Advance Communications Lab Manual 1.

Measurement of Bit Error Rate using Binary Data n=23; k=12; dmin=7; ebno=1:10; ber_block=bercoding(ebno,'block','hard',n,k,dmin); berfit(ebno,ber_block) ylabel('bit error probability'); title('ber vs eb/no');

RESULT:

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual 2. Verification of minimum distance in Hamming Code m=3; n=2^m-1; k=4; msg=[0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 1; 0 0 1 0; 0 0 1 1; 0 1 0 0; 0 1 0 1; 0 1 1 0; 0 1 1 1]; code1 =encode(msg,n,k,'hamming/binary'); code2 =num2str(code1); code= bin2dec(code2); number1= []; for i=1:8 for j=i+1:8 [number]=biterr(code(i),code(j),7); number1=[number1 number]; end end minidistance = min(number1)

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual 3. Determination of output of convolutional Encoder for a given sequence %convolution encoder;input=1bit output=2bits with 3 memory elements,code %rate=1/2. function[encoded_sequence]=convlenc(message) message=[ 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 ]; enco_mem=[ 0 0 0]; %no.of memory elments=3 encoded_sequence=zeros(1,(length(message))*2); enco_mem(1,3)=enco_mem(1,2); enco_mem(1,2)=enco_mem(1,1); enco_mem(1,1)=message(1,1); temp=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(2)); O1=xor(temp,enco_mem(3));%gener.polynomial=111 O2=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(3));%gener.polynomial=101 encoded_sequence(1,1)=O1; encoded_sequence(1,2)=O2; msg_len=length(message); c=3; for i=2:msg_len enco_mem(1,3)=enco_mem(1,2); enco_mem(1,2)=enco_mem(1,1); if(i<=msg_len) enco_mem(1,1)=message(1,i); else enco_mem(1,1)=0; end temp=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(2)); O1=xor(temp,enco_mem(3)); O2=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(3)); encoded_sequence(1,c)=O1;%01 generated polynomial(1,1,1) c=c+1; encoded_sequence(1,c)=O2;%02 generated polynomial(1,0,1) c=c+1; end M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual

RESULT: ans = Columns 1 through 17 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Columns 18 through 34 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

ans = Columns 1 through 17 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Columns 18 through 34 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual

4. Determination of output of convolutional Decoder for a given sequence tb=2; t=poly2trellis([3],[7,5]); encoded_sequence=[ 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 ]; decoded=vitdec(encoded_sequence,t,tb,'trunc','hard')

RESULTS: decoded =

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual 5.Efficiency of DS Spread Spectrum Technique %direct sequence spread spectrum clc clear all; %generating the bit pattern with each bit 6 samples long b=round(rand(1,20)); pattern=[]; for k=1:20 if b(1,k)==0 sig=zeros(1,6); else sig=ones(1,6) end pattern=[pattern sig]; end plot(pattern); axis([-1 130 -0.5 1.5]); title('\bf\it original bit sequenece'); %generating the psedorandom bit pattern for spreading spread_sig=round(rand(1,120)); figure,plot(spread_sig); axis([-1 130 -0.5 1.5]); title('\bf\it psedorandom bit sequenece'); %xoring the pattern with spread signal hopped_sig=xor(pattern,spread_sig); %modulating the hopped signal dsss_sig=[]; t=[0:100]; fc=0.1; c1=cos(2*pi*fc*t); c2=cos(2*pi*fc*t+pi); for k=1:120 M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual if hopped_sig(1,k)==0; dsss_sig=[dsss_sig c1] else dsss_sig=[dsss_sig c2] end end figure,plot([1:12120],dsss_sig); axis([-1 12120 -1.5 1.5]); title('\bf\ it dss signal'); %plotting the fft of dsss signal figure,plot([1:12120],abs(fft(dsss_sig)));

RESULT:

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual 6. Simulation of Frequency Hopping (FH) system clear all; s=round(rand(1,20)); signal=[]; carrier=[]; t=[0:10000]; fc=.01; for k=1:20 if s(1,k)==0 sig= -ones(1,10001); else sig=ones(1,10001); end c=cos(2*pi*fc*t); carrier=[carrier c]; signal=[signal sig]; end subplot(2,1,1); plot(signal); axis([-1 200050 -1.5 1.5]); title('/bf/it original bit sequence'); %BPSK modulation of signal bpsk_sig=signal.*carrier; subplot(2,1,2); plot(bpsk_sig); axis([-1 200050 -1.5 1.5]); title('/bf/it BPSK modulated signal'); %FFT plot of BPSK modulated signal figure, plot([1:200020],abs(fft(bpsk_sig))); title('/bf/it FFT of BPSKmodulated signal'); %preparation of six carrier frequencies fc1=.01; fc2=.02; fc3=.03; M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual fc4=.04; fc5=.05; fc6=.06; c1=cos(2*pi*fc1*t);c2=cos(2*pi*fc2*t);c3=cos(2*pi*fc3*t); c4=cos(2*pi*fc4*t);c5=cos(2*pi*fc5*t);c6=cos(2*pi*fc6*t); %random frequencies hoops to form a spread signal spread_sig =[]; for n=1:20 c=randint(1,1,[1 6]); switch(c) case(1) spread_sig=[spread_sig c1]; case(2) spread_sig=[spread_sig c2]; case(3) spread_sig=[spread_sig c3]; case(4) spread_sig=[spread_sig c4]; case(5) spread_sig=[spread_sig c5]; case(6) spread_sig=[spread_sig c6]; end end figure,plot([1:200020],abs(fft(spread_signal))); freq_hopped_sig=bpsk_sig.*spread_signal; figure,plot([1:200020],abs(fft(freq_hopped_sig)));

