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Cell Unit of life

Discovery of Cell

Robert Hooke (1665) tiny compartments in cork tissue (cells)

R. J. H. Dutrochet ( 1824)

Robert Brown (1833)

Matthias Scleiden (1838) Theodor Schwann (1839)

Cells
basic structural and functional unit Physical framework for metabolism Diverse shapes, sizes, and composition

Cell Mitotic cells Epidermal cell Photosynthetic cells of pear Water conducting vessels in oak Fiber cells in hemp Cube

Shape

Dimension 12m 3 12m 3 12m 45m 3 143m 3 15m 7.4 m diam 3 55m 270 m diam 3 225m 20 m diam 3 60,000m

Flat, paving stone Short cylinder Short cylinder Long cylinder

Two basic types of cells


1. prokaryote
without nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles. e.g eubacteria and archaebacteria

2. Eukaryote
cell with nucleus and membrane bounded organelles. e. g. protists, fungi, plants, animals.

A plant cell consists of three general parts: 1. the cell wall 2. the protoplasm 3. the cell inclusion

Cell wall
Almost all plant cells have a cell wall, except sperm cells Inert secretion

Provides strength and protection .


An active, dynamic organelle

Cell wall composition


Cellulose microfibril 10-25nm Hemicelluloses bound together the microfibrils Middle lamella an adhesive layer (composed of pectic substances) Primary wall and secondary wall Secondary wall - impregnated with lignin

Association of Cells
1. secretion of signal molecules unicellular organisms 2. connections between cells- multicellular organims

Plasmodesmata- cytoplamic
channels

symplast interconnected
protoplasm of all cells.

apoplast intercellular
spaces and the cell wall Permit rapid diffusion of gases because plants do not have lungs.

Cell membrane- osmoregulator, semipermeable, phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model.

Composition of membranes
phospholipid bilayer 60% protein and 40% lipids heterogenous fluid mosaic

Properties of membranes
1. Dynamic and can grow 2. Transport materials a. exocytosis b. endocytosis

Properties of membranes
3. Selective permeability
1. diffusion 2. osmosis 3. facilitated diffusion 4. active transport

Diffusion

Osmosis- movement of water across a semi-permeable


membrane following concentration gradient

Isotonic = equal concentration of solute Hypotonic- lesser solute concentration

Hypertonic- greater solute concentration

Osmosis in plant cells

Normal plant cells in isotonic solution

plant cells in hypotonic solution

plant cells in hypertonic solution Plasmolysis

Turgidity

Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport- transport of materials (ions, amino acids,etc)


against concentration gradient.

Nucleus archive or permanent storage of organisms


genetic information

Onion cells with nucleus

Chromatin complex of nuclear DNA + Histones

Central vacuole tonoplast


water, starch, protein, granules or fibrous materials

Mitochondrion- respiratory site of the cells (ATP)


have their own DNA and ribosomes circular mitochondrial DNA without histones ribosomes resembles prokaryote 1 m in diameter by 5 m in length

Plastids

synthesis, storage, export, formation of colors, synthesis of amino acids: isoleucine and valine synthesis of aromatic rings : phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

DNA without histones and circular DNA


Proplastids plastids of young dividing cells

1. chloroplast 2. amyloplast 3. chromoplast

Chloroplast

mostly disc-shaped organelles, 4 to 6 m, capture light energy

Leucoplastids

colorless plastids

Amyloplast stores starch. Aleuroneplast- stores protein Elaioplast stores oils and fats.

Chromoplast- fat-soluble pigments giving colors to fruits


and flowers

Endoplasmic reticulum - network of narrow tubes and


sheets of membranes that carries protein and secretes lipids.

Dictyosomes stack of thin vesicles held together in a flat or


curve array

Ribosomes- non-membrane bounded organelles for protein


synthesis

Microbodies- small, spherical bodies 0.5m to 1.5m in


diameter, single membrane 2 types:

1. peroxisomes- produces and degrades hydrogen


peroxide (H2O2), detoxifies harmful products of photosynthesis

2. glyoxysomes convert fats into sugars, important


in germination of fat-rich oily seeds.

Microtubules
act as cytoskeleton Motility of organelles and or whole cells Alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

Microfilaments

Storage products
Starch Lipids Plant Crystals 1. calcium oxalate 2. calcium carbonate

Crystals (CaC2O4)

raphides

Prismatic

Styloid crystals

Rosette crystals

Crystals (CaCO3)

cystolith

Thank you..
Ross D. Vasquez June 2012

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