POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION EE 4210

STUDY OF NUMERICAL OVERCURRENT RELAY

Instructed By: Mr. Devinda Perera NAME INDEX GROUP FIELD DATE OF SUB : YASARANGA H.B.D. : 060562C : 12 : EE : 25- 11- 2009

OBSERVATION Relay pick up current and drop off current values Phase Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Pick-up Current 1.02 A 1.06 A 1.03 A Drop off Current 850 mA 860 mA 850 mA

Operating Time different types of relays Relay Type STI130XDT SI30XDT I30XDT VI30XDT EI20XDT LTI30XDT DT Operating Time 2.09 s 10.19 s 16.69 s 16.21 s 31.59 s 134 ms 399.8 ms

Standard inverse curve operating time Operating Time and Current Current (A) Time (s) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 10.630 4.209 3.818 3.319 2.970 2.721 2.572 2.418 2.329 2.249 TMS = 1 Current (A) 1.90 3.60 5.84 7.56 9.61 11.59 13.39 15.69 17.47 19.41 Time (s) 4.750 2.459 1.890 1.639 1.480 1.369 1.289 1.220 1.170 1.120 TMS = 0.5 Current (A) 2.04 3.98 5.95 7.70 9.59 11.47 13.38 15.46 17.42 19.39

Relay curves for TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) 1 and 0.5

Inverse Curves for TMS 1 and TMS 0.5

12

10

Time (s)

6 TMS 1 TMS 2

0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Current (A)

DISCUSSION Three stage overcurrent characteristics of KCGG relay KCGG overcurrent relays offer entire protection for phase and earth faults, together with measurements, communications, control and recording facilities. These relays can be used in various applications where overcurrent protection is needed. Characteristic curve of the relay is shown below,

Here there are 3 stages of phase and earth fault protection, I>/Io>, I>>/Io>> and I>>>/Io>>> which can be used for 3 phase differential protection or restricted earth fault (REF) protection. Stage 1 determines the operation of any one of these relays mentioned bellow. First phase element (I>/t>) in the relay has a choice of six inverse and one definite time characteristic, those are as follows, 1) STI30 x DT 2) SI30 x DT 3) I30 x DT 4) VI30 x DT 5) EI20 x DT 6) LTI30 x DT 7) DT - Short Time Inverse - Standard inverse - Inverse - Very Inverse - Extremely Inverse - Long Time Inverse - Definite Time

Stage 2 and 3 facilitate definite time settings for instantaneous operation which can be put out of action if required. Advantages of having different Time/Current characteristics The way of using a relay protection in a power system may vary from place to place depending on the applications. Rapid operation of relays must be needed in place where very expensive equipments are installed. Same time slow operation is needed in order to regain the stability of the system after a fault occurred. Further to have proper grading among relays, it is mandatory to have

different time/ current characteristics. Therefore having different time/current curve characteristics, proper discrimination among equipments can be established.

Applications of different types of relays

STI30XDT

- Short time inverse curve These relays are used where short operation time is needed and when downstream protection is not needed.

LT30XDT

- Long time inverse curve These relays provide protection for surges which could be dangerous to the system and overload current in very short time period.

DT

- Definite time These relays are heavily used to establish proper grading steps among relays when there is no obvious deviation in fault levels between them. Eg. in the case of earth fault protection of a resistance earthed system.

SI30XDT

- Standard inverse curve These relays are used to ensure the back-up protection on transmission system.

IN30XDT

- Inverse curve These are bit more inverse than the just above mentioned type. This type is also used to co-ordinate the protection on distribution systems and to provide backup protections.

VI30XDT

- Very inverse curve Since these relays have very inverse curve, they are able to provide longer operation times at low currents compared to previous two. These are very important to co-ordinate the protection when there are obvious differences among fault locations.

EI20XDT

- Extremely inverse curve As these have the highest curvature, these are used to grade downstream fuses with upstream relays on distribution systems.

Operation of IDMT relay co-ordination system

When a fault occurs at a particular point, relay nearest to the fault should operate rather the relay near to the source. Therefore proper discrimination should be there in a system. Discrimination can be achieved based on the time of operation and the current. In time operation, relay at the lower end of the system has the minimum operating time while relay near to the source has the longest. In current grading, relay nearest to the source has the maximum fault current while lower part of the

system has lower fault levels. Above methods can be highly damageable for the system due to some reasons at times. To overcome that discrimination is achieved based on both time and current.

This is achieved using Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) relays. Here, the relay nearer to the fault operates faster than the relays nearer to the source. This is referred to as cascade operation because if the relay nearest to the fault does not operate, the next one back towards the source will trip in a slightly longer time ensuring the roper operation at the healthy parts of the system. The time taken to issue trip signal to the circuit breaker will be kept inversely proportional to the fault current so that at larger fault currents, protection will operate much faster than at smaller fault currents. Therefore a definite time is defined to issue trip signal at fault currents larger than a set threshold and it is known as Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT).