Summer training Report On

Vardhaman Motors Raipur (C.G.)

Submitted to: Nit Raipur submitted by: Nitesh Kumar Sahare Shobhit Agarwal

Introduction
General Motors Company commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated (until 2009) as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, and the world's largest automaker, by vehicle unit sales, in 2011. GM employs 202,000 people and does business in some 157 countries. General Motors produces cars and trucks in 31 countries, and sells and services these vehicles through the following divisions/brands: In 2010, GM made an initial public offering that was one of the world's top 5 largest IPOs to date. GM returned to profits in 2011 Based on global sales, General Motors is currently the world's no. 1 automaker. General Motors India Private Limited is a 50:50 partnership between General Motors and SAIC that is engaged in the automobile business in India. It is the 5th largest automobile manufacturing company in India after Marti Suzuki, Hyundai, Tata Motors and Mahindra. General Motors India started its journey in 1996 in India and has completed 16 years of operation in India GMIPL operates vehicle manufacturing plants in Halol, Gujarat and Malegaon Dab hade, Maharashtra, It maintains headquarters in Halol and Gurgaon and a large technical center in Bangalore. Its Halol and Talegaon Dabhade Manufacturing Plants have a combined Production Capacity of 385,000 vehicles annually.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts during the course of study. I express my sincere gratitude to NIT Raipur worthy Principal for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training at General Motors (Vardhman motors) I am thankful to Ms. Vinita Singh(H.R) and Mr. Vijay Bhaseen (Works Manager) for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided during the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings. I also extend my sincere appreciation to Mr. Sanjay Sadhu and other staff members who provided their valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for their moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

Layout

Vardhaman Motors currently sells three hatchbacks, three sedans, one MUV and One SUV.

CHEVROLET SEGMENTATION
HATCHBACK CARS I. CHEVROLET BEAT
Chevrolet Beat (Launched 2010)

a. DESCRIPTION- In year 2009 General Motors have launched the portfolio of new car
Chevrolet Beat which was thought to be making a notch above the rest of the small cars in its segment .A lot of eye for detail had gone into the design for developing a brand new car that seem to be making a mark in Chevrolet and should be placed above Spark. b. FEATURES elegantly designed high bonnet Leaf-shaped and attractive headlamps Spacious interiors Rear Wiper Beautiful exteriors adding to the 'style quotient' of the Beat

c. APPEARANCE The Chevrolet Beat is a cute little car and will in all likeliness is a winner
on Indian roads. The Chevrolet Beat dons superlative design which would put all its

competition to envy. The elegantly designed exteriors are sure to be the 'X' factor which sets the Chevrolet Beat ahead of other small cars on Indian roads.

d. COMFORT Even though much is not out on the Chevrolet Beat yet but we have learnt that
lot of work has gone into ensuring that the Chevrolet Beat 'beats' all its competition by providing maximum comfort to its passengers. The interiors are said to be spacious and designed to ensure maximum comfort to the occupants of the car.

e. SAFETY The success of Chevrolet Spark and Aveo in India has proven Chevrolet's
commitment towards safe and feature rich car models. The third small car launch Chevrolet Beat is set to be no different from its predecessors as it will leave no gaps when it comes to safety of the passengers. Safety features include front and back airbags along with Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD) and Anti-lock Braking System (ABS).

f. COLOR OPTION
Linen beige Super red Caviar black Misty Lake Summit White Sandrift Grey Switch Blade Silver II. CHEVROLET AVEO U-VA Chevrolet Aveo U-VA (Launched 2006) Green Cocktail

a. DESCRIPTION Enjoy the incredibly spacious and powerful Chevrolet Aveo U-VA hosting number of cool and catchy features that offers a great driving and riding experience. Chevy U-VA wears a compact look providing ample space from interior and sporty stunning looks from the exteriors. This compact hatchback car from General Motors has been awarded with Car of the Year Award 2007 from NDTV Profits and Business Standard Motoring. The Hatchback car family of India has got a new member Chevrolet Aveo U-VA from the world's largest car maker General Motors (GM). This small car in the B segment is big in space and comfort & better in performance and safety. U-VA boasts roomy and premium quality interior with sporty speedometer, tachometer, and comfortable seats for all occupants, convenient cup holder (front & rear) has been nicely graced with peppy and attractive hatchback. Chevy U-VA With its comfy spaciousness and attractive features may pose a tough competition to its rival models from Maruti and Hyundai. Chevy Aveo U-VA has been designed thoughtfully to deliver hassle free riding experience in different Indian road conditions. Launched in three variants Chevy U-VA is available for sale throughout India in beautiful color options

