plastic ow. For further discussion on the comparison of the limit equilibirum method to bound theorem limits see Section 1.5.1 in the FLAC/Slope Users Guide. The factor-of-safety results assuming associated plastic ow are slightly higher than the results assuming non-associated ow. The latter results may be considered more realistic because the assumed dilation for associated ow in this example is typically not representative of most geologic materials. It should also be noted that neglecting tensile failure in the factor-of-safety calculation may not be warranted for the given problem considitions. For example, there is a signicant tensile stress region along the face of the slope for Case A properties. Figure 19.33 shows the tensile stress region and stress state at failure for Case A. If a zero tensile strength is specied for the materials, a much lower factor of safety is calculated, as show in Figure 19.34.

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Figure 19.33 Stress state and tensile stress region at failure Case A (28m width - non-ass. ow)

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LEGEND 14-Nov-08 8:38 step 12696 5.351E-01 <x< 1.121E+01 1.455E+00 <y< 1.213E+01 Factor of Safety 0.48 Max. shear strain-rate 0.00E+00 5.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.50E-05 2.00E-05 2.50E-05 Contour interval= 5.00E-06 Extrap. by averaging Velocity vectors max vector = 3.367E-06 0 1E -5
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Figure 19.34 Factor-of-safety results Case A (28 m width - non-ass. ow and zero tensile strength)

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19.4 Reference Cheng, Y.M., T. Lansivaara and W.B. Wei Two-dimensional slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium and strength reduction methods, in Computers and Geotechnics, 34, 137-150, 2007.

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19.5 Data File BAND A 48m.DAT

;Project Record Tree export ;Title:Slope with a soft band ;... STATE: BAND A3 1 .... ; Source: Simple grid ; Grid file: band48.grd config grid 63,28 gen 0.0,0.0 0.0,5.0 2.5,4.75 2.5,0.0 ratio 0.8000001,1.0 i=1,5 j=1,13 gen 2.5,0.0 2.5,4.75 5.0,4.5 5.0,0.0 i=5,14 j=1,13 gen 5.0,0.0 5.0,4.5 6.5,5.8 6.5,0.0 i=14,20 j=1,13 gen 6.5,0.0 6.5,5.8 8.0,7.1 8.0,0.0 i=20,28 j=1,13 gen 8.0,0.0 8.0,7.1 48.0,12.0 48.0,0.0 i=28,64 j=1,13 gen 2.5,4.75 3.5049877,4.832317 5.0,4.75 5.0,4.5 i=5,14 j=13,16 gen 5.0,4.5 5.0,4.75 6.5,6.025 6.5,5.8 i=14,20 j=13,16 gen 0.0,5.0 2.0,5.0 3.5049877,4.832317 2.5,4.75 ratio 0.8000001,1.0 i=1,5 & j=13,16 gen 3.5049877,4.832317 2.0,5.0 5.0,5.0 5.0,4.75 ratio 1.0,1.2499 i=5,14 & j=16,20 gen 5.0,4.75 5.0,5.0 6.5,6.25 6.5,6.025 ratio 1.0,1.2499999 i=14,20 j=16,20 gen 5.0,5.0 6.75,6.75 6.67,6.52 6.5,6.25 i=14,20 j=20,23 gen 6.5,5.8 6.5,6.025 8.0,7.3 8.0,7.1 i=20,28 j=13,16 gen 6.5,6.025 6.5,6.25 8.0,7.5 8.0,7.3 ratio 1.0,1.2499999 i=20,28 j=16,20 gen 6.5,6.25 6.67,6.52 8.0,7.75 8.0,7.5 i=20,28 j=20,23 gen 6.67,6.52 6.75,6.75 8.0,8.0 8.0,7.75 i=20,28 j=23,29 gen 8.0,7.1 8.0,7.3 48.0,12.25 48.0,12.0 i=28,64 j=13,16 gen 8.0,7.3 8.0,7.5 48.0,12.5 48.0,12.25 ratio 1.0,1.2499999 i=28,64 & j=16,20 gen 8.0,7.5 8.0,7.75 48.0,12.75 48.0,12.5 i=28,64 j=20,23 gen 8.0,7.75 8.0,8.0 48.0,15.0 48.0,12.75 i=28,64 j=23,29 ; Define nonlinear edges and interpolate subgrids gen row 29,29 9.005161 8.586344 10.010323 9.1726885 11.015484 9.759033 & 12.020645 10.345377 13.025806 10.931721 14.030968 11.5180645 15.03613 & 12.104409 16.04129 12.690753 17.046452 13.277098 18.051613 13.863441 & 19.056776 14.449785 20.071705 14.999999 21.235382 15.0 22.399063 15.0 & 23.56274 15.0 24.726421 15.0 25.890099 15.0 27.053778 15.0 28.217 15.0 & 29.381138 15.000001 30.544815 15.0 31.708494 15.0 32.872177 15.0 34.035 & 15.0 35.19953 15.0 36.36321 15.0 37.52689 15.0 38.690567 15.0 39.854248 & 15.0 41.01793 15.0 42.181606 15.0 43.345284 15.0 44.508965 15.0 45.67264 & 15.0 46.83632 15.0 gen bilinear i=28,64 j=23,29 model elastic i=1,4 j=1,12 model elastic i=5,13 j=1,12 model elastic i=14,19 j=1,12

