INDEX

absolutism and penal law, 1516, 20, 24, 28 Agamben, Giorgio, 173 Aloisi, Ugo, 63, 90, 131 Altavilla, Enrico, 1223 anti-Semitic laws of 1938 (Italy), 5 atavism (theory of ), 3940, 128. 147 Azaa, Manuel, 154 Beccaria, Cesare, 42, 102, 143 Becker, Peter, 18 Beltrani-Scalia, Martino, 138 Benadusi, Lorenzo, 97 Bentham, Jeremy, 20 Bismarck, Otto von, 85 Blasio, Alfonso De, 89, 94 Bombarda, Miguel, 24, 155 Bill of 24 May 1885 on recidivism (France), 34 Capello, Luigi, 71 Carlier, Christian, 137 Carrara, Francesco, 21 Carrara, Mario, 43 Casabianca, Pierre de, 166 Cassata, Francesco, 149 Catholic Church and penal reform, 201 Carta del Lavoro, 4 Centre of Penitentiary Studies (Centro di studi penitenziari Alfredo Rocco), 122 civilian tradition of the law, 8, 49 and Napoleonic codes, 34, 89, 17, 20, 96 classical juridical tradition, 67, 60 and fascist Italy, 67, 85, 88, 111, 131

Copyright

and Nazi Germany, 62 and the Soviet Union, 62, 67 codification, 15, 19 and the Enlightenment, 12, 15, 47 Colombo, Giorgio, 39 common-law tradition, 19, 47, 96 and the international penal organizations, 63 Conti, Ugo, 18, 106, 115, 145 correctionalism, 234, 31, 335, 58, 124, 138, 155 Correia, Antnio Mendes. 155 Costa, Pietro, 62, 141 criminality in Italy, 36, 45, 756, 61, 122, 128, 137 criminals see juvenile delinquency; mental illness; recidivism classification of, 3740, 46, 1028, 123 and moral madness, 37, 3940, 83 born criminals, 39, 45, 88, 92 criminals without crime (delinquenti senza reato), 123 dangerous criminals, 314, 456, 66, 79, 89, 106, 127, 1512 habitual criminals, 77 concept of, 2, 23, 123 incorrigibles, 235, 323, 35, 58, 138, 1501 instinctive delinquents, 79 juridical codification of, 8893, 105, 120, 148 mattoids, 38 and penal responses, 315, 456, 105 and the Prison Act of 1989 (England), 1898 politico-social criminals, 46

221

222

Crime and the Fascist State, 18501940 Elmira correction house (New York), 34 endocrinology, 1512 and biotypology (or constitutional types), 140, 149, 151, 157 epilepsy, 3740 eugenics, 60, 93, 150 criminal eugenics, 13, 150 and the international penal arena, 1616 in England, 164 in Germany, 162, 1645 in Italy, 15960, 164 in France, 160, 164 in Portugal, 1546 in Spain, 1567 Latin eugenics, 1589, 1689 and Catholicism, 150, 1559, 163, 168 and neo-Malthusianism, 1557 in Denmark, 150, 162 in England, 155 in Finland, 150 in Germany, 150, 169 in Italy, 1689 in Sweden, 150 in Switzerland, 150, 162 in the United States, 150, 169 Farmer, Lindsay, 19, 60 fascism concept of, 11, 725, 101, 1323, 149 and Catholicism, 81, 978, 131, 14950 and the concept of ethical state, 75, 813, 99101, 129 and the concept of fascist revolution, 2, 73, 823, 87 and the concept of state personality, 867, 967, 101, 118, 131, 1434, 148 and the crime of laesa maiestas, 96 and the French Revolution, 149 and magistrates, 1024, 107, 111 and National Socialism, 1679 and paramilitary squads (squadrismo), 78 and the penal code, 7, 10, 84, 130, 132 and prisons, 789, 1023, 1123 and the race, 5, 11, 95, 101, 116, 131, 1578, 169 and the repression of homosexuality, 978, 1267 and the Russian Revolution, 734, 149 and state reform, 6975, 814

