4060603 Ans 1 A meridian (or line of longitude) is the half of an imaginary great circle on the Earth's surface, terminated

by the North Pole and the South Pole, connecting points of equallongitude. The position of a point along the meridian is given by its latitude. Each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude. Each is also the same size, being half of a great circle on the Earth's surface and therefore measuring 20,003.93 km (12,429.9 miles). Geographic[edit] The meridian through Greenwich, England, also called the Prime Meridian was set at zero degrees of longitude, while other meridians were defined by the angle at the center of the earth between where it and the prime meridian cross the equator. As there are 360 degrees in a circle, the meridian on the opposite side of the earth from Greenwich, forming the other half of a circle with the one through Greenwich, is 180 longitude, and the others lie between 0 and 180 of West longitude in the Western Hemisphere (West of Greenwich) and between 0 and 180 of East longitude in the Eastern Hemisphere (East of Greenwich). Most maps show the lines of longitude. The position of the meridian has changed a few times throughout history, mainly due to the transit observatory being built next door to the previous one (to maintain the service to shipping). Such changes had no significant effect. Historically, the accuracy of the determination of longitude was much larger than the change in position. The adoption of WGS84 as the positioning system, has moved the meridian approximately 200 metres east of its last position (measured at Greenwich). The position of the current meridian is not identified at all in Greenwich but is located using a GPS receiver. The term "meridian" comes from the Latin meridies, meaning "midday"; the sun crosses a given meridian midway between the times of sunrise and sunset on that meridian. The same Latin stem gives rise to the terms a.m. (ante meridiem) and p.m. (post meridiem) used to disambiguate hours of the day when utilizing the 12-hour clock Magnetic[edit] The magnetic meridian is an equivalent imaginary line connecting the magnetic south and north poles and can be taken as the magnetic force lines along the surface of the earth.[1][dubious discuss] Therefore a compass needle will be parallel to the magnetic meridian. The angle between the magnetic and the true meridian is the magnetic declination, which is relevant for navigating with a compass.[2] Ans 2 Winter governs the water element, or Zhi. It is the dormant season, when all life force burrows deep in the bosom of the earth. It is a gestational time of replenishing the wellspring of life so that when spring comes, the gathering energy will burst forth with new growth. The color of the water element is black, its direction is north, its flavor is salty, and the associated

organs are bladder, adrenals and kidneys. There is also a strong correlation between the water element and our reproductive organs. The Ans 3 USS Omaha (CL-4) was the lead ship of Omaha class of light cruiser of theUnited States Navy. She was the second US Navy ship named for the city ofOmaha, Nebraska. Omaha was laid down on 6 December 1918 by the Todd SB & DD Co. ofTacoma, Washington. The ship was launched on 14 December 1920 and wassponsored by Louise Bushnell White. She was commissioned on 24 February 1923, with Captain David C. Hanrahan in command. Inter-war period[edit source] Following her commissioning, Omaha joined the Atlantic Fleet in peacetime. At this time, her primary mission was training, and she proved to be very capable by consistently winning fleet awards in gunnery and communications. She made many ports-ofcall throughout the Mediterranean and Caribbeanduring her peacetime cruises, displaying the US flag. Capture of Odenwald[edit source] Just prior to the US entry into World War II, on 6 November 1941, while on neutrality patrol with Somers in the mid-Atlantic near the Equator, Omahasighted a vessel which aroused much suspicion by her actions. Refusing to satisfactorily identify herself, and taking evasive action, the stranger was ordered to heave to. She flew the American flag and carried the name Willmoto As Omaha's crew dispatched a boarding party to the freighter, its crew took tolifeboats and hoisted a signalwhich indicated that the ship was sinking. When their party pulled alongside, they could hear explosions from within the hull, while one of the fleeing crewmen shouted "This is a German ship and she is sinking!" In short order, the men of Omaha despite the extreme risk salvaged the vessel, rendered her safe and had her underway for Puerto Rico. The "American freighter Wilmoto", as it turned out, was the German freighter Odenwald carrying a cargo of rubber. Odenwald was taken to Puerto Rico. An admiralty court ruled that since the ship was illegally claiming American registration, there was sufficient grounds for confiscation. A legal case was started claiming that the crews of the two American ships had salvage rights because Odenwald's crew attempting to scuttle the ship was the equivalent of abandoning her. The court case settled in 1947 ruled the members of the boarding party and the prize crew were entitled to $3,000 apiece while all the other crewmen in Omaha and Somers were entitled to two months pay and allowances. This was the last prize money awarded by the US Navy.[1] World War II[edit source] After the United States entered the war, Omaha continued her South Atlantic patrol, instructed to stop German blockade runners. While patrolling out of a base in Brazil on 4

