16808ratio Proportion

Ratio and Proportion
Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics

Ratio: A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two
or more quantities of the same kind of division.
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind by
division.
Quantitative Aptitude & Business
Statistics: Ratio and Proportion
3
Ratios can be written, or expressed, three (3)
different ways.

1. a to b
2. a:b

3.
b
a
4
a is called the first term or antecedent
and b is called the second term or
consequent.

Because a ratio is a quotient (fraction), its
denominator cannot be zero.

5
Inverse Ratio
One ratio is the inverse of another if their
product is 1.Thus a:b is the inverse of b:a
and vice versa.
1. A ratio a:b is said to be greater inequality if
a>b and less inequality if a<b.
2.The ratio compound of the two ratios a:b
and c:d is ac:bd

6
3.A ratio is said to be compounded itself is
called duplicate ratio.
Thus a
2
:b
2
is the duplicate ratio of a:b
Similarly ,the triplicate ratio of a:b is a
3
:b
3
For example
Duplicate ratio of 2:3 is 4:9
Triplicate ratio of 2:3 is 8:27
7

4.The sub duplicate ratio of a:b is

5.The sub-triplicate ratio of a:b is

For example ,duplicate ratio of 2:3 is
Triplicate ratio of 8:27 is , 2:3
b : a
3 3
: b a
3 : 2
3 3
27 : 8
8
5.If the ratio of two similar quantities can be
expressed as a ratio of two integers ,the
Quantities are said to be commensurable,
otherwise, they are said to be
incommensurable
cannot be expressed as the ratio of two
integers.

2 : 3
9
6.Continued ratio is the relation (or
comparison) between the two magnitudes
of three magnitudes of three or more
quantities of the same kind. the continued
ratio of three similar Quantities a,b and c
is a:b:c
10
For example Continued ratio of
Rs.200,Rs.400 and Rs.600 is
Rs200:Rs400:Rs.600.=
1:2:3

11
Example-1
The monthly incomes of two persons are in
the ratio of 4:5 their monthly expenditure are
in the ratio 7:9.If each saves Rs.50per month
,Find their monthly incomes.
12
Solution
Let the monthly incomes are 4X and 5X
If each saves Rs.50.Per month
Then expenditures are Rs.(4x-50)and (5x-50)

Then X=100

9
7
50 5
50 4
=
x
x
13
Hence monthly incomes of the two
persons are Rs.4X100(Rs.400)and
Rs.5x100(Rs.500)
14
Example -2
Find in what ratio will the total wages of
the workers of a factory be increased or
decreased if there be a reduction in the
number of workers in the ratio 15:11and
increment in their wages in the ratio
22:25
15
Solution
Let x be the original number of workers
and Rs.Y the average wages per workers
Then the total wages before
changes=Rs.xy
After increment ,the wages per
workers=Rs.(25y)/22

16
The total wages after changes
=(11/15 X) Rs.(25y)/22= Rs.5xy/6.
Hence the required ratio in which the total
wages decrease is xy:5xy/6=6:5

17
Proportion
An equality of two ratios is called Proportion .
Four quantities a,b,c,d are said to be in
proportion a:b=c:d (also written as a:b :: c:d
a:b is as to c:d) if a/b =c/d i.e if ad=bc The
quantities are a,b,c,d are terms of the
proportion ;a,b,c and d are called its first
,second ,third and fourth terms respectively.
18

First and fourth terms called are called extremes.
The second and third terms are called means (or
middle terms)
If a:b =c:d then d is called fourth proportional
If a:b=c:d are in proportion then a/b =c/d i.e ad=bc
i.e product of extremes =product of means
This is called cross product rule.
19

Three quantities a,b,c are same kind (in same
units) are said to be continuous proportion) if
a:b=b:c i.e b
2
=ac If a,b ,c are continuous
proportion ,then middle term b is called then
the middle term b is called mean proportional
between a and c ,a is called the first
proportional and c is third proportional .

20
Thus, b is the mean proportional between a
and c ,then b
2
=ac i.e
b=

ac
21
In a ratio a:b ,both quantities must be of
the same kind while in a proportion
a:b=c:d ,all the quantities need not be
same type. The first two quantities of
same kind and last two quantities should
be same kind.
22
Properties of Proportion
if a:b =c:d ,then ad=bc
If a:b=c:d then b :a=d :c (invertendo)
if a:b=c:d then a :c=b :d (Alternendo)
if a:b =c:d ,then a + b: b=c+d :d (componendo)
23
if a:b =c:d
then a - b: b=c - d :d (Dividendo)
if a:b =c:d then
a + b: a - b =c+d :c-d
(componendo and Dividendo)

24

if a:b=c:d=e:f=.,then each of these
ratios (Addendo) is equal to (a + c +e+.):(b
+d+ f+.)
if a:b=c:d=e :f=.,then each of these
ratios (Subtrahendo) is equal to
(a- c e-.):(b d- f-.)