b. FEATURES Attractive sporty looks Body colored bumper with catchy front chrome grill Bright grey interior color scheme Convenient cup holder at Front and Rear Engine check lamp Door ajar warning lamp Equipped with headlamp leveling device Front and rear bumpers resistant to 2.5 MPH collision Remote fuel filter and tailgate releases c. COLOR OPTION Summit White Caviar Black Velvet Red Sandrift Grey Moonbeam White III. CHEVROLET SPARK Chevrolet Spark (Launched 2007)

a. DESCRIPTION
Chevrolet Spark is a flamboyant model launched by world's leading auto company General Motors (GM) that also made its entry into the Hatchback car segment of India. Chevy Spark, with its sporty looks, roomy space, true riding comfort and competitive price tag, would definitely 'Spark' the small car segment in India that is dominated by Hyundai, Maruti and Tata. Making its foray in the highly competitive 'hatchback' segment world's leading car maker General Motors (GM) has launched Chevrolet Spark in India. The modern, dynamic and stylish 'Chevy Spark' comes with loads of sporty features packed with high power performance. Chevrolet Spark is powered with very powerful, fuel efficient 1.0 Litre S-TEC engine that delivers power of 63 ps @ 5400 rpm. The interiors and exteriors of Chevrolet Sparks have been designed intelligently - seats of high quality fabrics, classically styled dash board with easily visible instrument panel , roomy leg space, noise insulating mat, sporty roof rails fitted alloy wheel and smiling face looks will definitely make your drive a 'fun drive'.

b. FEATURES
Powered by the advanced S-Tec engine that delivers maximum power output even at lower

speeds. Intelligent & compact packaging in terms of length & wheelbase. High roof line for spacious head room for rear seat passengers. Outside mirrors are internally adjusted that is extremely useful in dusty conditions. Super cool air-conditioning system suiting Indian climatic conditions. Small turning radius of 4600 mm makes 'Chevy spark' easy in handling. Energy absorbing hexagonal profile saves the occupants of car in event of collision.

c. MODEL AVILABLE
Spark 1.0 Spark 1.0 PS Spark 1.0 LS Spark 1.0 PS LPG Spark 1.0 LS LPG Spark 1.0 LT Spark 1.0 LT with Opt. pack (with airbag)

d. COLOR OPTION
Caviar black Misty lake Linen beige Velvet Red Sandrift Grey Switchblade Silver Summit White

SEDANS CARS
I.
Chevrolet Cruze (Launched 2009)

CHEVROLET CRUZE

a. DESCRIPTION General Motors India Pvt. Ltd. had launched the stylish luxury sedan the Chevrolet Cruze in India in year 2009. The Chevrolet Cruze is set to be a winner on Indian roads. With a futuristic design and a host of other features the upcoming Chevrolet Cruze sure looks to be one winner on Indian roads as and when it gets a launch. General Motors India Limited has gone into overdrive on its retail front by tying up with Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) to set up service stations across the outlets of BPCL. Lot of consumer apprehensions related to the post sale servicing hassles is sure to get addressed with this exciting move.

b. FEATURES Eye catching looks give the Chevrolet Cruze an edge over competition Neat and feature studded interiors Stylish front grille which adds on to the style quotient of the sedan Designed at multiple international facilities making it a truly global vehicle c. APPEARANCE The appearance of the Chevrolet Cruze is definitely one of of the strong points of this sedan. The goal in designing the Cruze was to be bold, not evolutionary," said chief designer Taewan

