Overarching Theme - Homeostasis CELLULAR ENERGY How Organisms Obtain Energy Big Idea Photosynthesis converts the Suns

ns energy into chemical energy, while cellular respiration uses chemical energy to carry out lifes functions.
A) Transfer of Energy All organisms need energy to live Directly or indirectly, nearly all energy for life comes from the Sun Some organisms make their own food = autotrophs, while others obtain it from other organisms =heterotrophs All chemical reactions in a cell are called metabolism Metabolic pathway = products of one chemical reaction are the reactants of another Important metabolic pathway allows energy to flow between organisms involves photosynthesis (anabolic pathway that builds larger molecules) and cellular respiration (catabolic pathway that breaks down large molecule to release energy) B) ATP The Unit of Cellular Energy a. What is it? Adenosine triphosphate ATP is the cells useable form of energy Chemical energy is stored in its high energy phosphate bonds Usually created from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) bonding with a phosphate group Constant cycling in cells between ATP and ADP, to make energy available, bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups broken, to store energy phosphate bond created.

b. Functions To help synthesize biologically important molecules (e.g. enzymes) Supply energy for motility Generates heat Supply energy for transporting nutrients across membranes (active transport)
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C) Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy ---------- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis converts light energy from sun into chemical energy stored in bonds of glucose molecule Photosynthesis occurs in two phases called the light-dependent reaction (light reaction) and the light-independent reaction (dark reaction). i) Light Reactions the energy in sunlight is trapped by organelles with light-absorbing pigments takes place in thylakoid membranes of grana (stacked discs) in chloroplasts light energy causes electrons to jump energy levels which splits a water molecule and produces 1 ATP molecule O2 is released (from split of H2O), ATP and H+ ion used for next phase of photosynthesis Dark Reactions the ATP and H+ react with CO2 from the atmosphere and form glucose (chemical energy) occurs in the stroma fluid filled space outside the grana

ii)

Confirm your learning IN ZEBRA BOOK, read page 131-137, do Questions #1-5 page 137. D) Cellular Respiration The process of capturing energy in the form of ATP from breaking apart sugar (glucose) molecules Energy needed to perform all cellular activities Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which allows the process to create a net total of 36 ATP In contrast, prokaryotic cells, and those that function anaerobically, only make 2 ATP Two Types of Respiration
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i) Anaerobic = without oxygen Occurs when there is no oxygen available to the cell occurs in mammalian muscle during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited In animals and some microorganisms, called lactic acid fermentation, occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Glucose split to produce----- lactic acid and 2ATP o In yeast and some bacteria, called alcohol fermentation Sugars are the most common substrate of alcohol fermentation, and typical products are ethanol, carbon dioxide and hydrogen Glucose --- ethanol + CO2 + 2ATP

Advantages o Rapid burst of energy (our muscle cells depend on this during intense exercise) o Can produce ATP even when there is no oxygen available Disadvantages o Overall ATP production is only 2 ATP o End products are toxic to the cell o Build up of lactic acid in muscle cells changes pH o This cause muscles to become fatigued, leads to cramps o In alcohol fermentation, ethanol content eventually kills yeast/bacteria cells Confirm your learning IN ZEBRA BOOK Read page 123-125 and do #1-3 page 130 ii) Aerobic = with oxygen 4 steps 1) Glycolysis o Is an anaerobic process, therefore no oxygen required in this step o Molecule of glucose is split to release energy o Requires input of 2 ATP to start reaction o End product is Pyruvate/Pyruvic Acid o Occurs in cytoplasm 2) Transition Step o This occurs when pyruvate moves from cytoplasm to mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA o Requires the presence of oxygen 3) Krebs Cycle o Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
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o Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and CO2 and H atoms leave the cycle o Provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the Electron transport chain.

o The 2C acetyl-CoA molecule will combine with a 4C molecule from the Krebs cycle to form a 6C molecule o As this 6C molecule moves through the cycle, decarboxylation occurs twice with 2 carbons being lost as CO2 o At the same time H is released as FADH2 and NADH2 (electron carrier molecules) o CO2 is released into the atmosphere and the H (FADH2 and NADH2) continue on to the electron transport chain

4) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Occurs on the cristae of the mitochondria H carried from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to the ETC Process of H atoms going through the ETC produces the majority of ATP FADH2 and NADH2 are used to convert ADP to ATP At the end of the ETC the H ions combine with oxygen to form water.
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NET TOTAL (aerobic respiration) C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

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Connection to Biological Theme - Explain why each reaction (photosynthesis and cellular respiration) is required to maintain homeostasis in an organism. What internal balances must be regulated on a cellular level for an organism to survive? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Confirm your learning IN ZEBRA BOOK complete Chapter Summary and Review, page 138 # 120 (omit #3 and 16)

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