January 1944, with Jouett, she spotted a ship which immediately showed signs of being scuttled. The ship's crew took to the boats and she began settling by the stern. The following day, another ship was sighted and its crew set her afire. Omaha opened fire Ans 4 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced [ ( listen); 2 October 1869 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled," "venerable"[2])applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,[3]is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father,"[4] "papa."[4][5]) in India. Born and raised in a Hindu, merchant caste, family in coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule. Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and social protest. Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.[6] Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire[6] was partitioned into two dominions, a smaller Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan.[6] As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhsmade their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjaband Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook severalfasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,[7] also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.[7] Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating.[8][7] Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at pointblank range.[8]

Gandhi is commonly, though not officially,[9] considered the Father of the Nation[10] in India. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Non-Violence.

Ans 5 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[11] was born on 2 October 1869[1] in Porbandar, a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the British Indian Empire. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (18221885), served as thediwan (chief minister) of Porbander state. His mother, Putlibai, who was from a Pranami Vaishnavafamily,[12][13] was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth.[14][15] The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters.[16][17] In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-year-old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged child marriage, according to the custom of the region.[18] In the process, he lost a year at school.[19] Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as was prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband.[20]In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days. Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had also died earlier that year.[21] The religious background was eclectic. Gandhi's father was Hindu[22] Modh Baniya[23] and his mother was from Pranami Vaishnava family. Religious figures were frequent visitors to the home.[24] Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; andDevdas, born in 1900.[18] At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained a mediocre student. He shone neither in the classroom nor on the playing field. One of the terminal reports rated him as "good at English, fair in Arithmetic and weak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting." He passed the matriculation exam at Samaldas College in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, with some difficulty. Gandhi's family wanted him to be a barrister, as it would increase the prospects of succeeding to his father's post.[25] Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[11] was born on 2 October 1869[1] in Porbandar, a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the British Indian Empire. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (18221885), served as thediwan (chief minister) of Porbander state. His mother, Putlibai,

who was from a Pranami Vaishnavafamily,[12][13] was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth.[14][15] The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Ans 6 By Kate Kelland LONDON, Sept 3 (Reuters) - Scientists experimenting with rats have found that deactivating certain nerves in the neck can effectively treat high blood pressure - a discovery that could be an advance in tackling one of the world's biggest silent killers. Researchers at Britain's Bristol University found that in rats with high blood pressure, when they removed nerve links between the brain and the carotid body a nodule about the size of a grain of rice on the side of each carotid artery - the animals' blood pressure fell and remained low. The researchers results, published in the journal Nature Communications on Tuesday, have already led the team on to conduct a small human trial of the technique, with results expected at the end of this year. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is referred to by the World Health Organisation as one of the world's biggest silent killers because most people who have it can't feel or see it. It affects around one in three people worldwide and can cause stroke, heart attacks and kidney failure. After diagnosis, treatment of high blood pressure needs to be lifelong and many patients are able to manage their condition with anti-hypertension drugs. But experts say that for around 1 in 50 of them, medication does not help. Julian Paton, who led this latest study at Bristol's school of physiology and pharmacology, said while scientists already knew of a link between the carotid organs and hypertension, until now they "had absolutely no idea that they contributed so massively to the generation of high blood pressure." Tim Chico, as consultant cardiologist at the University of Sheffield who was not directly involved in the research, described the technique as "exciting and innovative" but cautioned that more work was needed to assess its effectiveness and safety before it could be considered for use in patients.