25
Example -1
Find the value of x if 10/3:x:: 5/2:5/4
Using the cross product rule
X*5/2=(10/3)5/4
Or X=(10/3)*5/4=5/3
26
Example2
Find the fourth proportional to
2/3 ,3/7,4
Solution: Let the fourth proportional be X
then 2/3,3/7,4 and x are in proportion.
Using the cross product rule,
(2/3)*x=(3*4)/7
Or X=(3*4*3)/7=18/7
27
Example3
If a:b=c:d =2.5:1.5,what are the values of
ad: bc and a +c : b+d
Solution:
we have a/b=c /d =2.5/1.5..(1)
From (1) ad=bc or ad/ bc=1:1
Again from (1) a/b=c /d=a + c/ b+d
a+c/b+d=2.5/1.5=5/3 =5:3
28
Example:4
If a/3 =b/4 =c/7 ,then prove that
a+b+c/c =2
Solution :
We have a/3=b/4=c/7=a+b+c/3+4+7
a+b+c/14=c/7 or
a+ b +c /c=14/7=2

29
Indices
If n is a positive integer, and a is a real
number ,i.e nN and a R (where n is
the set of all positive numbers and R is
the set of all real numbers), a is used to
continue product of n factors each equal
to a as shown as bellow:
30
a
n
=a X a X a.to n factors
Here a
n
is a power of a whose base is a and
index or power is n.

31
Laws of Indices
Law.1: a
m
X a
n
=a
m+n,
where m and n are
positive integers

Law.2: =a
m-n
where m and

n are positive integers

n
m
a
a
32
( )
mn
n
m
a a =

Law.3:

where m and n are positive integers

Law.4:
where n takes all positive values.

( )
n n n
b . a ab =
33
Find x ,if

Solution

X
X X X X ) ( =
X
X X X ) ( ) (
2
3
2
1
=
x
X X X
.
2
3
2
3
2
1
1
) ( ) ( = =
+
34
(If bases are equal ,then power is also equal)
ie 3/2=3/2* x
X =1
35
Example

=1
a c
a
c
c b
c
b
b a
b
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
+ + +
. .
36
Example

=1
2 2 2 2 2 2
. .
l nl n
l
n
n mn m
n
m
m lm l
m
l
x
x
x
x
x
x
+ + + + + +

37
If

Then 3X
3
-9x=10
3
1
3
1
3 3

+ = X
38
Solution

) 3 3 ( 3 . 3 . 3 ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 3 (
) ( 3 ) (
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
3 3 3

+ + + = +
+ + + = + b a ab b a b a
10 9
9 10
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
=
+ =
+ + =
x X
x X
x X
39
Logarithms
The logarithm of a number to a given base
is the index or the power to which the
base must be raised to produce the
number ,i.e to make it equal to the given
number. If there are three quantities
indicated by say a, X and n, they are
related as follows:

40
If a
x
=n, then X is said to be the logarithm of
the numbers to the base a', symbolically
it can be expressed as follows
log
a
n=X

41
Definition of Logarithms
Suppose b>0 and b1,
there is a number p
such that:

log
b
n = p if and only if b
p
= n
42
Fundamental Laws of Logarithm
1. Logarithm of the product of two numbers is
equal to the sum of the logarithms of the
numbers to the same base ,i.e

log
a
mn=log
a
m +log
a
n
43
2.Logarithm of the Quotient of two numbers
is equal to the difference of the logarithms of
the numbers to the same base ,i.e

=
n
m
log
a
n log m log
a a

44
3. Logarithm of the number is raised to the
power equal to the index of the power raised
by the logarithms of the number to the same
base ,i.e

m log n m log
a
n
a
=
45
Why Logarithms
Logarithms were originally
developed to simplify complex arithmetic
calculations.
They were designed to transform
multiplicative processes into additive ones.

46
Logarithm Tables
The Logarithms of a number consists of two
parts ,the whole part or integral part is called the
characteristic and the decimal part is called the
mantissa. Where the former can be known by
mere inspectiom,the later has to be obtained
from logarithms tables.
47
Characteristic
The Characteristic of the logarithmic of
any number greater than 1 with positive
and is one less than the number of digits
to the left the decimal point in the given
number.
48
Characteristic
The Characteristic of the logarithm of any
number less than one (1)is negative and
numerically one more than the number of
Zeros to the right of decimal point .If there
is no Zero then obviously it will -1.

49
Examples for Characteristic
Number Characteristic
37

4623

6.21

0.07
1(2-1)

3(4-1)

0(1-1)

-2(number of Zeros on)
50
Examples for Characteristic
Number Characteristic
0.00507

0.000670
-3

-4
51
Mantissa
The mantissa is the fractional part of the
logarithm of a given number
Number Mantissa Logarithm
Log 4597 =6625(6618+7
(Mean
Difference)
=3.6625
52
Anti logarithms
If X is the logarithms of a given number n
with a given base then n is called the
antilogarithm (anti log) of X to that base .
This can be expressed as follows
If log a n =X
Then n = anti log X
53
For Example
If log 61720=4.7904
Then 61720=anti log 4.7904
54
Example-1

