Simulation of Radar Topology Networks To Evolve The Electronic Warfare Survivability Metrics

Namrita Waghray,
Radar & Control System Dept. Faculty of Electronics, Military College of Electronics & Mechanical Engineering, Secunderabad, 500 015 Email: namritawaghray@gmail.com
Abstract- Electronic warfare is a military action whose objective is to control the electromagnetic spectrum. To accomplish this objective, both offensive electronic attack (EA) and electronic protection (EP) actions are required. In addition electronic warfare support (ES) actions are essential to supply the intelligence and threat recognition that allow implementation of both EA and EP. Commanders must prepare to operate weapons systems in an intensive and nonpermissive electromagnetic environment. Mission accomplishment requires awareness, dynamic planning, and flexibility at all levels of war. The Information System is a rescue in this critical task. It has been proposed to develop the EW Intelligent Information System that deals with processing of electronic warfare, communications, radar, war missions etc. In this work, design and implementation of such an intelligent system is offered. Using artificial intelligence, this system aims at achieving the best performance with a friendly system in spite of the existence of hostile actions. This system deals with different sources of data. It helps visualize mission scenarios, decides the mission suitability and the best EA and ES methods accordingly. This work handles a nonlinear optimization problem with multiple variables and constraints. Closed form and exact solutions of such problems are computationally difficult. Therefore, the paper proposes the use of artificial intelligence mainly the fuzzy logic and neural networks approach to tackle this problem. Traditionally, large databases of information require complex problem solving techniques. However, the use of AI provides a simple yet computationally manageable solution for this issue. Keywords- Electronic attack, Electronic protection, Fuzzy rule, Membership functions, ANNs, Back propagation algorithm, Jamming pods, Mission suitability.

P. M. Menghal
Radar & Control System Dept. Faculty of Electronics, Military College of Electronics & Mechanical Engineering, Secunderabad, 500 015 Email: prashant_menghal@ yahoo.co.in Control of the EM spectrum is gained by protecting friendly systems and attacking adversary systems. EA limits adversary use of the electronic spectrum; EP protects the use of the electronic spectrum for friendly forces; and ES enables the commanders accurate estimate of the situation in the operational area. All three must be carefully integrated to be effective. Therefore, commanders should ensure maximum integration among EW, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and other information operations functions [4]. The traditional approach to deciding a course of action is based on the comparison between the experimental parameter values and those which are deduced from the mathematical model of the system. This way accurate decision making is performed using system theory techniques like theoretical modelling and parameter estimation, which may not be always feasible due to complexity of the system. AI based decision making doesnt require mathematical modelling of the system and therefore, becomes relevant in cases where mathematical models are not available [2]. Two scenarios for decision making in an EW environment include: Before flight takeoff and In-flight decision making. In this paper, the two scenarios have been considered along with their associated parameters. As heuristic expertise required interpreting data that are frequently inconclusive, a fuzzy logic approach may help to decide the best course of action to be taken. In fact, fuzzy logic is reminiscent of human thinking processes and natural language, enabling decisions to be made based on vague information. Fuzzy logic allows events to be described as having a certain membership degree in a set [2].When considering realistic scenarios, there are several situations in which a decision is not thoroughly correct or incorrect, but may fall into some interior range. According to the above fact, decision making in an EW scenario is a Fuzzy concept. In comparison, neural networks possess advantages in the areas of learning, classification, and optimization, whereas fuzzy logic has advantages in areas such as reasoning on a high (semantic or linguistic) level. Neural networks aim at providing definite output values given a set of inputs and targets. The desired target can easily be achieved by training the network with different number of neurons and by altering the number of samples for training, validation and testing respectively. This paper applies the two AI techniques i.e. fuzzy logic and neural networks, for decision making in EW environment based on influential parameters for the specific scenario. The final decision is described using linguistic

I. INTRODUCTION Electronic Warfare (EW) is any military action involving the use of the EM spectrum to include directed energy (DE) to control the EM spectrum or to attack an enemy. This is not limited to radio or radar frequencies but includes IR, visible, ultraviolet, and other lesser used portions of the EM spectrum. EW assists air and space forces in gaining access to the battle space and operating free from interference from adversary threat systems [3]. The three major components of EW are electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electronic warfare support (ES). All three contribute to air and space operations, including the integrated IO effort.
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variables/target values depending on the AI technique applied. The obtained results indicate that the AI approach is capable of highly realistic decision making. II. PARAMETER SELECTION
A. Classification Of Electronics Warfare Scenario
Expert heuristic knowledge