Normally, Paton explained, the carotid body acts to regulate the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. It is stimulated when oxygen levels fall in the blood - such as when someone is holding their breath. This then causes a dramatic increase in breathing and blood pressure until blood oxygen levels are restored. Having established that this response comes about through a nerve connection between the carotid body and the brain, Paton's team decided to block the nerve endings in the neck and found that it swiftly brought their blood pressure down. Jeremy Pearson, associate medical director at the British Heart Foundation, which part-funded this latest research, said all eyes are now on the human trial aiming to find out whether the treatment might work in people with high blood pressure who don't get better with current drugs. Tony Heagerty, a professor of medicine at Manchester University who was not involved in the study, said it was an interesting development which could "potentially avoid the use of drugs which have to be taken on a daily basis for many years." (Editing by Sonya Hepinstall) Ans 7 In Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin-yang (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ynyng), which is often called "yin and yang", is used to describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world; and, how they give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, high and low, hot and cold, fire and water, life and death, and so on) are thought of as physical manifestations of the yin-yang concept. The concept lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese scienceand philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[1] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such asbaguazhang, taijiquan (t'ai chi), and qigong (Chi Kung) and of course I Ching. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (instead of opposing) forces interacting to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the parts. Everything has both yin and yang aspects, (for instance shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation.

In Taoist metaphysics, good-bad distinctions and other dichotomous moral judgments are perceptual, not real; so, yin-yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu, (c. 2nd century BC) a moral dimension is attached to the yin-yang idea.[2] The concept of yin and yang is often symbolized by various forms of the Taijitu symbol, for which it is probably best known in Western cultures. Nature[edit] In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Dodjng () at chapter 42.[3] It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more. Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle. It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of amutual whole (for example, there cannot be the Bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed] to postulate the notion of a race with only men or only women; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, men and women together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things.[4] Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the skyan intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. Also, the growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness. Ans 8 As their name implies, Yuan-Source Points are acupuncture points where Yuan Qi (Primordial Qi) gathers. Each of the bodys twelve main meridians has a Yuan-Source point located between the toes and ankles, or the fingers and wrists. On the Yin meridians, the Source Points are also the Shu-Stream Points, and are used to tonify the five Yin organs. On the Yang

meridians, the Yuan-Source Points are used to expel pathogenic factors (e.g. wind-heat or wind-cold) or to release excess patterns (e.g. to clear heat, resolve damp-cold or move qi stagnation). Yuan Source Points And Their Corresponding Meridians Tai Yuan (Great Abyss) LU9--- Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin He Gu (Union Valley) LI4 --- Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming Chong Yang (Surging Yang) ST42 --- Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming Tai Bai (Supreme White) SP3 --- Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin Shen Men (Spirit Gate) HT7 --- Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin Wan Gu (Wrist Bone) SI4 --- Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang Jing Gu (Capital Bone) BL64 --- Urinary Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang Tai Xi (Great Ravine) KD3 --- Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin Da Ling (Great Mound) PC7 --- Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin Yang Chi (Yang Pool) SJ4 --- Sanjiao Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang Qiu Xu (Hill Ruins) GB40 --- Gall Bladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang Tai Chong (Great Surge) LV3 --- Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin Ans 9 What is tennis elbow? Tennis elbow is a painful elbow disorder. This term is misleading because most people who have it did not get it from playing tennis. In fact, tennis elbow seldom has any connection with fun and games. The technical name for tennis elbow is "lateral epicondylitis". This term indicates an inflammation occurring near a small point or projection of the

upper arm bone (humerus) just above the elbow joint on the outer side of the arm. However, pain can also occur in other areas of the forearm and elbow. Some experts suggest that "lateral elbow pain syndrome" is a more accurate name, but this term is not yet commonly used. The pain from tennis elbow comes mainly from injured or damaged tendons near the elbow. Tendons are strong bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones. When repeatedly stressed or overused, tendons can become inflamed and degenerate. This results in a painful condition called tendinopathy, the medical term for disorder of a tendon. Tennis elbow is simply a specific type of tendinopathy that occurs in a particular part of the elbow.