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Stability Analysis of a Slope with a Soft Band

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model elastic i=20,27 j=1,12 model elastic i=28,63 j=1,12 model elastic i=5,13 j=13,15 model elastic i=14,19 j=13,15 model elastic i=1,4 j=13,15 model elastic i=5,13 j=16,19 model elastic i=14,19 j=16,19 model elastic i=14,19 j=20,22 model elastic i=20,27 j=13,15 model elastic i=20,27 j=16,19 model elastic i=20,27 j=20,22 model elastic i=20,27 j=23,28 model elastic i=28,63 j=13,15 model elastic i=28,63 j=16,19 model elastic i=28,63 j=20,22 model elastic i=28,63 j=23,28 ; Attach grids attach aside from 1,16 to 5,16 bside from 5,20 to 5,16 attach aside from 14,23 to 20,23 bside from 20,29 to 20,23 ; Define edge marks mark i=1,5 j=13 mark i=5,14 j=13 mark i=14,20 j=13 mark i=20,28 j=13 mark i=28,64 j=13 mark i=14,20 j=20 mark i=20,28 j=20 mark i=28,64 j=20 ; Fixed boundary conditions fix x i=1 j=1,13 fix x y i=1,5 j=1 fix x y i=5,14 j=1 fix x y i=14,20 j=1 fix x y i=20,28 j=1 fix x i=64 j=1,13 fix x y i=28,64 j=1 fix x i=64 j=13,16 fix x i=64 j=16,20 fix x i=64 j=20,23 fix x i=64 j=23,29 save band A3 1.sav ;... STATE: BANDA3 2 .... group slope:soil 1 region 58 28 model mohr group slope:soil 1 prop density=1900.0 bulk=1.16667E7 shear=5.38462E6 cohesion=20000.0 &

FLAC Version 6.0

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Example Applications

friction=35.0 dilation=0.0 tension=1.0E10 group slope:soil 1 group slope:soil 2 region 61 17 model mohr group slope:soil 2 prop density=1900.0 bulk=1.16667E7 shear=5.38462E6 cohesion=0.0 & friction=25.0 dilation=0.0 tension=0.0 group slope:soil 2 group slope:soil 3 region 50 5 model mohr group slope:soil 3 prop density=1900.0 bulk=1.16667E7 shear=5.38462E6 cohesion=10000.0 & friction=35.0 dilation=0.0 tension=1.0E10 group slope:soil 3 set gravity=9.81 save bandA3 2.sav ;*** BRANCH: NON-ASS **** ;... STATE: CASEA 3 .... ; This state should NOT be changed. solve fos no restore file=CaseA 3.fsv save CaseA 3.fsv ;*** BRANCH: ASS **** restore bandA3 2.sav ;... STATE: CASEA 3ASS .... ; This state should NOT be changed. solve fos no restore associated file=CaseA 3ass.fsv save CaseA 3ass.fsv ;*** plot commands *** ;plot name: fos plot hold fos ssr fill velocity ;plot name: stress plot hold stress bound velocity

FLAC Version 6.0