Knowledge base

Knowledge sources Process history and decision making statistics Analytical knowledge

Electronic warfare environment in Airborne ops impresses tremendous pressure on the pilot of an aircraft to take instantaneous decisions based on a plethora of crucial factors. Broadly, the decision making is involved in two kinds of scenarios. This scenario enables decision to be taken regarding the suitability of the mission. The mission suitability generally is taken to depend on factors such as the amount of fuel remaining in the fighter aircraft, the height of the terrain to be tackled, distance of the aircraft from the built-up area, power of the jamming pod to be used etc. This scenario enables decision to be taken regarding the most suitable jamming mechanism to be used during the course of the flight. The factors being considered include frequency of the radar covering the area, the level of power being transmitted by the radar, the sensitivity of the radar receiver, receiver bandwidth etc[10]. III. FUZZY LOGIC BASED APPROACH TO DECISION MAKING Fuzzy diagnostic systems rely on a set of IF [Symptoms] THEN [Diagnosis] rules called the rule base. These rules, allow the input to be fuzzy, i.e. more like the natural way that humans express knowledge. Thus, an expert might refer to a decision as Safe, Marginally safe or Unsafe. This linguistic input can be captured directly by a FIS. Therefore, the natural layout of linguistic variables greatly eases the interface between the equipment user and the domain expert. Furthermore, infinite graduations of truth are allowed, a characteristic that accurately mirrors the real world, where decisions are seldom crisp [2]. Block diagram of the fuzzy logic based diagnostic system is shown in Figure 1.
1) Fuzzy System Input-Output Variables Scenario #2: Best jamming type(In flight) Scenario #1: Suitability of mission (Before flight takeoff)

Knowledge acquisition

Rule base

Membership functions

System information

Fuzzy inference

Best decision based on the scenario

Figure 1: Block diagram of the fuzzy logic based decision making

values. In this paper, under scenario #1, the amount of fuel remaining in the fighter aircraft, the height of the terrain to be tackled, distance of the aircraft from the built-up area and the power of the jamming pod to be used, and under scenario#2, frequency of the radar covering the area, the level of power being transmitted by the radar, the sensitivity of the radar receiver and the receiver bandwidth have been taken as the input variables to the fuzzy inference system. The suitability of the mission, under scenario#1 and the best jamming mechanism to be used under scenario#2, have been chosen as the output variables respectively. All the system inputs and outputs are defined using fuzzy set theory.
2) Linguistic Variables

As stated, the decision in EW environment can be taken depending on the type of scenario. Within each scenario four different factors would be considered. Interpretation of results is difficult as relationships between the final decision and the input parameters are vague. Therefore, using fuzzy logic, numerical data are represented as linguistic variable

Key feature of fuzzy logic are linguistic variables which essentially embodies all the fuzziness. They are words or sentences in a human language, providing a means of systematic capture of vague and imprecise concepts. More specifically, a linguistic variable has a frame associated, which is characterized by a quintuple (x, T(x), U, G, M), where x is the variable name; T(x) is the set of names of the linguistic values of x, each a fuzzy variable, denoted generically by x and ranging over a universe of discourse U. G is a syntactic rule for generating the names of x values; M is the semantic rule associating a meaning with each value. For instance, the term set T (MS), interpreting Mission suitability (MS), as a linguistic variable, could be
T (MS) = {Safe, Marginally safe, Unsafe} Where each term in T (MS) is characterized by a fuzzy subset, in a universe of discourse MS. Figure 2 gives an illustration of the decision made as a linguistic variable. Similarly, the input variables, are interpreted as linguistic variables, with T (Q) = {low, medium, high} Where Q = different input variables respectively. 3) Fuzzy Membership Functions Construction Fuzzy rules and membership functions are constructed by observing the data set o

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visualization [5]. and their huge volume, we have to store the following data, among others:
- Radar location -Target location - Mission path

We have to choose between storing all these information in one container for each mission scenario, or to divide this information into layers where each layer is concerned with separate aspect of the mission data. The second choice provides high level of reusability.
B. Intelligent Information System (IIS) Figure 2: Linguistic variables for the best decision in an EW environment (SCENARIO #1)

For the improved decisions related to the two scenarios, higher resolution into the data is needed, so membership functions will be generated for low, medium and high. For the measurement related to the final decision, higher resolution is not required, it is only necessary to know if the mission is safe, marginally safe or, unsafe or, the jamming mechanism required is spot, sweep, deception or barrage jamming. The optimized membership functions for this problem are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Once the form of the initial membership functions has been determined, the fuzzy IF-THEN rules can be derived. In this study, two scenarios have been considered: Mission suitability (before takeoff) and Best jamming type (In flight). These rules have been optimized so as to cover all the possible cases.