Kim. He added: "We wanted to take a big step forward, making a strong design statement for Chevrolet products." d. COMFORT The team of global designers has meticulously planned out the design of the Chevrolet Cruze. The sedan boasts of a number of features including well thought out controls and excellent interiors to provide for that rich driving experience. e. SAFETY Chevrolet Cruze has many safety features include Electronic Stability Control, airbags, warning lights for seat belts amongst many other features which are sure to provide the best of safety to the driver and the occupants of the luxury sedan. f.COLOUR Summit White Sandrift Grey Caviar Black Switchblade Silver White Diamond II. CHEVROLET OPTRA MAGNUM
Chevrolet Optra (Launched 2003)

a. DESCRIPTION
Chevy Optra Magnum, teamed with plush interiors, snappy aerodynamic design and the power of 2.0 litre TCDi (Turbocharged Common rail Direct Injection) diesel engine, makes a striking impression in diesel sedan car segment. The power dressed Optra Magnum has been geared with lots of advanced safety features, making sure the riders protection, without spoiling the comfort of drive. Check out this new diesel version of Chevrolet Optra- THE OPTRA MAGNUM. General Motors leading auto brand Chevrolet has powered the Optra Magnum with the very powerful 2.0 litre TCDi (Turbocharged Common rail Direct Injection) diesel engine that delivers 120 PS @ 3000 rpm with displacement of 1991 cc. that is very impressive in the diesel Sedan Segment. The interiors and exteriors of the Chevy Magnum has been designed intelligently and crafted to ensure the enjoyment of the drive in it. The tilt steering

wheel adjustable to your seating position, arm rest with cup holder, large space, and all wheel independent suspension (AWIS) system ensures the smoothness of the drive.

b. FEATURES

Leather wrapped steering wheel, seats and gear knob. It has CD MP3 and cassette player. Chevy Magnum has almond shaped head lamps make it stand apart. Chrome plated door handles and dashing alloy wheels. Equipped with Dual Air bags and ABS system with burglary alarm. Over 120bhp of power makes Optra Magnum the most powerful Diesel sedan in its segment. The bumpers of the car are 5MPH impact proof.

c. COLOR OPTION The Chevrolet Optra Magnum is available in 06 tempting colors :

Summit White Sandrift Grey Caviar Black Velvet Red Diamond White

III.

CHEVROLET AVEO Chevrolet Aveo (Launched 2006)

a. DESCRIPTION
Step inside the Chevy Aveo and you will find yourself in a whole new world of refreshing luxury packed in a Sedan car. The plush roomy interiors, stunning outlook to turn the heads and power packed optimum performance through the advanced engine that delivers 94ps of power. This impressive offering from world's top car manufacturer GM is here to stay. The Indian arm of world's leading car maker General Motors (GM) added a new feather of Chevrolet Aveo to the cap of sedan car segment in India. Aveo is available in 1.4 and 1.6-litre petrol engine options and hosting number of amazing

features right from inside to outside. Use of fine quality fabric for the ergonomically designed seats, wood inserts, grey dashes and an effective air-conditioner adds soothing touch to the interior and a pleasure to the drive. Chevrolet Aveo is very impressive in terms of power performance, the 1399cc, 16 valves, 4 cylinder in-line engine, generates 94ps of power and 128Nm of torque for the great riding pleasure. With superb power and comfy ride, Chevy Aveo assures of a safe drive to its occupants all the time with its high-end security features. The surprisingly good packages of comfort, performance and safety in Chevy Aveo are available in seven color options.

b. FEATURES
2 tone beige interior with full fabric seats Rear seat integrated head rests Sporty chrome instrument cluster with white dials Engine Check Lamp Low fuel warning lamp Tiltable steering column Very effective Air Conditioner and Heater Chrome radiator grill giving Aveo a stunning looks 07 cool colors options

c.Variant AVEO 1.4 AVEO 1.4 LS AVEO 1.6 LT

d. COLOR OPTION
Velvet Red Moonbeam White Sandrift Grey Summit White Caviar Black

MULTI UTILITY VEHICLE ( MUV )

I. CHEVROLET TAVERA Chevrolet Tavera (Launched 2004)

a. DESCRIPTION With the launch of Chevrolet Tavera, General Motors (GM) has tried to make a
strong entry into the Multi-Utility Vehicle (MUV) segment. Eyeing on this less competitive market in India Chevy Tavera Car has been packed with number of browny features to make it a complete car for large families, corporate and fleet owners. Launched with 2.5 litre powerful diesel engine, Chevrolet Tavera has roomy interiors and impressive exteriors. Chevrolet Tavera Car is a Multi-Utility Vehicle (MUV) launched by one of the leading Indian auto maker General Motors (GM). Chevy Tavera has been brought in India after its grand success in Indonesian market and the Philippines. Offering number of utility, comfort and power packed features this Chevy MUV qualifies to become a perfect family car for those who need a large car with lots of comfort and performance. Chevrolet Tavera has been designed and engineered by Isuzu, General Motors (GM's) Japanese partner. The longer wheel base, sharp sloping bonnet and shorter roof provide Chevy Tavera a contemporary looks that are the key underlining features of this MUV. In terms of engine performance Chevrolet Tavera Car sounds good, the 2.5-litre, direct injection, 2499 cc Isuzu diesel engine has four cylinders and delivers an impressive output of 80 bhp @ 3900 rpm. With its roomy interiors and larger seating capacity of 7 to 10 passengers, the Chevy Tavera scores good to become an option for the cab and large fleet owners.