How does tennis elbow occur? The development of tennis elbow can often be traced to the way of using the forearm muscles. These muscles control hand and wrist movements. They are attached to tendons that connect them to only two small points of bone just above the elbow, one on the outer side, the other on the inner side. Muscles connected to the outer side of the elbow (extensors) are responsible for:

straightening the fingers, bending the wrist upwards, rolling the forearm into a palms-up position.

Muscles connected to the inner side of the elbow (flexors) are responsible for:

bending the fingers, bending the wrist downwards, rolling the forearm into a palms-down position.

There are weak points in the way tendons connect these muscles to the bone above the elbow. The points where the tendons attach are sometimes too small to handle the strong force of the powerful muscles. These tendons can get overloaded when the hand and forearm are used in strong, jerky movements such as gripping, lifting, or throwing. Tendons do not stretch when pulled. They are rope-like structures made of strong, smooth, shiny fibers. Strong forces or sudden impacts, however, can eventually tear their fibers apart in much the same way a rope becomes frayed. This type of injury is called a strain, and usually results in

formation of scar tissue. Over time, strained tendons become thickened, bumpy, and irregular. Without rest and time for the tissue to heal, strained tendons can become permanently weakened.

Ans 10 Horary astrology is an ancient branch of horoscopic astrology by which an astrologer attempts to answer a question by constructing a horoscope for the exact time at which the question was received and understood by the astrologer. The answer to the horary question might be a simple yes or no, but is generally more complex with insights into, for example, the motives of the questioner, the motives of others involved in the matter, and the options available to them. History[edit source] Horary astrology has been practiced for centuries in India known as Prasna Shastra (Sanskrit prasna = question). It is a branch of Vedic astrology which is still widely used across the Indian subcontinent. The more advanced form is the Astamangalam Prasna and Deva Prasna methods of Kerala. The state of Kerala, in India, is famous even today for its traditional use of horary astrology. The English astrologer William Lilly (160281) was the last major horary astrologer, and probably the best-known horary practitioner in history. Recently in 20th century Indian astrologer Krishnamurti invented a new system called Krishnamurti System and is practised widely in Maharashtra and southern Indian states. One of the aspects of the system is that the querent is asked to choose a number from 1 through 249 and based on that number the ascendant of the horoscope is determined. Approach[edit source] Horary astrology has its own strict system. The position of and aspects to the moon are of prime importance. The person asking the question, or querent, is represented by the ruler of the sign the first house cusp falls on in the horoscope. Planetary aspects to the house cusps are considered more important than in other branches of astrology (although it is the planetary rulers of the houses in question that take precedent in analysis). Other key elements used in horary astrology include the lunar nodes, the planetary antiscia, the fixed stars and the Arabic parts.

Typically, a horary chart is read by first assigning the thing asked about, the quesited, to a particular house in the chart. For instance, asking "Where is my lost dog?" would be represented by the sixth house, as it is the house that governs small animals (traditionally, smaller than a goat). The house cusp of the sixth house will be in a particular sign, for example Libra. Libra is ruled by Venus, so Venus is considered the significator of the lost dog. Venus's state in the horoscope (its dignity, aspects, etc.) will give clues to the animal's location. Assigning Houses[edit source] Part B Ans 11 B In Latin "acus" means needle and "punctura" means penetration or prick. Acupuncture is the art and science of stimulating specific points on the body to mobilize the body's internal healing mechanisms. From ancient times it was discovered that, by stimulating distinct sites on the body's surface, diseases in both the superficial tissues and internal organs could be treated, and that pathology in an internal organ will often manifest itself in certain external or systemic symptoms. Conjecture has it that thousands of years B.C., when man suffered from an ailment, or injury, or felt pain in some part of his body, it was observed that his natural tendency was to massage the tender area with his hands. Over time, this observation in the relationship between pain and its relief, through stimulation at the tender area, led to the systematic identification of points, their cause-and-effect relationships, diversification and sophistication in the correlation of points to diseases, and their integration by function within the larger scope of acupuncture Channel theory. Stimulation (massage) of pain points first began by using the hands. Then stimulation (pressure) with a blunt stone became the early basis for acupuncture. Today, stimulation (needling) of acupuncture points is accomplished with very fine stainless steel needles. There are approximately 1,000 acupuncture points (also called acupoints). An acupoint may be thought of as places where the energy of a Channel converges and accumulates, like a vortex, and gets transported to the body surface. Because of the converging, accumulating and surfacing behavior, these points are particularly conducive to manipulation. The vast majority of acupoints have both local and distal effects. For example, a point on the hand may be used to treat local symptoms of hand pain or it can be used to treat a symptom farther along the Channel, such as eye pain or nasal congestion. It may also treat an area not directly supplied by the Channel, such as ankle pain, based on the interrelationships between the Channels. Of the approximately 1,000 acupoints, 361 to 365 are located on Channels that have a

relationship with the Internal Organ systems. (The difference in the above number reflects differences in interpretation and source.) The concept of Channels is integral to acupuncture practice and theory. It is through the Channel functions and Channel relationships with the Internal Organs and tissues that the points are given systemic integration. One aspect of this integration is the fact that points along a Channel share many of the same therapeutic properties. Without the integrating and systemic networking of Channels, acupoints may be limited in scope and deemed to be random phenomenon.

Classification of Acupuncture Points There are four classifications of acupuncture points as follows: A. Channel Points

14 Primary Channels: There are 12 Organ Channels each connected with one of the 12 Internal Organs. These 12 occur bilaterally on each side of the vertical midline of the body to make up a total of 24 channels. Each of the 12 Organ Channels has its own set of points. These 12 Channels, along with the Ren and Du Vessels comprise the 14 Primary Channels. According to Chinese texts there are 361 to 365 of the Primary Channel points. Eight Extraordinary Vessels: There are eight Extraordinary Vessels (also referred to as Eight Extra Vessels or Eight Miscellaneous Channels). Only two of these have their own specific points. These two are the Ren Vessel, traversing the front midline of he body, and the Du Vessel, traversing the back midline along the spine. The remaining six Extra Vessels are accessed by a few specific points belonging to the 14 Primary Channels. The 12 Divergent Channels, 15 Connecting Collateral Channels, 12 Muscle Regions, and 12 Cutaneous Regions all utilize and share a few points belonging to one of the 14 Primary Channels.

For additional information about Channels, please see the section on Channels. B. Miscellaneous (Extra) Points

The majority of Miscellaneous Points (also referred to as Extra Points) do not belong to any specific Channel. However, a few of these 'points' are groups or clusters of points that may or may not belong to Channels. There may be hundreds of these points but only about 40 are commonly noted in classical Chinese texts.

C. Pain ('Ashi') Points

Pain point or 'Ashi' is a general term referring to points on the patient's body that become tender (painful, sensitive to the touch) during illness or injury. They are not fixed points but are unique to the individual. Ashi points may remain fixed for a period of time, or come and go, and can move around the body. These points are located simply by the spontaneous tenderness the patient feels or by palpating (pressing, touching) affected areas. Ans 13 a

21.1 INTRODUCTION There are a growing number of documented scientific therapeutic uses of electricity (Seligman, 1982). In most cases, although the mechanism is not always clearly understood, it appears to arise as a consequence of the depolarization or hyperpolarization of excitable cell membranes resulting from the applied currents. Other mechanisms that appear to be sometimes involved include thermal (heating) and neurohumoral effects. Functional electric stimulation is a very straightforward application for the therapeutic use of electricity. Another area in which electrotherapy may be applied is in the electric stimulation of cardiac tissue, including cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillation. These topics are discussed in the next two chapters. Since the electric stimulation of biological tissues requires the use of electrodes, any practical study should include consideration of electrodes and electrode-tissue interaction. The mechanical properties of electrodes are important particularly with respect to implants whose lifetime is measured in years. Since the flow of electricity from the electrode (where electrons carry the charges) into the tissue (where ions carry the charges) may involve an electrochemical reaction, this area must be carefully studied as well. Consequently, several sections of this chapter are devoted to these electrode characteristics. 21.2 SIMULATION OF EXCITATION OF A MYELINATED FIBER In this and the following section, we consider the behavior of several models of nerve stimulation based on principles of electrophysiology. As the reader will see, these models are fairly simple; this is both an asset (in the mathematical analysis) and a limitation (since we are actually interested in more complex structures). The results are nevertheless important as they provide a starting point toward the elucidation of more realistic models, and as some of the insights gained have wider applicability. In the simplest example of nerve stimulation, a point current source of strength Ia is placed near a uniform myelinated fiber, and both source and nerve are considered to lie in a uniform conducting medium of unlimited extent. In this configuration (as described in Figure 21.1), the sourcefiber distance is shown as h, the fiber diameter (i.e., external myelin diameter) do, and axon diameter (internal myelin diameter) di. The internodal length is designated as l, and the ratio of internodal length to fiber diameter is assumed to be a constant (100). This model has been investigated by McNeal (1976), whose paper is closely followed in this presentation.