This is the major component of EWIIS that makes the analysis of mission paths and makes suggestions of enhancements. This is the component where the intelligence comes into the scene in EWIIS. The Knowledge Base contains four different parts; verifier, selector, position identifier, and result analyzer. The Verifier: Plays two roles: First, it checks the input data consistency such as ensuring the correctness of radar parameters. Second, it ensures the consistency between the given input and the resulted output data based on set of rules

Figure 3: Linguistic variables for the best decision in an EW environment (SCENARIO #2)

IV. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE This section introduces the components of the EW system and their functionality. It also describes the interactions among these components. Figure 4 summarizes these components and their relationships.
A. Data Acquisition and storage requirements

This component is responsible for accepting all the data about threats and electronic support measures of the scenario need to be tested. Most of these data are of visual nature such as radar locations, target locations etc.It should be taken into consideration that they must be fed to the system in the same way as they are dealt with in real life. Due to Data

Figure 4: Overall architecture of the EW system which were given by the planner. For example, aircraft should have 10% of fuel after finishing mission. The Selector: Simply the objective of this part is to select between alternatives (choose best radar to be jammed by fighter) or select between mutually exclusive options (choose which radar will be jammed by support jammer and which radar will be jammed by fighter). The selection is done through a criteria based on the most effective radar (which cover the target) or close to the path. The Position identification: specifies the optimum location of some activities such as optimum location of support jammer umbrella based on some rules related to the victim radar.  The Result analyzer: It analyzes and evaluates EW system and then proposes suitable recommendations to get better solutions. 

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V. RESULTS OF THE CONSIDERED SCENARIOS The following approaches are used for decision making: Using the system depicted by Figure 1, the various input values were considered. These magnitudes were transferred into the corresponding discourse universe as inputs.The fuzzy inference system evaluates the inputs using the knowledge base and then gives the best decision based on the scenario. In this final step of defuzzification where fuzzy values are reconverted into crisp ones, the Center of Area method has been adopted. According to this method, first each affected output membership function is cut at the strength indicated by the previous max-rule, next, the gravity center of the possible distribution is computed and it becomes the crisp output value. For illustration, Figs. 5, and 6 show fuzzy inference diagrams for the two scenarios where decision in terms of the Mission suitability and the Best jamming type are obtained. As it could be noticed, fuzzy rules are solicited, according to the various input values leading to the determination of the best decision possible. For Figure 5, rule (12) is solicited, which gives the inputs required for a safe mission. For Figure 6, rules (1, 2, 3 & 4) are solicited, which give the inputs required for spot, deception, sweep and barrage jamming respectively.
A. Fuzzy Logic

Artificial Neural Networks is an information-processing system. In this information-processing system, the elements called as neurons, process the information. The signals are transmitted by means of connection links. The links possess an associated weight, which is multiplied along with the incoming signal (net input) for any typical neural net. The output signal is obtained by applying activations to the net input. A trained neural network can be thought of as an "expert" in the category of information it has been given to analyze. This expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer "what if questions. Other advantages include [13]:
Adaptive learning. Self-organization. Real-time operation. Fault tolerance via redundant information coding.