b. FEATURES
Tilt quarter window Full fabric floor carpet Spare wheel under floor Body colored steel bumpers and corners Step-in Rear Bumper Head rest for first and second row Remote Fuel Lid Opener Turbo Powered Robust 2.5 L diesel Engine According to Overdrive, Auto Magazine- Nov 06, Chevy Tavera offers best in class mileage of 14.3

kmpl Overall & 20.1 kmpl Highway

c. COLOR OPTION
Summit White Velvet Red Moonbeam White Caviar Black Linen Beige Switchblade Silver

SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLE ( SUV )

I. CHEVROLET CAPTIVA Chevrolet Captiva (Launched 2008)

a. DESCRIPTION
Chevrolet Captiva which launched by General Motors would flaunt lots of captivating features that may be a tough call for other players in the Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) segment. World's leading auto player GM has placed Chevy Captiva in the SUV segment with number of sporty and power dressed characteristics that would take care of its riders comfort and safety. General Motors leading global brand Chevrolet has come up with Captiva under its Sports Utility Vehicle segment. The Chevrolet Captiva, was launched at the Geneva Motor Show. The stunning-sporty Chevy Captiva will be powered by petrol as well as diesel engines that will make it the only SUV vehicle in its segment. Chevrolet Captiva's all-wheel drive and specialized handling characteristics offer a safe and more secure drive in poor road conditions. Chevy Captiva will be equipped with fully integrated audio system including 06 CD changer with MP3 Player. The Chevrolet Captiva is loaded with eye-catching features like metal black and brushed aluminum look dashboard, external temperature display, electrically adjustable rear view mirror, easy to read semi-circular dials accentuated by aluminum rims, that will add X factor to your ride

b. FEATURES
An Active all-wheel drive system Traction Control System . Excellent storage space. Outside temperature, Compass Display. Self leveling independent suspension. Opening rear glass, so you needn't raise the entire tailgate to gain access to the boot. Equipped with advanced safety features like Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) & Hydraulic Brake

Assist (HBA) . Offers seven seats - a package no other manufacturer can offer at this price level.

c. COLOR OPTION
Pearl White Switchblade Silver Carbon Flash Metallic

UPCOMING CARS

The new Chevrolet Sail hatchback is available in two engine trims in global market-a 1.2 litre S-TEC II and a 1.4 Litre of S-TEC II petrol engine. It seems that there are more chances of 1.2 litre of petrol engine used in Chevys another hatchback Beat as it would be best to compete with other small cars in the country such as Nissan Micra, Hyundai i20 and Ford Figo. The small engine will make for 79 bhp of power and 10.91 kgm of torque. Launch of diesel version in India is not confirmed yet but if it is launched in the country than Chevrolet Sail hatchback will sport 1.3 litre of multi jet diesel motor borrowed from Fiat. The engine will be wisely coupled with the 5 speed manual gearbox. Besides the stunning engine specifications, the new Chevrolet Sail hatchback will come with looks to kill for. The small car will endorse typical horizontal split grille. The design is well-executed and, like the saloon, its spacious interiors will be a selling point. On the inside, the interiors of the car in all likelihood will be comfortable and stylish. The use of sophisticated color

on the upholstery and the dashboard seen in the global model gives the passenger an absolute luxurious feel. For long journeys, the car will have ample of luggage storage making it spacious and capacious. This hatchback will evidently be bigger than GMs earlier hatchback cars like Chevrolet Beat and Chevrolet Aveo. As for price, speculations in the market suggest that Chevrolet India will tag the small car according to the current Indian car bazaar condition, which mean the cost of the new Chevrolet Sail will be under-4 lakh.