The electric model corresponding to Figure 21.1 is described in Figure 21.2. In Figure 21.2 it is assumed that transmembrane current is confined solely to the nodal region. More recent experimental work, summarized by Chu and Ritchie (1984), has shown that in the mammalian nerve fiber the potassium channels are found in the internodal axolemma. This appears to introduce quantitative but not qualitative differences in the simpler amphibian (frog) nerve model of Frankenhauser and Huxley (1964), described by Figure 21.2. We shall continue to utilize the latter for its simplicity and qualitatively adequate character.

Ans 14 a n Acupunture Therapy we find a details explanation about the fow of energy in different organs of at selective time. It really useful for everyone to know about it and for doctors in treatment of different disease. 3-5 a.m. Lung Respiration. Oxygenation. Expulsion of waste gasses. 5-7 a.m. Large Intestine Drinking water triggers bowel evacuation making room for the new days nutritional intake. Removes toxins from the nights cleansing. 7-9 a.m. Stomach Stomach energies are the highest so eat the most important meal of the day here to optimize digestion/assimilation. 9-11 a.m. Pancreas The stomach passes its contents on. Enzymes from the pancreas continue the digestive process. Carbohydrate energy made available. 11 a.m.-1 p.m. Heart Food materials enter the blood stream. The heart pumps nutrients throughout the system and takes its lipid requirements. 1-3 p.m. Small Intestine Foods requiring longer digestion times (proteins) complete their digestion/assimilation. 3-5 p.m. Bladder Metabolic wastes from mornings nutrition intake clear, making room for the kidneys filtration to come. 5-7 p.m. Kidney Filters blood (decides what to keep, what to throw away), maintains proper chemical balance of blood based on nutritional intake of day. Blood to deliver useable nutrients to all tissues. 7-9 p.m. Pericardium Nutrients are carried to groups of cells (capillaries) and to each individual cell (lymphatics.) 9-11 p.m. Triple Warmer The endocrine system adjusts the homeostasis of the body based on electrolyte and enzyme replenishment. 11 p.m.- 1 a.m. Gall Bladder Initial cleansing of all tissues, processes cholesterol, enhances brain function.

1-3 a.m. Liver Cleansing of blood. Processing of wastes. Lungs: The lungs are the first organs of the day that are up for repair and maintenance. Lungs begins loosening the poisoning waste between 3 to 5 a.m., and when you awaken, this is why you cough sometimes. Your lungs are trying to expel the loosened waste. If you are coughing in the morning, this indicates that your diet and lifestyle needs tweaking. Ans 15 b Differentiation of syndromes according to the 6 channels originally appeared in the Traditional Chinese Medicine classic called the "Shang Han Lun", which can be loosely translated as "On Cold Damage". It was written by Zhang Zhong Jing in the late Han Dynasty, circa 20-200 A.D. The original text was then divided into two texts, one being the "Shan Han Lun" which focused on external conditions, and the other being the "Jin Kui Yao Lue" which focuses on internal conditions. Many of the herbal formulas from these two texts are not only very elegant, but still useful today.