Back propagation is a systematic method for training multi-layer artificial neural networks. It has a mathematical foundation that is strong if not highly practical. It is a multilayer forward network using extended gradient-descent based delta-learning rule, commonly known as back propagation (of errors) rule. Back propagation provides a computationally efficient method for changing the weights in a feed forward network, with differentiable activation function units, to learn a training set of input-output examples. Being a gradient descent method it minimizes the total squared error of the output computed by the net. The network is trained by supervised learning method. A high learning rate leads to rapid learning but the weights may oscillate, while a lower learning rate leads to slower learning. Methods suggested for adopting learning rate are as follows:
a) Start with a high learning rate and steadily decrease it. Changes in the weight vector must be small in order to reduce oscillations or any divergence b) A simple suggestion is to increase the learning rate in order to improve performance and to decrease the learning rate in order to worsen the performance c) Another method is to double the learning rate until the error value worsens

1) Feed Forward Network: Back Propagation Network (BPN)

Figure 5: Fuzzy inference diagram for best jamming type

VI. EW ENVIRONMENT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS As stated, the decision in EW environment can be taken depending on the type of scenario. Within each scenario four different factors would be considered. Interpretation of results is difficult as relationships between the final decision and the input parameters are vague. Therefore, using ANNs, numerical data is taken over a particular practical range. In this paper, under scenario #1, the amount of fuel remaining in the fighter aircraft, the height of the terrain to be tackled, distance of the aircraft from the built-up area, power of the jamming pod to be used and under scenario #2, frequency of the radar covering the area, power transmitted by the radar, sensitivity of the radar receiver, bandwidth of the radar receiver have been taken as the input variables to the system. The suitability of the mission, under scenario #1 and the best jamming mechanism to be used under scenario #2, have

Figure 6. Fuzzy inference diagram for mission suitability B. Neural Networks

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been chosen as the output variables respectively. All the system inputs and outputs are related using one of the algorithms of ANNs. For effective decision making, the selection of proper inputs and outputs of ANN, structure of the network and training of it using appropriate data should be done with utmost care. The present work aims to concentrate upon the merits of Back Propagation networks. We use Levenberg Marquardt Back Propagation algorithm (trainlm),and in case the memory requirements are not met, scaled conjugate gradient back propagation (trainscg) will be used. There are three outputs in each scenario.
Scenario #1 # The output is 0 if the mission is unsafe # The output is 1 if the mission is marginally safe # The output is 2 if the mission is safe Scenario #2 # The output is 0 if spot jamming is required # The output is 1 if sweep jamming is required # The output is 2 if barrage jamming is required # The output is 3 if deception jamming is required

Therefore, there are seven output neurons. To train the network, practical values of the various conditions are considered as inputs. These values are obtained by considering realistic electronic warfare scenarios in the tactical battlefield. The instantaneous values are used in the training and test validation process. The outputs are seen to closely match the targets when the number of neurons is 20 and samples taken for training =70%, validation =15% and testing= 15%. The outputs are further refined when the number of neurons is 25 and samples taken for training =80%, validation =15% and testing= 5%. These test data sets show the expected and actual output, for each output condition. The output of the ANN for a particular set of input conditions is exactly the same as expected. The present work shows that Levenberg Marquardt Back Propagation algorithm (trainlm) can be used for decision making in an EW environment with varied scenarios and generates satisfactory results. VII. CONCLUSION This paper has addressed the problem of dealing with, and processing a huge amount of data using Intelligent Information System. These data are related to electronic warfare communications, radar, airplane missions, etc. The proposed system combines more than one kind of knowledge/information with high dependency among them and sets rules for the combination and prioritization of these knowledge/information kinds to achieve the best possible decision which is passed to a human expert for final decision. An intelligent information system has been designed and built to store, retrieve, process, correct, analysis and report information about attacking scenarios that could be placed by users of the system. The system is robust and efficient. It is capable of analyzing all kinds of modern threats and capable of working in a multi user environment. The EW system selects best jamming type, the suitable altitude and the mission path. To summarize, the manual system of mission planning and execution suffers from slow processing

and difficulties of choosing the best between the alternatives of the mission plans and also the possible errors in calculations. On the other hand, the proposed system overcomes these shortcomings using fuzzy logic approach where actual values are replaced by the more familiar linguistic variables. The second approach uses artificial neural networks where instead of linguistic variables, actual values are taken to represent a set of inputs and outputs. The complexity of neural network design arises from the high dimensional, heterogeneous space that must be explored by the system. The primary features that are of concern in the design of neural networks are the structure of the network, the inputs to the network, and the specification of the learning algorithm parameters. All of these quantities are problem specific. However, artificial neural networks (ANNs) give better results for a larger training data base. We suggest as future work to train and develop the system with different kind of threats, and further refine the outputs using Adaptive neuro- fuzzy systems which work on the principle of taking a fuzzy inference system (FIS) and tuning it with a back propagation algorithm based on practical collection of input-output data.
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