Chevrolet Enjoy is a full-fledged seven seater Multi Purpose Vehicle that will be available in India soon. This new MPV which is popular in Chinese market as Hong Guang, will hit the markets in mid 2012. The Chevrolet Enjoy MPV which was on pedestal in the Auto Expo, 2012 along with hatch Chevrolet Sail, is designed for those who look for space, comfort and style in their vehicle which can add pleasure to life. The stylish MPV is actually co-developed with the Chinese partner SAIC (Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation). SAIC has 50% stake in GM India and the Chevrolet Enjoy will be coming from the stables of Wuling Automobiles which is a Joint venture between GM and SAIC in China.

Chevrolet India, through which General Motor-the ace player in car market on global front-operates in India, has pulled up its socks and planning to pave way for Chevrolet Trailblazer on Indian roads. Chevrolet Trailblazer is a seven seater SUV with three rows of seating arrangement. The second generation of this power packed SUV was officially revealed in 2011, for sale across the globe. If at all it arrives in India, it will only be christened as 2012 Chevrolet Trailblazer. Chevrolet Chevrolet Trailblazer SUV is powered with a 2.5 litre of diesel engine that produces 150 BHP

of power along with 47.8 kgm of torque. The car gears up to a top speed of 170 km per hour Trailblazer and comes with six speed automatic transmission. The SUV has got muscular and strappy 2.5L exteriors along with comfortable and trendy interiors. A delightful driving experience is promised by General Motors with Chevrolet Trailblazer. The new Chevrolet Trailblazer is another bold SUV from GMs village. This variant comes Chevrolet powered with a responsive and reactive 2.8 litre of common rail diesel engine, which promises Trailblazer to generate maximum power of 180 BHP. The exteriors of Chevrolet Trailblazer are terrific, 2.8L whereas the interiors of the SUV are likely to be comfortable and chic.

Wulings lending hand to GM India with Wuling CN-100 will not go wasted. General Motors India could bring the MPV much sooner than expected by September this year. The seven-seater Chevrolet CN100 MPV could be a perfect choice for Indian families who are on a look out for a frugal family car well within their reach with a budget price. Developed by GM along with its Chinese partner SAIC, the decent looking MPV has knocked the point home that looks alone can be deceptive and garnered sales surpassing the manufacturers estimations in the Chinese car market. To tap the growing demand for diesel driven utility vehicles in the domestic car market, auto giant has pulled out the ace card from the pack with the 1.3 L multijet diesel engine and good performance figures to take the market by storm. General Motors India could bring the MPV much sooner than expected by September this year with the estimated Chevrolet CN 100 price of Rs 5 lakh. Departments

Sales department- our sales department has one purpose; to exceed your expectations
from test drive to delivery. Our professional sales team is committed to no-pressure, high integrity approach to your ownership experience. our goal is to make you to feel that the vehicle you drive is a perfect one for you.

Service department our service department offers the best automobile service to our
customers. Our state-of-the-art facility offers features the most current diagnostic and repair equipments and our highly skilled factory trained technicians will deliver efficient and quality vehicle care. Service department is categorized into the following sections: Job card Job : servicing the car according to the customer complaints and service schedule. Billing and payment of the serviced car. Delivery.

Job Card: An official service record in which a skilled professional while examining the car feeds customer complaints and vehicle details into it. Job: vehicle repair is categorized into 3 departments. Petrol car section. Diesel car section. Accidental section.

Four-stroke Four-stroke cycle Idealized Pressure/volume diagram of the Otto cycle showing combustion heat input Qp and waste exhaust output Qo, the power stroke is the top curved line, the bottom is the compression stroke. Engines based on the four-stroke ("Otto cycle") have one power stroke for every four strokes (up-down-up-

down) and employ spark plug ignition. Combustion occurs rapidly, and during combustion the volume varies little ("constant volume").[8]. The steps involved here are: 1. Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in. 2. Compression stroke: Fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited. 3. Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards. 4. Exhaust stroke: Exhaust is driven out. During the 1st, 2nd, and 4th stroke the piston is relying on power and the momentum generated by the other pistons. In that case, a four-cylinder engine would be less powerful than a six- or eight-cylinder engine. There are a number of variations of these cycles, most notably the Atkinson and Miller cycles. The diesel cycle is somewhat different. Split-cycle engines separate the four strokes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust into two separate but paired cylinders. The first cylinder is used for intake and compression. The compressed air is then transferred through a crossover passage from the compression cylinder into the second cylinder, where combustion and exhaust occur. A split-cycle engine is really an air compressor on one side with a combustion chamber on the other. Previous split-cycle engines have had two major problems - poor breathing (volumetric efficiency) and low thermal efficiency. However, new designs are being introduced that seek to address these problems. The Scuderi Engine addresses the breathing problem by reducing the clearance between the piston and the cylinder head through various turbo charging techniques. The Scuderi design requires the use of outwardly opening valves that enable the piston to move very close to the cylinder head without the interference of the valves. Scuderi addresses the low thermal efficiency via firing ATDC. Firing ATDC can be accomplished by using high-pressure air in the transfer passage to create sonic flow and high turbulence in the power cylinder.