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Advance Communications Lab Manual

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M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual 7. Histogram of a Image clc; clear all; f=imread('cameraman.tif'); figure,imshow(f); title('Input Image'); h=imhist(f); h1=h(1:10:256); horz=1:10:256; figure,bar(horz,h1); figure,plot(horz,h1); title('Histogram Equalized Image'); Z=adapthisteq(f,'cliplimit',0.9,'distribution','uniform'); imview(Z); b=imhist(f); figure,imshow(b);

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M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual 8. Verification of various Transforms - FT

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RGB=imread('peppers.png'); I=rgb2gray(RGB); J=fft2(I); k=ifft2(J); subplot(2,2,1),imshow(RGB); title('original image'); subplot(2,2,2),imshow(I); title('gray scale image'); subplot(2,2,3),imshow(J); title('DFT'); subplot(2,2,4);imshow(k,[0 255]); title('IDFT');

RESULT:

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

Advance Communications Lab Manual 9. Verification of various Transforms - DCT x=imread('lena.png'); subplot(4,1,1); imshow(x); title('input image'); %convert rgb to BW image a=im2bw(x); subplot(4,1,2); imshow(a); title('input BW image') %convert bw to rgb b=bw2gray(a); subplot(4,1,3); imshow(b); title('bw to rgb image'); %DCT d=dct2(a); subplot(4,1,4); imshow(d); title('DCT image'); %Inverse dct i=idct2(d); subplot(4,1,5); h=imshow(i,[0 255]); title('IDCT image');

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Advance Communications Lab Manual 10. Detection techniques using derivative operators - Edge i=imread('coins.png'); imshow(i); j=edge(i,'sobel'); figure, imshow(j) k=edge(i,'prewitt'); figure, imshow(k) l=edge(i,'robert'); figure, imshow(l) h=edge(i, 'log'); figure, imshow(h)

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RESULT:

M.Tech DECE II Sem

Dept. of ECE

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M.Tech DECE II Sem

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M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual Detection techniques using derivative operators - Point %point detection% I=imread('circuit.tif'); H=[1 1 1; 1 -8 1; 1 1 1]; B=imfilter(I,H); subplot(1,2,1),imshow(I),title('Original image'); subplot(1,2,2),imshow(B),title('Point detection');

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Detection techniques using derivative operators - Line f= imread('coins.png'); imshow(f) g= edge(f,'horizontal'); h= edge(f,'vertical'); figure, imshow(g) figure, imshow(h) k=g+h; figure,imshow(k) l=g-h; figure,imshow(l) M.Tech DECE II Sem Dept. of ECE

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M.Tech DECE II Sem

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11. Implementation of FIR filter N=60; R=0.5; b=firnyquist(N,4,R,0,'nonnegative'); h=firrcos(N,0.25,R,2,'rolloff'); hfvt=fvtool(b,1,h,1); set(hfvt,'color', [1 1 1]); legend(hfvt,'FIR NYQUIST DESIGN','FIR RCOS DESIGN');

M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual

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M.Tech DECE II Sem

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Advance Communications Lab Manual 12. Implementation of IIR filter clc; N=10; %UNCONSTRAINED NUMERATOR ORDER M=10; %UNCONSTRAINED DENOMINATOR ORDER F=[0 0.4 0.5 1]; %FREQUENCY VECTOR E=F; %FREQUENCY EDGES A=[1 1 0 0]; %MAGNITUDE VECTOR W=[1 1 100 100]; %WEIGHT VECTOR Nc=12; %CONSTRAINED NUMERATOR ORDER Mc=12; %CONSTRAINED DENOMINATOR ORDER R=0.92; [b,a,err,sos,g]=iirlpnorm(N,M,F,E,A,W); [bc,ac,errc,sosc,gc]=iirlpnormc(Nc,Mc,F,E,A,W,R); H(1)=dfilt.df1sos(sos,g); H(2)=dfilt.df1sos(sosc,gc); [z,p,k]=zpk(H(2)); %FINDS THE POLES AND ZEROS OF CONSTRAINED FILTER sqrt(real(p).^2+imag(p).^2) %RADII OF ALL POLES hfvt=fvtool(H); legend(hfvt,'IIR unconstrained design','IIR constrained design'); set(hfvt,'color',[1 1 1]);

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