TITLE: Neutralization capacity of commercial antacid tablet

OBJECTIVES: To prepare the hydrochloric acid solution To standardise the acid against sodium hydroxide To determine neutralization capacity of a commercial antacid tablet

RESULTS:

A. Preparation of the hydrochloric acid solution Volume of 0.6 M HCl taken = 20.8 mL

B. Standardisation of the acid against sodium hydroxide 1 10.00 19.0 0.0 19.0 2 10.00 38.6 19.0 19.6 3 10.00 19.0 0.0 19.0

Volume of the acid used (mL) Final volume of NaOH (mL) Initial volume of NaOH (mL) Volume of NaOH (mL) used

C. Determination of neutralization capacity of an antacid tablet Weight of one whole antacid tablet = 0.785g 1 0.261 25.0 42.5 0.0 42.5 2 0.259 25.0 42.8 0.0 42.8 3 0.259 25.0 43.0 0.0 43.0

Weight of crushed antacid (g) Volume of standard HCl added (mL) Final volume of standard NaOH (mL) Initial volume of standard NaOH (mL) Volume of standard NaOH (mL) used

DISCUSSION: In order to prepare 250mL of 0.5M of hydrochloric acid, HCl from 6.0M of hydrochloric acid, 20.8 mL of the acid is diluted with 229mL distilled water. Accuration is most vital in the step of dilution as any small change in the amount of solvent or solute used can change the overall concentration of the solution produced. In the experiment of standardisation of HCl prepared against sodium hydroxide, the HCl is titrated against NaOH with known molarity in order to determine the exact molarity of the HCl prepared. The average molarity of HCl obtained is 0.48M. This shows that the HCl is prepared nicely in previous step. The stomachs acidic interior is generated by stomach acid (essentially 0.1M hydrochloric acid). This acid is necessary for digestion but too much of it can cause discomfort. One way to relieve the discomfort is by neutralizing the excess acid with a weak base or antacid. The active ingredient in most antacid tablets is usually carbonate ion (CO32-) or hydroxide ion (OH-). The antacid tablets therefore act as neutraliser to the excess acid in the stomach. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

To determine the amount of hydroxide ion exist in one antacid tablet, the tablet is reacted with HCl acid in the presence of water. The amount of HCl left from the reaction is then being subtracted by the initial volume of HCl added as the amount of hydroxide ion present is equal to the amount of HCl reacted. The solution is then heated to make sure that the entire base has reacted with HCl so that the solution left is acidic. When methyl orange is added into the flask the colour of the indicator is red due to the acidity of the solution. At the end of titration, the solution will change its colour from red (acid) to orange (base). From the experiment conducted, it can be concluded that every one gram of an antacid sample consist of 0.64g (81.53%) of hydroxide. There are several errors that occur while conducting this experiment. Some are systematic errors while others are random error. One of the errors is parallax error. This error occurs due to incorrect eye position while measuring. To overcome this kind of error, the eye should be placed perpendicular to the scale of the measuring apparatus. Other error occurs because of the improperly calibrated burettes and conical flasks causing them to have volumes slightly different from those indicated by their graduations. This error affects the preparation of hydrochloric acid the most. It can cause the concentration of the HCl to change thus affecting the results as the same acid is use for the next part of experiment. These apparatus should be frequently calibrated in order to obtain more accurate reading of measurement.

The flask also might not being thoroughly cleaned. There might be some leftover contaminants on the inner surface of the containers. This effect the purity of the solution used. Some reaction might occur between the solution and the contaminant thus affecting the precision of the quality tested in this experiment.

CONCLUSION: 1. To prepare the wanted volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid, 20.8mL of 6.0M HCl is required and is diluted with distilled water in 250mL conical flask. 2. For the experiment of standardisation of the acid against sodium hydroxide, the molarity of HCl is 0.48M with standard deviation of 7.07 10-3M. 3. The mass of hydroxide per gram of the antacid tablet is 0.64g with percentage of 81.53%.