professional criminals, 25, 32, 105, 120, 123 sexual criminals, 124, 162, 164 delinquent by tendency (delinquente per tendenza), 924, 105, 120, 123, 1289, 148 criminal anthropology (Italy), 30, 3547, 75, 88, 125, 1278, 135, 174 in Portugal, 24, 151 in Spain, 24, 1512, 157 criminal museums, 39, 121 criminal positivism see criminal anthropology; French school of criminal anthropology; Italian positivist school criminal responsibility, 6, 178, 109 and the concept of free will, 16, 18, 22, 89, 92, 110 and the concept of guilt, 201, 23, 89, 98 Cuello Caln, Eugenio, 1523 DAmelio, Mariano, 3, 634, 88 dangerousness and gender, 1246 and gypsies, 126 and homosexuals, 1267 and minors, 124 and the Prevention of Crime Act of 1908 (England), 31 and social class, 127 in Norway, 32 in Portugal, 24, 151 in Spain, 24, 1524 in Switzerland, 32 concept of, 2, 22, 315, 45, 60, 64, 66, 88, 102, 1056, 11229, 149, 172 index of, 124 dangerous classes, 28 Dante, 115 death penalty, 26, 912, 94, 99 Declaration of Human Rights, 20 degeneration and recidivism, 323, 45 concept of, 38 Dorado Montero, Pedro, 153 double-track system, 89, 99, 111, 137, 151, 1734 Ducptiaux, duard, 27 Durkheim, mile, 148

Copyright

Index Faye, Jean-Pierre, 73 Felice, Renzo De, 2, 6970 Ferrero, Guglielmo, 43 Ferri, Enrico, 12, 30, 368, 427, 623, 66, 99, 104, 109110, 144, 148 Ferri Project of a Penal Code (1921), 447, 69, 95, 148 First Italian Juridical Congress, 81 First World War and criminality, 61, 66, 124 and dysgenic consequences, 58 and penal reform, 3, 12930, 171 Florian, Eugenio, 92, 122 Franchi, Bruno, 1034 Francisci, Pietro De, 130 Franco, Francisco, 152, 158 French Revolution and penal codes, 4, 8, 20 French School of criminal anthropology, 42 Freud, Sigmund, 49 Frigessi, Delia, 41 Forel, Auguste, 162 Foucault, Michel, 39, 136, 147 Garland, David, 58, 60 Garofalo, Raffaele, 30, 36, 63, 88, 99 Gentile, Giovanni, 75 Gibson, Mary, 75 Gibson, Violet, 12, 4, 10910, 175 Gismondi, Antonio, 90 Gonalves, Joo, 24 good government (concept of ), 19 Grandi, Carlino, 36 Gtt, Arthur, 164

223

Copyright
Jannitti, Alfredo, 90 Jannitti, Eugenio, 90 Jimenez, Inocencio, 65 Jimnez de Asa, 1534, 157 judiciary reform of 1941, 5 juridical socialism, 7 juridical tradition concept of, 69, 11 juvenile delinquency, 23, 26, 31, 45, 58, 757, 79, 88, 105, 124, 153 institutions for juvenile delinquents

indeterminate sentences, 3, 31, 60, 66, 111, 143 and the common law tradition, 25, 31 and the Ferri Project, 467 and the International Union of Penal law, 325, 60 in Spain, 153 Institute for the Scientific Treatment of Delinquency (England), 51 International Commission of International Police, 51 International Conferences for the Unification of Penal Law, 502, 567, 623 international crime, 48, 52, 57 international criminal court, 50, 59 International Congresses of Criminal Anthropology, 301, 3640, 56 International Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime including Penal and Reformatory Treatment, 26 International Institute of Sociology, 51 International Law Association, 51 International Penal and Penitentiary Commission, 29, 48, 57, 59 International Penal and Penitentiary Congresses, 5, 25, 279, 31, 44, 489, 53, 556, 625, 1412, 1615, 167 International Union of Penal Law (International Kriminalistische Vereinigung), 301, 445, 49, 50 International Association of Penal Law (since 1924), 49, 63 International Congresses of Penal Law, 52, 56, 657 Italian positivist school, 12, 22, 437 and fascism, 2, 79, 88, 91, 104, 109

