COMPANY

PROFILE
Universal Cables Limited (UCL) was established in the
year 1962 as a modern mass production unit for the
manufacture of paper insulated power cables in
technical collaboration with the world's largest cable
producer BICC, UK. Late Shri. M. P. Birla, who had
adorned the chair of the company from the day of its
inception for over 25 years enabled the company to
flourish in a highly competitive world, while
distinguishing itself by the latest technological tie ups
with the foremost leaders in the world of this industry
and the most up-to-date technology.
special applications such as Flamuni range FRLS
Cable, 1.1kv XLPE Cable, etc.
In 1983, UCL embarked on a joint venture with
MPAVN for manufacture of Jelly Filled Telephone
Cable in technical collaboration with one of the world's
leading manufacturers of Telephone Cable, M/s
Ericsson Cable AB of Sweden. This unit is named M/s.
VINDHYA TELELINKS LIMITED and is situated at
Rewa, only 50 KM away from the Power Cable Plant at
Satna.
Since 1985, M/s. ASEA BROWN BOVERI CABLE AB,
SWEDEN is further assisting this company in
manufacture of Fluoro-plastic Cables, specifically for
very high temperature operation and high frequency
signalling circuitry.

Universal Cables Limited entered into a collaboration

agreement with M/s. ASEA BROWN BOVERI CABLE
AB of Sweden in the year 1977 for the manufacture of
Crosslinked Polythene Power Cable for the first time in
the country. The Company is the foremost
manufacturer of XLPE Cable with modern dry cured In 1993, UCL & VTL jointly entered into the field of
dry cooled process for voltage range extending from optical communication by way of manufacturing
1.1 kv to Extra High Voltage. Optical Fibre Cables in technical and financial
collaboration with M/s Ericsson Cables AB of Sweden
Under the collaboration agreement of M/s ASEA
under the name M/s BIRLA ERICSSON OPTICAL
BROWN BOVERI CABLE AB, Sweden, UCL brought
LIMITED (BEOL).
in complete know how of compounding of Polymer and
produced complete range of dielectrics presently used UCL also exports its products to various countries of
in all special cables. the world, which has earned much recognition for its
export efforts.
UCL emphasizes on in-house Research &
Development. R & D programme is mainly directed to M/s. Universal Cables Limited is a vibrant progressive
applied research for product development, process company, a leader in its field of activities, serving the
development and technological upgradation. R & D aspiration of the nation in the field of Power
Laboratory of UCL is a recognized unit of Department Development.
of Scientific and Industrial Research of Govt. of India.
This Laboratory has developed many new Cables for
1.0 INTRODUCTION: 2.7 Conductive outer layer:
A conductive outer layer facilitates testing of the non-
After a decade of satisfactory experience in the
metallic outer sheath. This test is important to ensure
manufacture of high voltage XLPE cables and
the physical integrity of the cable from time to time, be
intensive R&D, Unistar XLPE cables range now
it at the factory, after transportation, directly after
includes Extra High Voltage XLPE cables. They are
laying upon completion of the installation, or
suited to withstand a service voltage range from 66 KV
periodically thereafter.
upto and including 145 KV.
The construction details of three designs of EHV XLPE
This marks a quantum jump both in respect of cables are shown in figure 1 to 3:
manufacturing technology and quality assurance
techniques. This development has been possible
because of very active all round support from our
technical collaborator ASEA BROWN BOVERI
CABLES AB, of Sweden-acknowledged world leaders
in development and manufacture of Extra High Voltage
XLPE cables. The manufacturing plant and testing
laboratories of the company have been upgraded with
large capital investment to adopt the technology.
'Unistar' EHV XLPE cables are designed for bulk trans-
mission of electrical energy with minimum transmission Fig. 1 Copper Wire screen, standard design:
losses for an effective service life of 50 years or more.
2.0 CABLE DESIGN:
2.1 Conductor:
Conductor is made of stranded copper or aluminium
having high compactness and smooth surface finish.