Tai Yang (Initial Yang) Syndromes Tai Yang Zhong Feng Syndrome Febrile Disease caused by Wind (External Deficiency) Tai Yang Shang Han Syndrome Febrile Disease caused by Cold (External Excess)

Yang Ming (Greater Yang) Syndromes Yang Ming Jing (Channel) Syndrome Yang Ming Fu (Organ) Syndrome

Shao Yang (Lesser Yang) Syndrome Tai Yin (Initial Yin) Syndrome Shao Yin (Lesser Yin) Syndrome Yang Deficient Shao Yin Syndrome Yin Deficient Shao Yin Syndrome

Jue Yin (Greater Yin) Syndrome

Tai Yang (Initial Yang) Syndromes The Tai Yang syndrome corresponds to the initial invasion of the external Cold Evil through the pores and interstices of the skin. General symptoms:

Headache and Stiff Neck Chills and Fever Floating Pulse

The stiff neck and headache will be located in the Tai Yang (Bladder and Small Intestine Channel) areas of the body. The floating (superficial) pulse is located in the exterior, and with the finger raised, it has a surplus, when pressing down it is insufficient, weak, or disappears. When pressure is released, it regains full strength. A fever ensues when the strong Zheng (Upright) Qi of the body engages the Wind-Cold invasion (Cold Evil) at the surface level of the body. Tai Yang syndrome fevers are relatively mild because the invading cold is weak compared to the body's Wei (Defensive) Qi, as it is in the initial stage of entering the body. If the cold evil becomes stronger because the Wei (Defensive) Qi is weak or easily depleted, the fever will increase as the pathogen penetrates deeper into the Yang Ming or Shao Yang channels. The Tai Yang fever is generally accompanied by chills, at least in the initial stages of the invasion. Part c

Ans 17 Strategic Air Command (SAC) was the USAF Major Command for Cold War command and control of land-based strategicbombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles. SAC also operated aerial refueling, strategic reconnaissance, and command post aircraft. SAC primarily consisted of the Eighth Air Force and the Fifteenth Air Force, and SAC headquarters included Directorates for Operations & Plans, Command & Control, Maintenance, Training, Communications, and Personnel (HQ divisions included Aircraft Engineering, Missile Concept,[1]and Strategic Communications.) In 1992 SAC personnel andequipment transferred to Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command, Pacific Air Forces & United States Air Forces in Europe (the headquarters transferred to United States Strategic Command.)

Background[edit] World War II air defense of the Continental United States (CONUS) was under the command of four Air Districts--NE, NW, SE, & SWestablished on 16 January 1941 before the Pearl Harbor attack The four air defense districts also handled United States Army Air Forces "participation with Army Ground Forces in combat training maneuvers" and "organization and training of bomber, fighter and other units and crews for assignments overseas" after individual crewmember training by the Western and Eastern Technical Training Commands. The air defense districts were redesignated on 26 March 1941 as the 1st Air Force, 2nd Air Force, 3rd Air Force, & 4th Air Force[2] (the Technical Training Command was established the same date and had similarly numbered CONUS training districts in 1942-- First "(with headquarters at Raleigh, N. C.)," Second (St. Louis), Third (Tulsa), & Fourth (Denver)--for aircraft mechanics, inspectors, etc.)[3] Strategic Air Forces The Strategic Air Forces of the United States during WWII included Carl Spaatz's European command (USSTAF with 8AF & 15AF) and the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific (with the Twentieth Air Force).[4] US Army Air Forces conducting the Strategic Bombing Campaign in the European Theatre included the VIII Bomber Command (1st European "heavy bomber" attack by the US on 17 August 1942), the Ninth Air Force (1st Operation Crossbow "No-Ball" missions on 5 December 1943),[5] the Twelfth Air Force, and the Fifteenth Air Force (2 November 1943 during Operation Pointblank). The Overlord air plan for bombing before theInvasion of France (1944) used several Air Forces when command of air operations transferred to the Supreme Commander on April 14 (Pointblank operations ended the 5th day of the invasion.) In 1944, planning "for developing Andrews Field as the headquarters of the Continental Air Forces" was initiated .[3]:163 Continental Air Forces[edit] The Continental Air Forces (CAF) activated on 12 December 1944[6] and was assigned CONUS air defense mission[7] and the "4 continental air forces" (1st-4th).[2] After a June 1945 meeting with AAF headquarters about air defense, CAF recommended "research and development be undertaken on radar and allied equipment for an air defense system [for] the future threat"[8] but the AAF Director of Operations identified "until the kind of defense needed to counter future attacks could be determined, AC&W planning would have to be restricted to the use of available radar sets" (CAF's