Hacker, Ervin, 61 Hamel, Gerard Anton Van, 30, 333, 66 Haro, Francisco de, 157 Hegel, Georg W. F., 85 Hitler, Adolph, 160 homosexuality decriminalization of, 21 repression of, 94, 978, 1267, 162 Howard Association (England), 51 Howard, John, 143 hysteria, 40, 129

224

Crime and the Fascist State, 18501940 mental illness, 17 and crime, 47, 77, 88, 98, 105, 110, 1123, 126 and eugenics, 150 Mittermaier, Carl J. A., 27 Modona, Neppi, 118 Moniz, Egas, 155 Mortara, Ludovico, 45 Mosse George, 159 Mussolini, Benito, 12, 4, 62, 703, 778, 878, 901, 94, 99100, 110, 131, 15960, 165, 175 attempts against, 14, 71, 99, 10911, 175 Naville, Franois, 162, 164 Niceforo, Alfredo, 122, 1278 neo-classical school of penal thought see technical-juridical school of penal thought Noguera, Joaqun, 156 Novelli, Giovanni, 121, 131, 1424 Nuvolone, Pietro, 174 Oliveira, Father Antnio de, 155 Oneca, Antn, 153 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 86 Ottolenghi, Salvatore, 44

in England (Prevention of Crime Act of 1908), 31 in Italy, 79, 124 in Portugal, 155 in Spain, 153 Kallis, Aristotle, 11 Kant, Immanuel, 85, 99 Khl, Stefan, 166 Kirchheimer, Otto and Rusche, Georg, 142, 167 Kraepelin, Emil, 30 Kriminalbiologische Gesellschaft (Austria), 51 Law of 24 November 1933 (Law against Dangerous Habitual Delinquents) (Nazi Germany), 162 Laburu, Father, 156 Lacassagne, Alexandre, 30, 35 Lascoumes, Pierre, 8 Lateran Pacts (1929), 72 Le Dantec, Flix, 155 Lenci, Sergio, 137 Levi, Carlo, 116 Ley de Vagos y Maleantes (Bill of Vagrants and Troublemakers), 1534, 166 Longhi, Silvio, 131, 164 Lucchini, Luigi, 94 Lusignoli, Aldo, 104 League of Nations, 48, 52, 57 Lenol, Pierre, 8 Liszt, Franz Von, 30, 34, 50, 66 Lombroso, Cesare, 30, 356, 389, 404, 121, 1289, 148, 151

Copyright
Mangini, Ruffo, 90 Manzini, Vincenzo, 623, 1189, 158 Maraon, Gergorio, 157 Marro, Antonio, 37 Marzola, Paola, 43 Massari, Edoardo, 623, 90, 118 Matos, Joo da Silva, 27 Matos, Jlio de, 24, 155 Melossi, Dario, 147 Mendel, Gregor, 155

pandectistic, 85 Pareto, Vilfredo, 128 Patrizio, Mariano, 43 Pavarini, Massimo, 147 Pears, Edwin, 28 Pelissero, Marco, 118 Pella, Vespasien, 49, 50 penalty concept of, 45, 58, 64, 89 penal code Belgium, 50 Czechoslovakia, 50 Germany (1933), 135 Greece, 50 France, 50 Italy of 1889 (Zanardelli Code), 47, 97, 101, 1067, 118, 126, 1301 of 1930 (Rocco Code), 34, 7, 9, 30, 63, 87101, 111, 119

Index military, 72 Poland, 50 Romany, 50 Spain, 50 of 1928, 152 of 1932, 153 Soviet Union (1921), 4 Yugoslavia, 50 penal deportation in France, 22 in Portugal, 23 in Spain, 234 penal sanctions types of, 467 and social class, 111 Pende, Nicola, 122, 149, 169 penitentiaries and the panopticon, 1356 in Portugal, 234 in Spain, 24 models of, 267, 1358, 1745 penitentiary law, 1438, 151, 168 penitentiary science, 28, 53, 55, 1378 penitentiary work, 26, 13743, 167 Pius XI, Pope, 158 police law, 20, 22, 656 sanctions, 23, 778, 98, 102, 11520 Polcia de Segurana Pblica (Public Security Police) (Portugal), 151, 166 Poncelat, Pierrette, 8 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 152, 156 principle of legality (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege), 6, 1517, 108, 1456, 1723 and totalitarian states, 166 principle of less eligibility of the prison, 142, 147, 167 principle of the non-retroactivity of penal law, 6, 60 Prins, Adolphe, 30, 34 protection of liberated prisoners, 26, 57, 1312 psychiatry, 40, 120 psychology, 120, 122, 1279, 1489, 158, 174 of the masses, 73, 132 psychosis, 378