CRANKSHAFT

The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine that translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach. It typically connects to a flywheel, to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsional vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal. TIMING BELT

Engine applications
In the internal combustion engine application, the timing belt/chain connects the crankshaft to the camshaft(s), which in turn controls the opening and closing of the engine's valves. A four-stroke engine requires that the valves open and close once every other revolution of the crankshaft. The timing belt/chain does this. It has teeth to turn the camshaft(s) synchronized with the crankshaft, and is specifically designed for a particular engine. In some engine designs, the timing belt may also be used to drive other engine components such as the water pump and oil pump. Gear or chain systems are also used to connect the crankshaft to the camshaft at the correct timing. However, gears and shafts constrain the relative location of the crankshaft and camshafts. Even where the crankshaft and camshaft(s) are very close together, as in pushrod engines, most engine designers use a short chain drive rather than a direct gear drive. This is because gear drives suffer from frequent torque reversal as the cam profiles "kick back" against the drive from the crank, leading to excessive noise and wear. Fibre gears, with more resilience, are preferred to steel gears where direct drive has to be used. Even though the "official" purpose of fiber or nylon gears may be to deal with "kickback", a fiber or nylon cam gear is cheaper to produce. Steel gears almost never fail. The cam lobes wear out long before the gears do. Most large truck and industrial diesel engines have steel gears, and they go 300,000 to 500,000 miles without gears failing. In fact, usually the only time a direct gear cam drive setup will fail is when the cam gear is nylon or fiber.[2] A belt or chain allows much more flexibility in the relative locations of the crankshaft and camshafts. While chains and gears may be more durable, rubber composite belts are quieter in their operation (in most modern engines the noise difference is negligible), are less expensive and more efficient, by dint of being lighter, when compared with a gear or chain system. Also, timing belts do not require lubrication, which is essential with a timing chain or gears. A timing belt is a specific application of a synchronous belt used to transmit rotational power synchronously. Timing belts are typically covered by metal or polymer timing belt covers which require removal for inspection or replacement. Engine manufacturers recommend replacement at specific intervals.[3] The manufacturer may also recommend the replacement of other parts, such as the water pump, when the timing belt is replaced because the additional cost to replace the water pump is negligible compared to the cost of accessing the timing belt. In an interference engine, or one whose valves extend into the path of the piston, failure of the timing belt (or timing chain) invariably results in costly and, in some cases, irreparable engine damage, as some valves will be held open when they should not be and thus will be struck by the pistons. Indicators that the timing chain may need to be replaced include a rattling noise from the front of the engine.

CYLINDER HEAD

In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often informally abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for the passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust to escape. The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors. In a flathead or sidevalve engine, the mechanical parts of the valve train are all contained within the block, and the head is essentially a metal plate bolted to the top of the block; this simplification avoids the use of moving parts in the head and eases manufacture and repair, and accounts for the flathead engine's early success in production automobiles and continued success in small engines, such as lawnmowers. This design, however, requires the incoming air to flow through a convoluted path, which limits the ability of the engine to perform at higher revolutions per minute (rpm), leading to the adoption of the overhead valve (OHV) head design, and the subsequent overhead camshaft (OHC) design

Difference between Petrol & Diesel Engine

Parameters Engines ignition Compression Compression Ratio Construction Glow Plug Vibrations Fuel Economy(km/litre) Petrol Engines Spark 10:1 Light
Not Available

Diesel

22:7

Less
Less

Heavy Available More

More

Petrol Fuel is entered by inlet valve Fuel injection is controlled by ECM mechanical Fuel injection pressure is low

Diesel fuel is entered by injector fuel injection is controlled by fuel pump fuel injection pressure is very high

FUEL SYSTEM PETROL

MULTI-PORT/MULTI-POINT (MPFI) FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM In the Multi-port engine management system there is an electronic injector for each cylinder for spray of fuel directly in to the inlet manifold. MPFi s classified in to three types of Injection 1.Simultaneously MPFI 2. Group Sequential MPFI 3. Sequential Multi-port Fuel Injection

FUEL SYSTEM DIESEL

Classification of Diesel Engine Based On

Fuel system

Mechanical Injection Fuel injection pump pumps & distributes fuel to each injector. This systems mechanically controlled

Classification of Diesel Engine Based O n Fuel system

Common Rail Direct Injection

A High pressure fuel pump pumps fuel into a rail. Fuel metering& injection controlled by ECM.