air defense mission was directed "in AAF Regulation 20-1, dated 15 September 1945.")[7] At the end of the war, the 63rd Army Air Force Base Unit was assigned to CAF,[9] and planning for a separate USAF began with the fall 1945 Simpson Board to plan "the reorganization of the Army and the Air Force".[10] In January 1946 "Generals Eisenhowerand Spaatz agreed on an Air Force organization [composed of] the Strategic Air Command, the Air Defense Command, the Tactical Air Command, the Air Transport Command and the supporting Air Technical Service Command, Air Training Command, the Air University, and the Air Force Center."[10] The transition for Continental Air Forces began by 31 January 1946 when Abilene AAF was closed[11] in 1945 Muroc Field had transferred to ATSC (16 October), and Moody Field had transferred to AAF Training Command (1 November). On 28 Feb 46, Tyndall Field transferred to Continental Air Forces.[12] CAF had 13 bombardment groups transferred just before SAC was established, e.g., 40th,[not in citation given] 44th, the 93rd, 444th,448th (became 92nd), 449th, 467th (effectively became 301st), 485th, and 498th (became 307th). There was also the 58th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy;[13][verification needed] and also active was the 73rd Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy. The CAF plans--"in expectation that it would become" Air Defense Commandwere passed on to ADC,[7] and CAF installations reassigned on 21 March 1946 included Grandview transferred to the Army Division Engineers and both Tyndall Field and Army Air Base, Knob Knoster, toTactical Air Command (Tyndall was reassigned to Air University on 15 May 1946).[11] Most of the remaining CAF bases were transferred to TAC, ADC, and AMC from 23 March 1946 to 16 March 1947 before the USAF was activated:[11] Ans 18 An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building (or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural drawings are used by architects and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to enable abuilding contractor to construct it, as a record of the completed work, and to make a record of a building that already exists. Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which include particular views (floor plan, section etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing. Conventionally, drawings were made in ink on paper or a similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand. The

twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper, so that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently. The development of the computer had a major impact on the methods used to design and create technical drawings,[1] making manual drawing almost obsolete, and opening up new possibilities of form using organic shapes and complex geometry. Today the vast majority of drawings are created using CADsoftware.[2][3] Size and scale[edit source] Main articles: Paper size, Engineer's scale, Architect's scale, and Metric scale The size of drawings reflects the materials available and the size that is convenient to transport rolled up or folded, laid out on a table, or pinned up on a wall. The draughting process may impose limitations on the size that is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by a consistent paper size system, according to local usage. Normally the largest paper size used in modern architectural practice is ISO A0 (841 mm 1,189 mm or 33.1 in 46.8 in) or in the USA Arch E (762 mm 1,067 mm or 30 in 42 in) or Large E size (915 mm 1,220 mm or 36 in 48 in).[4] Architectural drawings are drawn to scale, so that relative sizes are correctly represented. The scale is chosen both to ensure the whole building will fit on the chosen sheet size, and to show the required amount of detail. At the scale of one eighth of an inch to one foot (1:96) or the metric equivalent 1 to 100, walls are typically shown as simple outlines corresponding to the overall thickness. At a larger scale, half an inch to one foot (1:24) or the nearest common metric equivalent 1 to 20, the layers of different materials that make up the wall construction are shown. Construction details are drawn to a larger scale, in some cases full size (1 to 1 scale). Scale drawings enable dimensions to be 'read' off the drawing, i.e. measured directly. Imperial scales (feet and inches) are equally readable using an ordinary ruler. On a one-eighth inch to one foot scale drawing, the one-eighth divisions on the ruler can be read off as feet. Architects normally use a scale ruler with different scales marked on each edge. A third method, used by builders in estimating, is to measure directly off the drawing and multiply by the scale factor. Dimensions can be measured off drawings made on a stable medium such as vellum. All processes of reproduction introduce small errors, especially now that different copying methods mean that the same drawing may be re-copied or copies made in several