2.2 Conductor Shield:

This is applied over the conductor with a semi-
conducting compound which not only eliminates the
risk of electrical discharge at the interface between
conductor and insulation but also presents a very Fig. 2 Copper Wire screen, water tight design:
smooth protrusion free interface with the insulation to (i) Radial water sealing is achieved by a corrosion
eliminate any localised stress concentration. resistant metal polyethylene laminate.

2.3 Insulation: (ii) Longitudinal water sealing is achieved by a water

Insulation is composed of a special super-clean grade swellable tape applied over the copper wire.
of crosslinkable polythene and applied over the
conductor screen to the desired thickness in a void
free manner.

2.4 Core Screen:

A semi-conducting layer similar to conductor screen is
applied over the insulation for similar purpose and this
is followed by a semi-conducting non-woven water
barrier tape when required. Over this tape metallic part
of the screen is applied in the form of spiral wrapping
of copper wires. When the cable is installed in water- Fig. 3 Lead sheath screen:
logged area or underwater, metallic part of the screen
is often impervious metal sheath in place of copper (i) Radial water sealing is achieved by a corrosion
wires. resistant-lead sheath.
(ii) Longitudinal water sealing is achieved by a water
2.5 Outer sheath for unarmoured cables: swellable tape applied under sheath.
This is composed of ST-2 grade PVC to IS: 5831/84/
IEC-840 or black polythene with PE/AL moisture
barrier tape depending upon the installation condition. 3.0 CONSTRUCTION:
Construction details of Unistar EHVXLPE cables are
2.6 Armoured Cables: given in tables 1 to 3.
If required by installation conditions, further protection
of on-ferrous metal wire armouring and extruded PVC
sheath may be applied.
4.0 TECHNICAL PARAMETERS:
Technical parameters of Unistar EHV XLPE cables are
given in tables 4 to 8.
5.0 PROCESSING:
Unistar EHV XLPE cables are processed in a modern
triple extrusion manufacturing line with 'ASEA' dry cure
and dry cooling arrangement. The material handling
system is completely mechanised and the plant is air-
pressurised with clean air to avoid any contamination.
The processing parameters are determined by
computer programming and the entire line of
processing is controlled, from a central control console
with the help of closed circuit TV.
Fig. 4 Catenary continuous vulcanizing extrusion line.
6.0 TESTING & QUALITY ASSURANCE:
Unistar EHV XLPE cables are tested to IEC 840, SS
4241417 and IS - 7098 (III) for routine and type tests.
Besides this EHV XLPE cable samples are subjected
to long term evaluation testing programme and
accelerating ageing for verifying the compliance to the
expected designed life.
The Quality Control of EHV XLPE cables during
manufacture is very critical and expert supervision is
required for raw material testing, in process checks
and also for final
Fig. 5. The products are supported by qualified
research and development.
testing. A specially trained quality assurance team
works round the clock for maintenance of the quality at
an optimum level.
The Quality of Unistar EHV XLPE cable also has been
verified by independent testing at Central Power
Research Institute, Bangalore.
7.0 INSTALLATION & ACCESSORIES:
Service Engineers of the company have been specially
trained for installation of EHV XLPE cables together
with suitable accessories and they provide all
assistance to the customers for this purpose.
Accessories for indoor and outdoor termination and
also for straight through joint, are being supplied by
KABELDON AB of Sweden - a subsidiary company of
our collaborator ABB Cables AB. Details of
accessories and their installation instructions are
available on request.
The Company also accepts complete turn-key jobs for
the supply installation, testing and commissioning of
EHV XLPE Cables.
Fig. 6. Outdoor termination.
Fig. 7. We can help you to install a maintenance-free
cable network.
8.0 TECHNICAL SERVICE:
A team of trained service Engineers will be happy to
assist the customers for selection of EHVXLPE cables
of the right design and accessories needed for the
intended application. They will also provide all
necessary after-sales service.
 TABLE-1
SINGLE CORE CABLES – 66 KV
Area Approx. Insulation Screen Area Outer Approx. Approx Wt/KM
Conductor Thickness Sheath Overall With Al. With Cu.
Diameter (sq. mm) Thickness Diameter Conductor Conductor
(sq. mm.) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (Kg)