Description of Diesel common rail system

Diesel engines, and aimed for further improved fuel economy; noise Reduction and high power output. The ECM controls the injection system such as injection pressure injection quantity, and injection timing 1) Injection pressure control . Enables high-pressure injection even at low engine speeds. . Optimize control to minimize particulate matter and NOx emissions. 2) Injection quantity control . Pilot injection control sprays a small amount of fuel before the injection. 3) Injection timing control . Enables finely tuned optimized control in accordance with driving conditions.

ACCIDENTAL DEPARTMENT: It covers the following sections. Dent removal Painting Full body repairing

Dent removal:-

An electronic machine is used to remove the dent of the vehicle. Different tools used while removing the dents are Suction Puller: Suction pullers work by pushing a suction cup onto the damaged area to allow the dent to be "pulled" out. This method works well using a single cup for small dents where the paintwork is undisturbed. Using two sizes of suction cups, linked by a "bridge" and connecting a pulling handle between them permits medium and large dents to be "popped" back out.. Rubber Hammer: If the backside of a dent is in an area that can be reached, gentle tapping with a rubber hammer from the underside of the panel restores the shape.
Dent Pullers: These are non-suction pumps. If the suction cup style of dent puller did not correct the damage, using the version that requires a small hole drilled in the body exerts the extra pulling force needed for deeper dents.

Dolly: A dolly is a special tool for smoothing out any wrinkles left in areas damaged by dents. They come in a variety of sizes with different-shaped curves

Painting :

Paint is first mixed in a paint mixing room then afterwards the vehicle is painted in this chamber. After painting the chamber is heated so as to dry the paint on the vehicle.

Wheel alignment and balancing:

Wheel alignment is done is carried out in three steps. Rim alignment: In this the rim of the wheel of the vehicle is fitted on to the machine. That generates the data and aligns the rim accordingly Wheel Balancing: In wheel balancing the wheel is put on a machine and is rotated. The machine tells the balancing of the wheels and the balance are put accordingly. Wheel alignment: this is the most important section of the wheel alignment in which the wheel is checked for it straightness, tapering, and difference in height. Different parts are tightenloosed accordingly. It has three main measurements Toe: The car could have toe-in or toe-out. Toe in is when the two front tyres of the car are facing inwards. Toe-Out is similar, but as the name says, the two front tyres both point outside. Away from the centre of the car. Now, Toe can have a drastic effect on car handling, steering position and tyre wear. As you can imagine, when the tyres arent parallel, there is minor scrubbing and so, the insides of the front tyres get worn out much faster. And an experienced or knowledgeable eye will see that it isnt normal wear but scrubbed.

This toe can be easily corrected by an experienced technician. The important thing is to get an accurate reading before and after the alignment. Also, you need to know the correct specifications.

Camber: This is the tilting of the top of the tyre seen from the front. It could tilt inwards or outwards. If it tilts inwards as seen from the front, then the car is said to have negative camber. If it tilts outwards, it has positive camber. This could lead to pulling, steering not being straight and uneven tyre wear. Let's take the case of Negative Camber. The load on the inside of the tyre is more and hence that side of the tyre wears out more. This type of wear is different from the wear you get from Toe-in. If it is wear due to camber, the inside of the tyre shows smooth wear. It's more than the rest of the tyre, but you can see that the tyre hasnt scrubbed.

Camber is not easily adjusted usually. Will explain more later in the post. Caster: This is the angle made by the steering column with respect to the centre line of the tyre when seen from the side. It sounds a bit complicated, but this image should make it clear.

Billing section:After servicing of the car detailed bill is made which includes part replacement labour details And thus total cost is calculated and payment is done.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Wikipedia V. Ganesan www.autojunction.in P.K. NAG www.saeindia.org