THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ON TEMPORARY FAULT AND PERMANENT TRIP OTHERWISE

The objective of our project is to design a system that simulates Three Phase Fault for study purpose. However, with few modifications it can be used to implement real power system protection. For safety point of view voltage must be step down, for that six single phase transformers are taken which step down voltages from 230V to 12V for star connected three transformers and 6V for delta connected three transformers. Purpose of star connected transformers is to simulate Line - Ground fault and Line Line Ground fault and purpose of delta connected transformers is to simulate Line Line fault and Line Line Line fault. This fault can be created by pressing push button switches connected in such a way to create above mentioned faults. Further each phase AC voltage is rectified using full wave rectifier. Rectified DC still have ripple so it is filtered using capacitor filter for smooth output and regulated using Positive voltage regulator IC to get regulated 12V DC which is used to drive relays. Relays are used to detect fault and gives signal to Timer IC 555 which is configured in monostable mode which is generating temporary fault trip by energizing Power Relay. It is also giving signal to another Timer IC 555 which is configured in astable mode to create permanent fault with the help of comparator op-amp LM358.

Header

JP2

Header

JP1

Transformer

230V/6V,

1A

Transformer

230V/6V,

1A

Transformer

230V/6V,

1A

Transformer

230V/12V,

1A

Transformer

230V/12V,

1A

Transformer

230V/12V,

1A

SW-PB

SW-PB

SW-PB

SW-PB

SW-PB

SW-PB

Bridge1

Bridge1

Bridge1

Bridge1

Bridge1

Bridge1

++

++

1000uF,

25V

Cap

1000uF,

25V

Cap

1000uF,

25V

Cap

1000uF,

25V

Cap

1000uF,

25V

Cap

1000uF,

25V

Cap

6 I I

4 I

3 I

2 I

2 G 7 G 7 G 7

2 G

2 G

2 G

N 1 1 1

8 N N

8 N

8 N 1

8 N 1

D 2 2 2

D 2

D 2

D 2

Relay-DPDT

Relay-DPDT

Relay-DPDT

Relay-DPDT

Relay-DPDT

Relay-DPDT

+12

Cap

C14

Res1

Res1

0 2

0 1

Cap

C10 K

2.2K

Res1

R n

Cap

C15

Cap

C11

+5

+5

Diode

1N4007

D15

Cap

C12

Res1

4 F

K 9

NE555N

U10 +12 V

TRIG

CVOLT

THR

RST

RPot

R12 N

D 1

Res1

K 4

NE555N

TRIG

CVOLT

THR

RST

Diode

1N4007

Diode

1N4007

Diode

1N4007

Cap

C16 1

DISC VCC Res1 R13 Diode 1N4007 D12

7 K

0 T u

DISC VCC

+5 U

3 T

4.7K

Res1

+ +5 V

4 LED0 1

8 +12 DS2 V

Diode

1N4007

D13

1000uF,

25V

Cap

C 1

Res1

7 0

Res1

R LED0

DS1 K

K 7

LM358J

U11A

2 G

N 1

D 2

Diode

1N4007

D14

3 Diode 1N4007

D11

+ +12 V

100uF,

25V

Cap

N 1

Res1

R11

2 G

N 0

D 5

LED0

DS3

2.2K

Res1

R10

+5 Diode 1N4007

D10

100uF,

25V

Cap

Relay-TPDT

+12

BC547A

3-Ph

Delta

Connected

Load

JP3

3-PH

SUPPLY

WORKING:

The project uses 6 numbers step-down transformers for handling the entire circuit under low voltage conditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase fault analysis. The primary of 3 transformers are connected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration, while the secondary of the same is connected in delta configuration. The other set of 3 transformers with its primary connected in star to 3 phase have their secondary is also connected in star configuration. The output of all the 6 transformers are rectified and filtered individually and are given to 6 relay coils. 6 push buttons, one each connected across the relay coil is meant to create a fault condition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC contacts of all the relays are made parallel while all the common points are grounded. The parallel connected point of NC are given to pin2 through a resistor R2 to a 555 timer i.e. wired in monostable mode. The output of the same timer is connected to the reset pin3 through a resistor R5 of another 555 timer wired in astable mode. LEDS are connected at their output to indicate their status. The output of the U10 555 timer from pin3 is given to an Op-amp LM358 through D12 to the non inverting input pin3, while the inverting input is kept at a fixed voltage by a potential divider (variable resistor) R12. The voltage at pin2 coming from the potential divider is so held that it is higher than the pin3 of the Op-amp used as a comparator so that pin1 develops zero logic that fails to operate the relay through the driver transistor Q1. This relay Q1 is 3CO relay i.e. is meant for disconnecting the load to indicate fault conditions. OPERATING PROCEDURE: While the board is powered from a 3phase supply all the 6 relay coils get DC voltage and their common point disconnects from the NC and moves on to the NO points there by providing logic high at pin2 of 555 timer U9 i.e. that is kept on monostable mode. While any push button across the relay is pressed it disconnects that relay and in the process in common contacts moves to the NC position to provide a logic low at trigger pin of 555 timer to develop an output that brings the U10 555 timer which is used in astable mode for its reset pin to high such that the astable operation takes place at its output which is also indicated by flashing DS2 LED. If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released immediately the U9 monostable disables U10 the output of which goes to zero in the event of any push button kept pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a longer duration active situation

for U10 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C16 through R13 such that the output of the comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load. The output of Op-amp remains high indefinitely through a positive feedback provided for its pin1 to pin3 through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This results in the relay permanently switched on to disconnect the load connected at its NC contacts permanently off. In order to maintain the flow of DC supply the star connected secondary set DCS are paralleled through D7, D8 & D9 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC derived out of voltage regulator IC 7805.