185 16.2 12.0 35 2.5 53.0 2450 3500

240 18.6 12.0 35 2.6 56.0 2750 4100
300 20.6 12.0 35 2.7 58.0 3000 4700
400 23.6 12.0 35 2.8 61.0 3450 5650
500 26.7 12.0 35 2.9 65.0 3900 6600
630 30.2 12.0 35 3.0 69.0 4450 8000
800 35.0 12.0 35 3.1 76.0 5400 --
1000 38.5 12.0 35 3.2 79.0 6100 --

TABLE-2
SINGLE CORE CABLES – 110 KV
Area Approx. Insulation Screen Area Outer Approx. Approx Wt/KM
Conductor Thickness Sheath Overall With Al. With Cu.
Diameter (sq. mm) Thickness Diameter Conductor Conductor
(sq. mm.) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (Kg)

400 23.6 17.5 95 3.2 75.0 5050 7200

500 26.7 17.0 95 3.3 78.0 5400 8150
630 30.2 16.5 95 3.4 80.0 5950 9500
800 35.0 16.0 95 3.4 86.0 6900 --
1000 38.5 16.0 95 3.6 90.0 7650 --

TABLE-3
SINGLE CORE CABLES – 132 KV
Area Approx. Insulation Screen Area Outer Approx. Approx Wt/KM
Conductor Thickness Sheath Overall With Al. With Cu.
Diameter (sq. mm) Thickness Diameter Conductor Conductor
(sq. mm.) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (Kg)

400 23.6 21.0 95 3.5 80.0 5800 7950

500 26.7 20.0 95 3.5 84.0 6100 8800
630 30.2 20.0 95 3.6 87.0 6750 10300
800 35.0 19.0 95 3.6 95.0 7600 --
1000 38.5 19.0 95 3.8 98.0 8400 --

TABLE-4
CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE
Cross Section Maximum D. C. Resistance at 20ºC (Ohm/KM)
(Sq. mm) Aluminium Copper

165 0.164 0.0991

240 0.125 0.0754
300 0.100 0.0601
400 0.0778 0.0470
500 0.0605 0.0366
630 0.0469 0.0283
800 0.0367 0.0221
1000 0.0291 0.0176
 TABLE-5
APPROXIMATE CAPACITANCE (uF/KM)
Area Rated Voltage of the Cable
(Sq. mm) 66 KV 110 KV 132 KV
185 0.16 - -
240 0.18 - -
300 0.19 - -
400 0.21 0.16 0.15
500 0.23 0.18 0.16
630 0.25 0.20 0.18
800 0.28 0.23 0.20
1000 0.30 0.24 0.21

TABLE-6
APPROXIMATE INDUCTANCE FOR SINGLE CORE CABLES
LAID IN TREFOIL FORMATION (mH/KM)
Area Rated Voltage of the Cable
(Sq. mm) 66 KV 110 KV 132 KV
185 0.42 - -
240 0.40 - -
300 0.39 - -
400 0.38 0.41 0.43
500 0.36 0.40 0.41
630 0.35 0.38 0.40
800 0.34 0.37 0.38
1000 0.33 0.36 0.37

TABLE-7
APPROXIMATE DIELECTRIC LOSSES, WATT/KM/PHASE, AT RATED VOLTAGE
Area Rated Voltage of the Cable
(Sq. mm) 66 KV 110 KV 132 KV
185 73 - -
240 82 - -
300 86 - -
400 95 203 272
500 104 228 290
630 113 253 326
800 127 291 363
1000 136 304 381

TABLE-8
APPROXIMATE CHARGING CURRENT, AMPS/KM, AT RATED VOLTAGE
Area Rated Voltage of the Cable
(Sq. mm) 66 KV 110 KV 132 KV
185 1.9 - -
240 2.1 - -
300 2.3 - -
400 2.5 3.2 3.6
500 2.7 3.6 3.8
630 3.0 4.0 4.3
800 3.3 4.6 4.8
1000 3.6 4.8 5.0
SCREEN BONDING METHODS
BOTH-ENDS BONDING
Both-ends bonding of screens, means that the screens
are connected and earthed at both ends of the cable
route. In this case a current will appear in the screen.
This will cause losses in the screen, which reduces the
cable current-carrying capacity. These losses are
smaller for cables in trefoil formation than in flat
formation.
SINGLE-POINT BONDING
Single-point bonding of screens, means that the
screens are connected and earthed only at one end of
the cable route. In this case, a voltage will be induced
between screen and earth, but no current will appear.
This induced voltage is proportional to the cable length
and current. Single-point bonding can only be used for
limited route lengths.
CROSS-BONDING
Cross-bonding of screens, means that the screens
belonging to adjoining cables are connected as in the
figure.
In this case, a voltage will be induced between screen
and earth, but no current will appear. The maximum
induced voltage will appear at the link boxes for cross-
bonding, see figure. This method permits a cable
current-carrying capacity as high as with single-point
bonding but longer route lengths than the latter. It
requires screen separation and additional link boxes,
though.
CURRENT RATING
The cables should at least have a cross section
adequate to meet the system requirements for power
transmission capacity. The evaluation of the overall
cost of a cable system should include the capitalized
cost of losses, both on load and no load losses. Since
the cost of losses is normally evaluated based on the
marginal cost of energy and installed power, overall
optimization may often lead to using larger cable cross
sections than the minimum ones meeting current
carrying requirements.
On load losses are basically the ohmic losses in the
conductor and the metallic screen. The XLPE cables
can be loaded continuously to a conductor temp, of
90°C. However, to keep a safety margin, or to keep the
losses lower, or to avoid possible thermal instability
due to drying out the surrounding soil, it may be
advantageous to limit the operating temp, to, say,
65°C.
No load losses are basically the dielectric losses. Here
it is the choice of dielectric material that counts,
especially for application at 100 KV or more. Thanks to
its small loss angle, XLPE presents much lower
dielectric losses than paper or rubber as cable
insulation material.
The continuous current ratings given in tables 9 to 12
are calculated according to IEC Publ. 287 on the
following conditions.
Ground temp. : 30°C
Ambient air temp. : 40°C
Depth of laying (L) :1.0Mtr.
Distance between cable axes
laid in flat formation (S) : 70 mm + De
Thermal resistivity of soil : 150 °C cm/Watt.
 TABLE-9
CURRENT RATING FOR 66 KV CABLES WITH ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR

Cross
Cables in Ground Cables in Air
Section
Flat Formation Trefoil Formation Flat Formation Trefoil Formation
Cond- Screen
uctor SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends
Sq. Sq.
mm mm. 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC
185 35 235 300 220 280 225 285 225 285 305 410 295 395 290 395 290 395
240 35 275 350 250 320 260 330 260 330 360 485 335 460 340 460 340 460
300 35 310 395 280 360 295 375 290 370 415 555 385 525 390 525 390 525
400 35 355 450 310 400 335 430 330 420 480 645 440 610 455 620 450 610
500 35 405 515 345 445 385 490 380 485 555 755 505 695 525 715 520 710
630 35 460 590 380 490 440 560 430 545 650 880 575 795 610 830 600 820
800 35 525 665 415 545 495 630 485 615 745 1010 650 905 700 950 685 935
1000 35 590 745 445 585 545 700 530 685 850 1160 720 1010 785 1075 770 1055

TABLE-10
CURRENT RATING FOR 66 KV CABLES WITH COPPER CONDUCTOR
Cross
Cables in Ground Cables in Air
Section
Cond- Flat Formation Trefoil Formation Flat Formation Trefoil Formation
Screen
uctor SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends
Sq. Sq.
65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC
mm mm.
165 35 305 385 275 350 290 370 290 365 390 525 365 500 375 505 370 505
240 35 350 445 305 395 335 425 335 420 455 620 420 580 435 595 430 590
300 35 395 505 335 435 375 480 370 475 525 715 475 655 500 680 495 670
400 35 450 575 370 480 425 540 420 535 610 820 535 740 575 780 565 770
500 35 515 650 405 525 485 615 475 605 710 960 610 845 660 905 650 890
630 35 580 740 435 570 545 595 530 675 815 1110 685 950 755 1035 735 1015

TABLE-11
CURRENT RATING FOR 110 KV & 132 KV CABLES WITH ALUMINIUN CONDUCTOR
Cross
Cables in Ground Cables in Air
Section
Cond- Flat Formation Trefoil Formation Flat Formation Trefoil Formation
Screen
uctor SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends
Sq. Sq.
65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC
mm mm.
400 95 350 445 275 360 335 420 325 415 480 645 425 580 450 610 440 600
500 95 400 510 300 390 380 485 365 470 555 750 475 650 525 705 510 690
630 95 455 580 320 420 430 550 415 525 645 875 530 735 605 815 580 795
800 95 520 665 345 450 490 620 460 590 765 995 585 810 690 935 660 905
1000 95 570 735 360 480 540 690 505 650 845 1145 645 900 775 1060 735 1015

TABLE-12
CURRENT RATING FOR 110 KV & 132 KV CABLES WITH COPPER CONDUCTOR

Cross
Cables in Ground Cables in Air
Section
Cond- Flat Formation Trefoil Formation Flat Formation Trefoil Formation
Screen
uctor SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends SPB / CB Both Ends
Sq. Sq.
65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC
mm mm.
400 95 445 560 320 415 420 535 405 515 610 815 505 695 570 770 550 750
500 95 505 645 335 440 475 610 445 580 705 950 555 775 655 890 625 915
630 95 570 730 360 470 535 685 500 645 810 1095 610 860 745 1020 710 975
RATING FACTORS
1. RATING FACTOR FOR CROSS SECTION OF METAL SCREEN:
Single core cables in Trefoil Formation, Screen Bonded at Both Ends. For Singe Point Bonding or Crossbonding no
rating factor applies.

1.1 Rating Factor for 66 KV Cables:

Conductor Sq. mm. Copper Screen Sq. mm.
Al. Cu. 16 35 50 95 150 300
300 185 1.01 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95
500 300 1.01 1 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.92
800 500 1.02 1 0.99 0.92 0.92 0.88
1000 630 1.02 1 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.84

1.2 Rating Factor for 66 KV Cables:

Conductor Sq. mm. Copper Screen Sq. mm.
Al. Cu. 16 35 50 95 150 300
300 - 1.03 1.02 1.01 1 0.99 0.97
500 300 1.04 1.03 1.02 1 0.98 0.95
800 500 1.06 1.04 1.03 1 0.97 0.92
1000 630 1.08 1.06 1.04 1 0.96 0.90

2. RATING FACTORS FOR CABLES IN GROUND:

2.1 Rating Factor for Depth of Laying:
Depth (Metre) 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5
Rating Factor 1.10 1.05 1.01 1.0 0.98 0.95

2.2 Rating Factor for Thermal Resistivity of Soil:

Thermal Resistivity
70 100 120 150 200 250 300
(ºC cm/Watt)
Rating Factor 1.35 1.19 1.10 1.0 0.88 0.80 0.72

2.3 Rating Factor for Ground Temp.:

Conductor Ground Temperature ºC
Temp ºC 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
90 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.0 0.96 0.91 0.86
65 1.26 1.20 1.13 1.07 1.0 0.93 0.85 0.76

2.4 Rating Factor for Groups of Cable in Ground:

Distance cc Number of Groups
Between
groups (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100 1 0.76 0.67 0.59 0.55 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.46

200 1 0.81 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.52
400 1 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.69 0.64 0.66 0.63 0.62
600 1 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.72 0.70 0.69
800 1 0.90 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.77 0.75 0.75
2000 1 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90
2.5 Rating Factors for Phase Spacing
(one group in Flat Formation with Cross Bonded or Single Bonded Screen):

Spacing ‘S’ mm De De + 70 200 250 300 350 400

Rating Factor 0.93 1 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.10

3. RATING FACTOR FOR CABLES INSTALLED IN PIPES IN THE GROUND

Single Core Cables partially installed Single Core Cables in separate Single Core Cables in a common
in separate Pipes* Pipes. Pipe.