Solution:
log
2
8= 3
3
Write 2 8in logarithmic form. =
We read this as: the log
base 2 of 8 is equal to 3 .
55
Example-2
Write 4
2
= 16 in logarithmic form.
Solution:
log
4
16= 2
Read as: the log base 4 of 16
is equal to 2 .
56
Write 2
3
=
1
8
in logarithmic form.
log
2
1
8
= 3
Solution:
1
Read as: "the log base 2 of is equal to -3".
8
57
Solve: log
3
(4x +10)= log
3
(x +1)
Since the bases are both 3 we simply set the
arguments equal.
4x +10= x +1
3x +10= 1
3x = 9
x = 3
58
Example
Solve: log
8
(x
2
14)= log
8
(5x)
Solution: Since the bases are both 8 we
simply set the arguments equal.
x
2
14= 5x
x
2
5x 14= 0
(x 7)(x + 2)= 0
Factor
(x 7)= 0 or (x + 2)= 0
x = 7 or x = 2
continued on the
next page
59
Example
continued
Solve: log
8
(x
2
14)= log
8
(5x)
Solution:
x = 7 or x = 2
60
It appears that we have 2 solutions here.
If we take a closer look at the definition of
a logarithm however, we will see that not
only must we use positive bases, but also
we see that the arguments must be
positive as well. Therefore -2 is not a
solution.

61
Example
If log
a
bc=X, log
b
ca=y, log
c
ab=z prove that

1
1 z
1
1 y
1
1 x
1
=
+
+
+
+
+
62
X+1= log
a
bc+ log
a
a=log
a
abc
Y+1= logb
c
ac+ log
b
b=log
a
abc
Z+1= log
c
ab+log
c
c=log
a
abc
Hence

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+ z y x
63

log
abc
a+ log
abc
b + log
abc
c

=log
abc
abc =1
abc abc abc
c b a
log
1
log
1
log
1
+ +
64

Multiple Choice Questions
65
1________ is the mean proportional
between 12x
2
and 27y
2
.
A) 18xy
B) 81 xy
C) 8 xy
D) 19.5 xy
66
1________ is the mean proportional
between 12x
2
and 27y
2
.
A) 18xy
B) 81 xy
C) 8 xy
D) 19.5 xy
67
2.log 32/4 is equal to
A) log 32/log4
B) log 32 log4
C)2
3
D) None of these
68
2.log 32/4 is equal to
A) log 32/log4
B) log 32 log4
C)2
3
D) None of these
69
3.The logarithm of a number consists of
two parts, the whole part or the integral
part is called the ______ and the decimal
part is called the _______.
A) Characteristic, Number
B) Characteristic, Mantissa
C) Mantissa, Characteristic
D) Number, Mantissa
70
3.The logarithm of a number consists of
two parts, the whole part or the integral
part is called the ______ and the decimal
part is called the _______.
A) Characteristic, Number
B) Characteristic, Mantissa
C) Mantissa, Characteristic
D) Number, Mantissa
71
4.The value of (8/27)
1/3
is
A) 2/3
B) 3/2
C) 2/9
D) None of these
72
4.The value of (8/27)
1/3
is
A) 2/3
B) 3/2
C) 2/9
D) None of these
73
5.The mean proportional between 1.4 gms
and 5.6 gms is
A) 28 gms.
B) 2.8 gms
C) 3.2 gms.
D) None of these.
74
5.The mean proportional between 1.4 gms
and 5.6 gms is
A) 28 gms.
B) 2.8 gms
C) 3.2 gms.
D) None of these.
75
6.The ratio compound of two ratios 4: 3
and 7: 3 is
A) 12:21
B) 28:9
C) 9:28
D) None of these
76
6.The ratio compound of two ratios 4: 3
and 7: 3 is
A) 12:21
B) 28:9
C) 9:28
D) None of these
77
7.The ratio of two quantities is 5: 9. If the
antecedent is 25, the consequent is
A) 9
B) 45
c) 40
D)None of these
78
7.The ratio of two quantities is 5: 9. If the
antecedent is 25, the consequent is
A) 9
B) 45
c) 40
D) None of these
79
8.If p: q = r: s, implies q: p = s: r, then the
process is called
A) Componendo
B) Invertendo
C) Alternendo.
D) Dividendo
80
8.If p: q = r: s, implies q: p = s: r, then the
process is called
A) Componendo
B) Invertendo
C) Alternendo.
D) Dividendo
81
9. log (3 5 7)
2
is equal to __________
A) 2(log 3 + log 5 + log7)
B) log (2357)
C) 2(log 3 log 5 log 7)
D) None of these
82
9. log (3 5 7)
2
is equal to __________
A) 2(log 3 + log 5 + log7)
B) log (2357)
C) 2(log 3 log 5 log 7)
D) None of these
83
10. The triplicate ratio of 4: 5 is ________.
A) 125: 64
B)16:25
C)64:125
D) None of these
84
10. The triplicate ratio of 4: 5 is ________.
A) 125: 64
B)16:25
C)64:125
D) None of these
THE END


16808ratio Proportion

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

16808ratio Proportion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ratio and Proportion

Quantitative Aptitude & Business Statistics

Quantitative Aptitude & Business

You might also like