225

public morality, 16, 21, 78, 91, 938, 157 public opinion and criminal repression, 45, 938 Public Security (Pubblica sicurezza) (Italy) Bill of Public Security of 1889, 23 fascist laws of, 70, 1112, 1178 institutions of, 124, 126 Puglia, Ferdinando, 36 Radzinowicz, Leon, 30 Rappaport, mile, 166 recidivism, 12, 22, 123, 138, 172 and the international penal organizations, 315 international, 51 in Czechoslovakia, 65 in England, 25 in France, 22 in Italy, 23, 77, 88 in Poland, 65 in Portugal, 23 in Scotland, 25 in Spain, 24 in the United States, 25 see also criminals Regener, Susan, 39 religious offenses, 20, 131 Rittler, Thodore, 161 Rocco, Alfredo, 3, 612, 66, 6978, 804, 8790, 93, 96, 98101, 110, 121, 12930 Rocco, Arturo, 623, 73, 102, 867 Roeder, Auguste, 31 Romano, Enrico, 90 Ruiz-Funes, Mariano, 152, 154 Rusche, Georg and Kirchheimer, Otto, 142, 167 Russel, Withworth, 27 Rusticucci, Luigi, 79 Sabatini, Guglielmo, 106 Saint-Fargeau, Lepeletier de, 17 Salazar, Antnio de Oliveira, 156, 160 Saldaa, Quintiliano, 49, 50, 152, 164 Salvi, Cesare, 85 Saporito, Filippo, 142 scientific police, 44 Schmitt, Carl, 173

Copyright

226

Crime and the Fascist State, 18501940 Spackman, Barbara, 120, 15960 Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State (Italy), 71, 97, 109, 110, 118 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 57, 59, 145 Statuto of 1866 (Italy), 3 sterilization of criminals, 58, 150, 1589, 1613 of degenerates, 155, 1589, 1613 of the feeble-minded, 150 Stoos, Charles, 32 Stroothenke, Wolfgang, 158 Sureda, Father, 156 surveillance judge, 635, 1023, 105, 122, 140, 145 suspicion, 22, 116 Tallack, William, 25 Tarde, Gabriel, 30 Tarello, Giovanni, 165 technical-juridical school of penal thought (Third School), 43, 62, 69, 857, 94, 118, 144 territoriality of penal law, 579 and delicta iuris gentium, 51, 58 Trinidad Fernndez, Pedro, 153 Tullio, Benigno di, 43 Ungari, Paolo, 74, 81

Copyright
Zaniboni, Tito, 71

Scuola Positiva see Italian positivist school Schnapper, Bernard, 35 secularization, 20 and criminal responsibility, 21 and the juridical professions, 22 security measures, 32, 35, 578, 60, 635 in Argentina, 66 in Belgium, 66 in China, 66 in Denmark, 66 in Germany, 66 in Italy, 66, 8892, 1028, 110, 1125 in Mexico, 66 in Norway, 32 in Peru, 66 in Poland, 66 in Portugal, 66 in Spain, 66 in the Soviet Union, 66 in Switzerland, 32 in Uruguay, 66 in Yugoslavia, 66 Sergi, Giuseppe, 30 Silva, Rodolfo Xavier da, 24 social contract (theory of ), 2, 17, 86, 1468, 165 social defence concept of, 43, 60, 79, 109, 173 and the Rocco Code, 1067 Socialist Party (Italian), 2 Societ di antropologia e sociologia criminale (Italy), 51 Socit de Lgislation Compare (France), 28 Socit de profilaxie criminelle (France), 51 Socit Gnrale des Prisons (France), 49 Soviet Penal Code of 1921, 4

Vabres, Henri Donnedieu de, 49, 166 Vallejo Ngera, Antonio, 157 Villa, Renzo, 38, 412 Volunteer Militia for National Security (Italy), 72, 117