0.94 0.90 0.90

The rating factor given for single core cables partially installed in separate pipes, applies only when a cable section
between screen earthing points are partially laid in pipes under the following conditions
- The cables are laid in trefoil formation over the major portion of the section
- The pipes are laid in fiat formation
- The pipe length is not more than 10% of the section between earthing points
- One cable per Pipe
- The Pipe diameter is two times the cable diameter.

4. RATING FACTOR FOR CABLES IN THE AIR:

4.1 Rating Factor for ambient air temp:

Air Temp ºC 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Rating Factor 1.25 1.21 1.16 1.11 1.05 1.0 0.94 0.87 0.81

OVER LOAD 105°C

As infrequently as possible, the cables may be overloaded and the conductor temp. may reach upto 105ºC. Both
occurrence and duration of these overloads should be kept to a minimum, though, in the interests of sparing the cable
life Cyclic and emergency rating can be calculated through IEC: 833-2

EMERGENCY LOAD 130°C

Upon emergency, the conductor temperature is allowed to rise upto 130°C However the duration of the emergency
load should be restricted to not more that 50 Hours at a time and 500 Hours per year in order not to shorten the cable
life substantially

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS
The permissible short-circuit current of a cable is determined by the maximum permissible conductor temperature
(250°C), and by the duration of the short-circuit current At high peak currents the dynamic forces between the
conductors must be taken into account

Thermally maximum short-circuit currents

Formula to calculate the thermally equivalent short-circuit current at different durations
Where Ik = I1/tk
Where Ik = short-circuit current during time tk
I1 = short-circuit current for 1 s from Tables 13 and 14
tk = short-circuit durations.
This formula is valid only in the time interval 0.2 - 5s.
 TABLE-13

Max. Short-Circuit on the conductor during 1s. kA

Conductor Temperature before Short Circuit
Cross Section
Aluminium Conductor Copper Conductor
Mm2
65ºC 90ºC 65ºC 90ºC

185 19.2 17.5 29.0 26.5

240 24.8 22.7 37.6 34.5
300 31.1 28.3 47.0 42.9
400 41.4 37.8 62.7 57.2
500 51.8 47.2 78.4 71.5
630 65.2 59.5 98.7 90.1
800 82.8 75.6 125 114
1000 104 94.5 157 143

TABLE-14

Max. Short-Circuit on the Screen during 1s. kA

Metallic Screen Cross Section mm2 Metallic Screen Temperature before the Short Circuit
Copper Screen Lead Sheath 50ºC 70ºC
16 110 3.4 3.3
25 170 5.4 5.1
35 240 7.5 7.1
50 340 11 10
95 650 21 19
150 1030 32 30
300 2070 64 60

Tablet 13 and 14 are based on the following formula

Where I = maximum short-circuit current, A

i = current density. A/mm2, 1s
S = conductor or screen cross section, mm2
t = duration of short-circuit current, s
E = 1 0 for conductor
= 1 2 typical for metal screens
K = 148 for Al, 226 for Cu and 41 for Pb
B = 228 for Al. 234 for Cu and 230 for Pb
ot = final temperature, ºC
oi = initial temperature ºC
Mechanical forces from short-circuit currents
Formula to calculate the dynamic forces between two conductors
2
F = 0.2 x is
S
Where is = peak current, kA
S = centre – to - centre spacing between conductors, m
F = force N/m

Note : All figures given are non-binding and indicative only